Vocational Skills Course (VSC)
The SYBSC Chemistry vocational skill course book is designed to enhance practical skills in chemistry for second-year Bachelor of Science students. The book focuses on hands-on laboratory techniques, reinforcing theoretical knowledge through practical application. Key experiments include:1. Basic Laboratory Techniques: Introduction to fundamental lab practices such as proper handling of glassware, use of analytical balances, and safety protocols.2. Quantitative Analysis: Techniques for determining the concentration of substances through acid-base titration methods.3. Synthesis of Chemical Compounds: Step-by-step instructions for synthesizing organic and inorganic compounds, emphasizing reaction mechanisms and purification methods.4. Instrumental Methods of Analysis: Practical sessions on using instruments such as colorimeter to analyze chemical samples.5. In the SYBSC Chemistry vocational skill course, students will also gain proficiency in various software tools that are essential for modern chemical analysis and research.6. The integration of software training into the curriculum will enhance their ability to analyze data and chemical reactions.
Advanced Luminescent Materials and Devices
This text presents recent developments in a wide range of applications of luminescent materials. It compiles contributions from a number of leading scientists in the field, and should be an inspiration for both established and new researchers in this exciting area of research. Thanks to developments in materials research, new applications, requiring specific phosphor properties, have emerged. Wavelength ranges have expanded towards UV and near-IR emission; highly performant persistent phosphors have been developed for safety illumination and bio-imaging; phosphors have been proposed for anti-counterfeiting, energy storage, photocatalysis, thermometry, scintillators and dosimetry; and new synthesis and characterization techniques for luminescent materials have been developed.
Sidnones
Mesoionic compounds are synthetic substances that belong to the class of heterocyclic betaines. Among this class, the sidnones stand out. The sidnones have structures, chemical properties, synthetic utility and biological activities that are considered relevant. One of these characteristics is their possible anti-cancer effect. Cancer is one of the main causes of death and every year more people are affected by the disease. Current treatments have low efficacy and many side effects, which is why there is a great desire for new, more effective drugs to treat this disease. This paper therefore provides a narrative review of the potential of sidnones for future use in cancer therapy, as well as detailing their unique chemical properties.
Cracking the Case
- Cracking the Case: This is a good start, creating a sense of investigation and problem-solving. - Understanding the Threat of Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete: This clarifies the subject matter. **Alternative Titles (150 words each): 1. The Concrete Conundrum: Unveiling the Destructive Power of Alkali-Silica Reaction (This title uses a metaphor ("conundrum") to represent the puzzling nature of ASR and emphasizes its destructive potential.) 2. Silent Destroyer: Exposing the Threat and Solutions for Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete (This title uses a strong metaphor ("silent destroyer") to highlight the hidden threat of ASR and emphasizes both understanding the problem and potential solutions.) These titles create a more intriguing and impactful approach compared to the original, while still conveying the core message.
From Unstable to Unstoppable
From Unstable to Unstoppable: The Rise of Organic Free Radicals in Chemistry" chronicles the fascinating shift in our understanding of organic free radicals. Once viewed as chaotic molecules with limited applications, the book explores how chemists are now harnessing their unique properties for groundbreaking advancements. You'll delve into the history of free radical research, exploring the challenges of instability and the development of innovative methods for control. The book then dives into the exciting new world of stable organic radicals, showcasing their potential in various fields. From organic electronics and solar energy conversion to the creation of advanced materials, "From Unstable to Unstoppable" illustrates how these once-unruly molecules are becoming a powerful force in modern chemistry.
Laboratory Exercises for General Inorganic Chemistry III
This guide is designed to provide you with a comprehensive understanding of fundamental chemical concepts through hands-on experiments. In this section, we will focus on the preparation of buffer solutions and the hydrolysis of salts, which are essential topics in chemistry. Buffer solutions are crucial for maintaining pH stability in various chemical and biological systems, making their study vital for numerous applications. Similarly, understanding salt hydrolysis is key to predicting the behavior of salts in aqueous solutions. Through these experiments, you will learn to prepare and analyze buffer solutions, observe the effects of hydrolysis, and gain insights into the principles governing these processes. By engaging with these practical exercises, you will develop critical laboratory skills and deepen your grasp of inorganic chemistry concepts, preparing you for more advanced studies and professional applications in the field.
Advances in Sustainable Polymeric Materials II
This reprint, "Advances in Sustainable Polymeric Materials II", contains 16 studies and further cutting-edge research that illustrate how these challenges can be addressed through the use of advanced materials, sustainable polymers, and green technologies. It highlights the importance of efficient catalysts, bio-based materials, and green chemical processes and demonstrates how cellulose derivatives and other natural materials can be integrated into polymer compositions. The reprint also explores the use of electrospun membranes and reactive eutectic solvents for greener methods of wastewater treatment and material synthesis, and the potential of agri-food waste and biomaterials for fully bio-based polymer coatings and materials. It also discusses the stabilization and preservation of natural extracts and active ingredients, showcasing the importance of encapsulation and nanotechnology in preserving these substances' beneficial properties. Each chapter provides detailed insight into how natural resources can be harnessed to create high-performance products while maintaining a strong commitment to environmental protection. These innovations not only improve the performance of materials but also contribute to reducing the ecological footprint of industrial processes.
Battery Management in Electric Vehicles
Lithium-ion batteries are an indispensable component of the global transition to zero-carbon energy and are instrumental in achieving COP26's objective of attaining global net-zero emissions by the mid-century. However, their rapid expansion comes with significant challenges. The continuous demand for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles (EVs) is expected to raise global environmental and supply chain concerns, given that the critical materials required for their production are finite and predominantly mined in limited regions worldwide. Consequently, significant battery waste management will eventually become necessary. By implementing appropriate and enhanced battery management techniques in electric vehicles, the performance of batteries can be improved, their lifespan extended, secondary uses enabled, and the recycling and reuse of EV batteries promoted, thereby mitigating global environmental and supply chain concerns. Therefore, this reprint was crafted to update the scientific community on recent advancements and future trajectories in battery management for electric vehicles. The content of this reprint spans a spectrum of EV battery advancements, ranging from fundamental battery studies to the utilization of neural network modeling and machine learning to optimize battery performance, enhance efficiency, and ensure prolonged lifespan.
Liposomal and Ethosomal Gels
In the last several decades, lipid-based nanosystems have received greater attention in the drug delivery field due to their "green" properties (biodegradable and non-toxic components) and their easy manufacturing and handling. Among them, vesicular systems such as liposomes, niosomes, and ethosomes are some of the most attractive candidates for improving the topical administration of drugs such as small molecules, peptides, proteins, and bacteriophages due to their similarity with epidermal lipids. Indeed, they have applications in different pathologies, mostly in cutaneous diseases. With the aim of implementing the use of liposomes, niosomes, and ethosomes for skin and mucosae applications, these vesicles need to be thickened, and their inclusion into gelled matrixes based on natural or synthetic polymers or biomaterials represents a promising tool to enhance their adhesive properties and to overcome their viscosity.This Special Issue reprint summarizes the latest advancements in the production, characterization, stability, and application of vesicular systems in gelled formulations.
Biomass Gas Production Technicals
Biomass energy can be produced in three ways: dry, wet or using alcohol: 1)Dry biomass: produced from materials such as wood, or even plant waste, to produce electricity or to heat a home. 2)Wet biomass: produced from organic waste, to create biogas. 3)Biomass by alcohol: produced from plant products, to create biodiesel or bioethanol.The technique used depends on the type of biomass used, but also on the form of energy that we wish to produce: heat for heating, electricity, or driving force for movement (fuel).We can create biomass energy by the dry process when we have wood and bark, or even agricultural, industrial and domestic waste of plant origin (such as vegetable and fruit peelings, for example).The process consists of exposing the biomass to excess air (dry combustion) or heat (dry pyrolysis), or to certain gases such as carbon dioxide. This technique allows you to produce both heat to heat your home (with a pellet boiler for example) and electricity.
Chemical Adulteration In Jaggery
Jaggery Is a Traditional Non Centrifugal Sugar Product. That Is Commonly Consumed in Some Countries in Asia and Americas. It Is Typically Made from The Concentrated Sap or Juice of Palm Trees. The Process of Making Jaggery Involves Extracting the Juice from The Sugarcane or Palm, Then Boiling and Reducing It to Create a Dense, Concentrated Product.Jaggery is distinct from refined sugar as it retains more of the natural nutrients present in the sugarcane or palm sap, including vitamins and minerals like iron, magnesium, and potassium. the color of jaggery can range from golden brown to dark brown, and its test is often described as caramel.
Sisters of Prometheus
This monograph explores the participation of women in alchemy, chemical crafts, and the early stages of modern chemistry. By contextualizing their achievements within the broader social, cultural, and scientific landscapes of their time, this book enables readers to seize the challenges these women confronted and the obstacles they triumphed over. Alongside narrating how they shaped the development of chemistry, including their contributions to the body of chemical literature, it also emphasizes pivotal moments and milestones in the history of women's emancipation. The book's comprehensive and integrative approach, complemented by engaging storytelling, renders it an indispensable resource for students, researchers, and general readers alike.
Sisters of Prometheus
This comprehensive book portrays the long-overdue recognition of women's work in chemistry, which only materialized with their late access to universities. Besides describing their scientific triumphs, it unveils the human side of the characters involved, providing an intimate perspective, often supported by extracts from their correspondence. By delving into their personal stories, struggles, and successes, this book brings these women to life. Written with simplicity and rigor, it aims to inspire and educate readers of all backgrounds about the extraordinary scientific achievements of these trailblazing women.
Nutritional enrichment of cupcakes from coconut mesocarp
The aim of this work was to obtain and characterise coconut mesocarp bran and add it to the nutritional enrichment of cupcakes in different proportions. The cupcakes were made in three different formulations (standard, 1% and 3%). The samples were subjected to physico-chemical analyses of moisture, ash, pH, acidity, protein, lipids, fibre and total soluble sugars. They were also subjected to hygiene and health assessment (coliform at 45 簞C, coagulase positive staphylococcus, Salmonella sp, moulds and yeasts, Escherichia coli). The sensory analysis was carried out with 146 untrained tasters, samples were presented in individual booths, in a monadic and randomised manner, checking the attributes appearance, colour, flavour, aroma, texture, overall acceptance by the affective method, using the product acceptance test. The cupcake samples showed satisfactory sanitary conditions in relation to the hygiene and health assessment, while in relation to their chemical composition they showed protein (4.90%), lipid (5.93%) and fibre (1.13%) levels, which could make them a food rich in fibre and protein.
Rheology of Honey
Honey is a beekeeping product obtained through the transformation and processing of nectar by bees, which is then stored in the cells of the honeycombs to serve as food for the hive population. Obtaining honey has always been the primary purpose of beekeeping, both in the past and present. Bee honey was the first sweet substance used by humans, being particularly valued by priests in various rituals. Among other uses, honey was involved in the preparation of an alcoholic drink to which pollen and yeasts from honeycombs were added. The oldest documents related to honey are two fragments written in the Sumerian language. The book entitled "Rheology of Honey" is structured into five chapters: the rheological behavior of bee honey, a theoretical and experimental study of honey's viscosity in three Southern States of Nigeria with applications of Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher (VTF) and Power Law (PL) models, rheological properties of honey, a comparative study of rheological characterization and classification of honeys with their physicochemical properties, and the temperature effect on the rheological behavior of Portuguese honeys.
Synthesis of Sulfonamide by Metal Catalyzed Sulfonamidation
A sulfonamide is the basis of several sulfa drugs. So a lot of work has gone into creating new sulfonamides using metal-free synthesis, which either uses sulfinate salts as intermediates or reacts amino compounds with sulfonyl chlorides. Unfortunately, the processes used to synthesize sulfonyl chlorides-such as oxidative chlorination of organ sulfur and electrophilic aromatic substitution with chlorosulfonic acid-often suffer from severe reaction conditions, a narrow range of applicability. So this book discusses numerous effective techniques such as transition-metals-catalyzed synthesis developed for the synthesis of sulfonamide.
Biopolymer obtained from starch
Polymers are responsible for a large part of environmental degradation because they are derived from petroleum, i.e. they are non-renewable sources and take hundreds of years to decompose. The general objective of this work is to produce a biopolymer from cassava starch, and the specific objectives are to extract the starch from cassava, promote the acid hydrolysis of the starch using 0.1M hydrochloric acid, develop the biopolymer and analyze the decomposition time of this biopolymer. To extract this starch, a number of unit operations were carried out during the extraction process, the main ones being crushing, straining, decanting and drying the starch, which was then weighed into 5 grams and heated together with water, during this heating, 6 ml of 0.1M hydrochloric acid was added in order to promote the acid hydrolysis (breakdown) of the starch, and in order for this biopolymer to acquire a more malleable form, it is necessary to add a plasticizing agent, to which 4 ml of glycerol (glycerin) was added.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY for Preparatory Classes
This book, entitled "Cristallographie pour classes pr矇paratoires", is intended for second-year students in the Maths-Physique, Physique-Chimie and Technologie preparatory classes. The content of this book follows the official program of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research for preparatory classes. The first chapter covers the basics of crystallography, presenting the interaction of a polycrystalline powder with X-ray diffraction (Debye and Scherrer methods). The second chapter describes compact stacks: the cubic ABC type and the compact hexagonal AB type. Semi-compact (centered cubic) and non-compact (simple cubic) stacks are also described. In the third chapter, the different families of MX-type ionic crystals are explained in detail: CsCl, NaCl, ZnS (blende). The MX2 type: fluorite (CaF2) and antifluorite M2X (Na2O).Finally, the last chapter is devoted to covalent carbon crystals. Diamond carbon has cubic symmetry, while graphite has hexagonal symmetry. The clarity of the topics covered in this
Inorganic Chemistry
No detailed description available for "Inorganic Chemistry".
Notes on Complexity
2024 Nautilus Book Award Winner * The Marginalian Favorite Books of 2023An electrifying introduction to complexity theory, the science of how complex systems behave, that explains the interconnectedness of all things and that Deepak Chopra says, "will change the way you understand yourself and the universe."Nothing in the universe is more complex than life. Throughout the skies, in oceans, and across lands, life is endlessly on the move. In its myriad forms--from cells to human beings, social structures, and ecosystems--life is open-ended, evolving, unpredictable, yet adaptive and self-sustaining. Complexity theory addresses the mysteries that animate science, philosophy, and metaphysics: how this teeming array of existence, from the infinitesimal to the infinite, is in fact a seamless living whole and what our place, as conscious beings, is within it.The implications of complexity theory are profound, providing insight into everything from the permeable boundaries of our bodies to the nature of consciousness. Notes on Complexity is an invitation to trade our limited, individualistic view for the expansive perspective of a universe that is dynamic, cohesive, and alive--a whole greater than the sum of its parts. Physician, scientist, and philosopher Neil Theise takes us to the exhilarating frontiers of human knowledge and in the process restores wonder and meaning to our experience of the everyday.
Chemistry teaching and everyday life in the education of citizens
This work was born out of the desire to contribute to and build a meaningful education for both the student and the educator. To educate for life, with meaning, an understanding of the world and the applicability of knowledge in everyday life so that chemistry is understood and comprehended in the formation of citizens. So, first of all, I would like to thank God, the builder of life, the master of knowledge; my parents, who are now absent, who gave me the opportunities and the unconditional and immortal love they dedicated to me throughout their beautiful earthly passages; I would also like to thank the rest of my family and friends for their collaboration, understanding and dedication; and the teachers for their exchange of knowledge and ethical behaviour. I dedicate this study to my great friend and teacher Daniel Rodrigues Vieira, who left so soon, but left his great contribution to my personal and professional development.
Enhancing Nano Additive Oils
The book entitled "Enhancing Nano Additive Oils: Rheological & Tribological Optimization" is structured into 4 chapters: Study of vegetable lubricants used as additives, rheological behavior of lubricants based on soybean oil, nano additives, tribological performance and rheological properties of engine oil with graphene nano-additives, and optimization of the rheological properties and tribological performance of SAE 5w-30 base oil with added MWCNTs. Chapter 1 includes the subchapters: SWOT analysis of vegetable oil-based lubricants, nano additives for lubricants, and research in the field of vegetable oils. Chapter 2 includes the subchapters: the goal, experimental test stand, experimental methodology, results on the dependence of viscosity on shear rate, variation of dynamic viscosity with temperature, and modeling the dependence of dynamic viscosity with temperature. Chapter 3 includes the subchapters: introduction, experimental procedures, materials, characterization of the GNs, nanolubricant processing and testing equipment, rheological and tribological examinations, measurement properties, kinematic viscosity measurement, results, and discussions.
Gout and Antioxidants
"The Gout and Antioxidants: The Invisible Antagonists" is a comprehensive work that explores oxidative stress and its impact on health in depth. The book's chapters offer a detailed insight into the role of uric acid as an antioxidant, its links to oxidative stress and gout, and strategies for modulating these aspects in the context of gout. In addition, new targeted therapies and clinical implications for gout management are discussed, as is the crucial importance of glutathione in safeguarding vitamin B12 during intestinal transit. This book offers a comprehensive and enlightened view of a subject that is crucial to human health.
Deep Tissue Insights
Light interacts with matter in various ways. CRS microscopy relies on a specific type of light-matter interaction known as Raman scattering. When light impinges on a molecule, it can inelastically scatter, meaning the molecule absorbs some energy and re-emits light at a slightly different frequency. This shift in frequency, known as the Raman shift, is unique to each molecule and acts as its spectral fingerprint. CRS microscopy leverages this principle to generate detailed chemical maps of a sample. By focusing a laser beam onto the sample and analyzing the scattered light, researchers can identify the specific molecules present based on their characteristic Raman shifts. Unlike traditional Raman spectroscopy, CRS microscopy employs coherent light sources, allowing for enhanced signal-to-noise ratio and deeper tissue penetration.
The Symphony of Atoms
"The Symphony of Atoms: Understanding Crystal Structure and Symmetry" dives into the captivating world of crystals, where atoms arrange themselves in a beautiful and orderly dance. Unveiling the secrets of crystal structure, the book explores the concept of symmetry, the underlying principle that governs this atomic ballet. You'll learn how different arrangements create diverse crystal forms, each with unique properties that influence everything from the sparkle of a diamond to the conductivity of a computer chip. By delving into the science behind these structures, you'll gain a deeper appreciation for the intricate order hidden within the seemingly ordinary. "The Symphony of Atoms" is a fascinating journey for anyone curious about the hidden world of crystals and the mesmerizing interplay of atoms.
Quality of coconut water sold in the hinterland of Para穩ba and Cear獺
Coconut water is considered a natural isotonic, rich in nutrients and highly attractive due to its nutritional value and taste. Its consumption has increased considerably, especially in industrialized form in the Northeast of Brazil, where the largest plantations of the green dwarf coconut palm are concentrated, making it essential to evaluate its quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory quality of industrialized coconut water samples sold in the sert瓊o region of Para穩ba and Cear獺. High bacterial counts were detected in the samples analyzed, stored under refrigeration, thus possibly indicating the use of contaminated raw materials, flaws in processing, distribution and/or storage, which are directly related to the unsatisfactory time/temperature binomial. The values found for moulds and yeasts are considered high, characterizing coconut water as unfit for consumption. According to the results, it is essential for the industry to implement and monitor Good Manufacturing Practices for those who bottle and sell coconut water in this region.
Aptamer Generation and Bioapplication
Aptamers are bioaffinity molecules with many advantages, including in vitro generation, low cost, and a wide acceptance of chemical modification. Combined with transduction technologies, aptamers can be further utilized to develop aptasensors, which have superior merits of low cost, rapid response, high sensitivity and selectivity, etc. Thus, aptamers and aptasensors have excellent bioapplication potential in the field of analytical chemistry, in areas such as disease diagnosis, food analysis, environment monitoring, etc. This Special Issue is devoted to the dissemination of research on aptamer generation and bioapplication. We will cover a wide range of advanced studies on aptamer-related exploration in the scope of this Special Issue.
Microstructure and Properties in Metals and Alloys, 2nd Volume
Microstructure design is key in targeting the desired material's properties. It is therefore essential to understand the relationship between the properties and the microstructure, as well as what is driving them via a specific process, while also considering nay additive techniques. The following five journals participate in this Topic: Coatings, Alloys, Crystals, Materials, and Metals. Contributions related to microstructure design and characterization are collected in this Topic, together with their relation to the mechanical, fatigue, wear, and corrosion resistance of different kinds of metals and alloys. The goal of this Topic is to present contributions related to the relationship between the microstructure and properties of metals and alloys for different applications, including aeronautical and aerospace applications. Different process routes are considered (thermo-mechanical routes and additive manufacturing) in this Topic. Welding is a mandatory issue in many applications; this is why contributions related to welding are also included in this Topic. The Topic includes 19 research papers, 1 communication, and 2 review papers. Among those, 11 papers were published in Metals, 8 papers in Materials, 2 in Crystals, and 1 in Coatings, covering several aspects concerning microstructure-properties relations in metals and alloys.
Advances Research of Volatile Compounds, Composition, Stability and Thermal Behavior of Foods
This Special Issue covers topics such as the thermal behaviour of solid food products; flavour analysis of foods and volatile profile; volatile compounds in food and their transformation during processing; volatile oils used for improving food stability; chromatographic methods in food analysis; spectroscopic methods in food analysis; physico-chemical characterization and metal content in drinking water; metal composition of foods; and food active packaging and superior valorisation of food raw materials.
Natural resource exploitation
This manuscript describes the dyeing properties of some textile materials using biological extracts from walnut and malt fungi. Also, cellulosic materials were printed with colloidal metal nanoparticles obtained by reduction of metals by biological aqueous extracts. In the second part, raw and modified biomaterials were used as adsorbents for carcinogenic dyes. Almond waste, date waste and shrimp shell waste were used. In the final section, nanoparticles were prepared from lignin extracted from poplar fibers and aqueous extracts of oleander, pergularia and malta fungi plants, and used for dye degradation.
Bio-Based Polymers’ Application and Technology for Better Quality of Life
This reprint, intended as a reference for researchers and scholars working on sustainable polymers and their application, features some relevant examples of the use of bio-based polymers in various areas and technological fields, making these materials more tangible and contributing to building a better quality of life and a greener environment through fascinating research and innovation.
Supramolecular Chemistry
This introductory textbook on supramolecular chemistry is a thoroughly revised and expanded version of the 1st edition, originally published in 2020. All chapters have been brought up to date and now include "Further Reading" sections that highlight relevant developments. In addition, a new chapter on supramolecular polymers has been added. With these changes, this book provides an even more comprehensive introduction to the exciting field of supramolecular chemistry than before. Readers will learn what forces hold supramolecular architectures together, how supramolecular systems are created and characterized, how molecular switches, motors, transporters, catalysts, chemosensors, and other functional systems work, and where supramolecular chemistry can play or already plays a role in our lives. In 2022 the first edition of this book won the Literature Prize of the German Chemical Industry Association VCI. For the full press release (in German): https: //www.vci.de/fonds/presse-und-infos/pressemitteilungen/preisgeld-fuer-supramolekuele.jsp
Introduction to Biological Crystallography
In the living world, the mechanisms that make us breathe, digest, grow or move an arm involve molecules made up of thousands of atoms, called macromolecules. These macromolecules are constantly circulating, interacting and deforming. Visualising these macromolecules at the atomic level is a unique tool for understanding their function and for designing drugs, inhibitors or activators. When using the three-dimensional structure of a macromolecule, it is essential to keep a critical eye. To do this, we need to understand how the structure was obtained.X-ray crystallography is a historical method of using X-rays and crystals to determine the three-dimensional atomic structure of molecules. It is also the most widely used.The main audience for this book is biological scientists, although it will appeal to anyone interested in structural biology. It introduces the different steps involved in biological crystallography, from crystallisation to the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a macromolecule. This book is a companion to the MOOC Voyage au coeur du vivant avec des rayons X: la cristallographie . It can be used as a companion or on its own. Thanks to the videos available through the QR codes at the end of each chapter, sites normally closed to the public are opened up to offer you a unique journey to the heart of life.
Building Blocks of Electrons
"Building Blocks of Electrons: A Historical Perspective on Superlattice Design" dives into the fascinating world of superlattices, engineered materials with tailored properties. This book likely explores the concept from a historical viewpoint, tracing the development of superlattices from their theoretical foundations to their practical applications. Imagine stacking ultra-thin layers of different materials, like a microscopic sandwich. By carefully choosing these materials and their thicknesses, scientists can create a new material with properties not found in nature. The book might delve into how these "building blocks" of electrons, meaning the way electrons behave within the material, are manipulated through superlattice design. Expect to learn about the pioneering scientists who laid the groundwork for superlattices, the challenges and triumphs faced in their development, and how this technology has revolutionized various fields. From advances in electronics and optoelectronics to exploring the exotic properties of quantum materials, "Building Blocks of Electrons" offers a historical journey into the world of superlattice design.
Laboratory Manual for Chemistry Experiments
This lab manual is a must-have handbook for experiments on Physical Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry as well as applied fields like Water Testing. The main focus is on facilitating lucid and simple explanation so that the student can perform the experiments with ease. It includes an introductory account of safely rules for working in the chemical laboratory and laboratory discipline. Every experiment includes a summary of the theory, reactions, aims and objects, apparatus and procedure with diagrams to enable the students to perform the experiments. Each experiment set introduces a theoretical principle and the needed equipment and chemicals. Various calculations have been explained in a simple manner where included. This book will serve as a ready reckoner for Undergraduate and Postgraduate students of Chemistry.
Heterocyclic Anti-Inflammatory Agents
This book summarizes the cutting-edge experimental research on heterocyclic compounds used as anti-inflammatory agents in ten chapters. Each chapter is authored by experts in medicinal chemistry and is supplemented with scientific references for advanced reading. The book covers several types of heterocyclic compounds and their derivatives including - pyrimidine and pyrimidinone derivatives - 1,2,3, and 1,2,4 triazoles - imidazole and benzimidazole derivatives - oxazole, oxadiazole, isoxazoline, and oxazoline derivatives - thiazole and thiazolidinone derivatives - pyrazole and pyrazoline - carbazoles and their derivatives - azipines, quinolines, and coumarins This is a timely reference for medicinal chemists interested in developing new heterocycles for anti-inflammatory drugs. Contributors have discussed the effects of these compounds on different types of inflammation and their evolution in drug development as a therapeutic agent to give a wider perspective to readers.
Evaluation of Water Quality
This study evaluated the quality of groundwater from Nkoro community, Rivers State, Nigeria in order to prevent outbreak of water borne diseases. The water samples were collected from selected drinking-water sources including a hand dug well and boreholes. Water samples were collected from six different locations, and were evaluated for its suitability in both wet and dry seasons using the American Public Health Association standard method for water analyses. Water quality indices (WQI) for the following seven (17) parameters were calculated, such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, turbidity, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, alkalinity, colour and chloride. Heavy metals and some microbial parameters showed significant differences which were above regulatory standards limits of World Health Organization (WHO) and the Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON).
Notes on Thermodynamics
This title is a supplement to lectures and tutorials in a Thermodynamics course and also serves as a guide to more comprehensive texts. Rather than merely hurrying through the principles and then dealing with applications, the book presents the scientific method by discussing the science of thermodynamics starting from empirical observations that are relatable to students. For example, the book uses everyday experiences, such as a cup of hot tea cooling spontaneously, to arrive at the Second Law and Entropy through the idea of the heat engine. All the fundamentals are covered and illustrated with examples that resonate with the broad concerns and interests of students who take STEM classes today. The book examines the thermodynamics of hydrogen and gasoline engines, fuel cells versus the explosive combustion of hydrogen, how efficiently organisms and Spiderman utilize energy, the fizzing of a can of soda and decompression sickness, and how atmospheric carbon dioxide affects ocean pH and, worryingly, dissolves the calcium carbonate shells of marine animals, and also, what might happen if you inadvertently fall into a salt lake.Thermodynamics is presented as the macroscopic approach to understanding Nature when heat is involved. The book draws upon the idea of microstates where that clarifies the macroscopic ideas: entropy of mixing of gases is linked to Boltzmann and Gibbs' entropy formulations, thus motivating the formulation of the chemical potential of non-ideal systems in terms of their activities. Thermodynamics contains deep insight into the passage of Time. In the discussions of the Second Law the book highlights this, emphasizing that all the processes we observe in our universe are irreversible.Adopting an informal and readable style without compromising the rigour in this book, the goal is to help a broad audience of students appreciate the essential meaning of the Laws of Thermodynamics and to apply the fundamental framework at an elementary level.
Notes on Thermodynamics
This title is a supplement to lectures and tutorials in a Thermodynamics course and also serves as a guide to more comprehensive texts. Rather than merely hurrying through the principles and then dealing with applications, the book presents the scientific method by discussing the science of thermodynamics starting from empirical observations that are relatable to students. For example, the book uses everyday experiences, such as a cup of hot tea cooling spontaneously, to arrive at the Second Law and Entropy through the idea of the heat engine. All the fundamentals are covered and illustrated with examples that resonate with the broad concerns and interests of students who take STEM classes today. The book examines the thermodynamics of hydrogen and gasoline engines, fuel cells versus the explosive combustion of hydrogen, how efficiently organisms and Spiderman utilize energy, the fizzing of a can of soda and decompression sickness, and how atmospheric carbon dioxide affects ocean pH and, worryingly, dissolves the calcium carbonate shells of marine animals, and also, what might happen if you inadvertently fall into a salt lake.Thermodynamics is presented as the macroscopic approach to understanding Nature when heat is involved. The book draws upon the idea of microstates where that clarifies the macroscopic ideas: entropy of mixing of gases is linked to Boltzmann and Gibbs' entropy formulations, thus motivating the formulation of the chemical potential of non-ideal systems in terms of their activities. Thermodynamics contains deep insight into the passage of Time. In the discussions of the Second Law the book highlights this, emphasizing that all the processes we observe in our universe are irreversible.Adopting an informal and readable style without compromising the rigour in this book, the goal is to help a broad audience of students appreciate the essential meaning of the Laws of Thermodynamics and to apply the fundamental framework at an elementary level.
High-Order Harmonic Generation in Solids
'High-order harmonics emerging from the interaction of strong laser fields with solid matter constitute a novel, highly sensitive tool for interrogating electronic structure and dynamics in solids. At the interface of attosecond physics and condensed matter physics, this book provides an excellent overview of the current state of the art.'Ferenc KrauszNobel Laureate in Physics, 2023High-order harmonic generation (HHG) in solids, the nonlinear upconversion of coherent radiation resulting from the interaction of a strong and short laser pulse with bulk matter, has come of age. Since the seminal experiments and theoretical developments, there has been a constant and vibrant interest in this topic. In this book, we invite experimental and theoretical experts in the field with the aim to summarize the progress made so far and propose new possibilities and prospects for the generation of high-order harmonics using solid samples. Nowadays, it is possible to engineer, both spatially and temporally with nanometric and attosecond resolution, the driven fields. This could bring solid HHG to the next exciting frontier as novel and fully tunable table-top coherent sources.
Sulphur's Versatality
Mahendra and Aditya Sheth form a dynamic father-son team driven by a shared passion for disseminating value adding knowledge. Their collaborative efforts and shared vision to give back, have culminated in the creation of "Versatilities of Sulphur," a comprehensive exploration of the multifaceted sources and applications of Sulphur and its derivatives across various industries. Mahendra Sheth, boasts over 40 years of experience as a Chemical Engineer. Educated in the United States, he holds dual Bachelor's Degrees in Chemical and Industrial Engineering, as well as a Master's Degree in Chemical Engineering. As the Chairman of Galiakotwala Engineering Company, a leading manufacturer of sulfuric acid equipment, Mahendra's profound expertise in Sulphur chemistry has been pivotal in shaping the content of this book. Aditya Sheth, following in his father's esteemed footsteps, earned his Chemical Engineering degree from the prestigious Columbia University (New York, USA) and Economics Degree from the prestigious Denison University (Ohio, USA). Despite his youth, Aditya has demonstrated a remarkable aptitude for engineering. His contributions to the book have brought forth fresh perspectives and innovative ideas. Together, Mahendra Sheth and Aditya Sheth have synergized their knowledge, creativity, and passion to craft a book that not only delves into the intriguing realm of Sulphur products but also aims to ignite curiosity and foster appreciation for the marvels of chemistry across readers of all ages.
Presence and use of heterocycles for therapeutic purposes
Approximately two-thirds of chemistry publications deal in some way with heterocycles, due to their structural diversity. Their innumerable properties and virtues. A very large number of substances and natural or synthetic drugs are in fact heterocycles.Many heterocyclic compounds are used in agriculture as insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, pesticides, etc. They are also used as sensitizers to the environment. They also have applications as sensitizers, developers, antioxidants, copolymers, etc. They are used as vehicles in the synthesis of other organic compounds.Most pharmaceutical products are based on heterocycles, and among the various clinical applications, heterocyclic compounds have a considerable active role as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor drugs.
Chemical Dynamics in Condensed Phases
This second edition of Chemical Dynamics in Condensed Phases provides a substantial modification and expansion of the first edition published in 2006. Nitzan offers a uniform approach to diverse problems encountered in the study of dynamical processes in condensed phase molecular systems. The textbook focuses on three themes: contextual background material, in-depth introduction of methodologies, and analysis of several key applications. These applications are among the most fundamental processes that underlie physical, chemical, and biological phenomena in complex systems. The comprehensive, advanced, and self-contained text provides the theoretical foundations for the processes affecting molecular dynamics in condensed phases that are encountered in the chemistry laboratory as well as in biology and material science research. The mathematical tools and the physical concepts necessary to develop the chemical description are provided first, followed by a detailed discussion of the fundamental chemical processes that underlie the chemical dynamics, including quantum and classical aspects of molecular motion and the interaction of molecules with the radiation field and the surrounding thermal environment. The last part of the book discusses several key processes: accumulation and relaxation of molecular energy, chemical reaction dynamics and the interplay of these dynamics with the dynamics and relaxation of the surrounding solvent, electron transfer reactions, electrode processes and molecular conduction junctions as well as molecular response to optical stimuli in solution and at dielectric interfaces. Attention is given to combining the mathematical analysis with qualitative physical understanding of the different dynamical phenomena. New to this edition is a new chapter 19 on the interaction of molecules with light at dielectric interfaces, motivated by the surge of interest in molecular plasmonics and molecular cavity electrodynamics, as well as a section relevant to this issue added to Chapter 10. Chapters on light-matter interaction and spectroscopy have been expanded to include subjects relevant to the foundation and practice of interfacial spectroscopy. Sections have also been added to include discussion of noise and fluctuations observed in single molecule spectroscopy and in molecular junction transport.
A dive into the labyrinth of Schottky defects
Schottky defects, discovered by Walter H. Schottky in 1938, are crystalline imperfections that play a crucial role in the properties of materials. These defects, which result from the loss of atoms in a crystalline structure, affect the electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, optical and catalytic properties of materials. Understanding and controlling these defects are major challenges in many fields of science and technology, including materials engineering, electronics, catalysis and emerging technologies such as quantum computing and photonic devices. Current research is exploring the potential applications of Schottky defects, while also seeking to develop new materials and techniques to optimize their use in various fields of application.
The Inseparable Bond
Furthermore, we agree with much of the existing literature that reproducibility is not a boolean variable that represents an "Either/Or" condition under which an experiment is either fully repro-ducible or not reproducible at all (Isdahl & Gundersen, 2019). We believe that it should be seen as a one-dimensional variable that must be measured on a scale where it can range from multiple degrees of reproducibility. As such, we concur with Peng (2011) who suggests that reproducibil-ity can be perceived as a continuous variable on a spectrum of reproducibility, on which a specific experiment can range from being not reproducible at all, to the "Gold standard" of reproducibility where linked and executable code and data accompany the research publication that describes the experiment. As explained by Peng (2011, p. 1226), the spectrum of reproducibility is used to explain the gap that arises in the "scientific evidence-generating process between full replication of a study and no replication." The spectrum of reproducibility is illustrated in Figure 1 and this key concept is revisited later in this paper.
Small-scale Computational Vibration of Carbon Nanotubes
This book presents orthotropic vibration modeling and analysis of carbon nanotubes which be helpful in applications such as oscillators and in non-destructive testing.
