Farm Sewage
Farm Sewage by Ellis Monroe Santee explores the critical issue of managing waste on agricultural lands. Addressing the environmental challenges posed by farm waste, this work examines methods for treating and disposing of sewage in rural settings. It delves into the importance of preventing water contamination and promoting sustainable farming practices.Santee's insightful analysis provides valuable information for farmers, environmental engineers, and policymakers concerned with mitigating the impacts of agricultural pollution. A valuable resource for understanding and improving waste management strategies in the agricultural sector.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Integration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Into the Functions of Counterair
With the recent draw down of the US military after the end of the Cold War, the US Department of Defense (DoD) is placing considerable emphasis on employing a lighter, leaner, and more lethal military force to accomplish the strategic objectives mandated by political leadership. As a force enabler for military forces, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) recently demonstrated their potential during NATO military operations in Kosovo. Their activities weren't limited to merely gathering enemy intelligence. As a result of advancements in UAVs capabilities, UAVs expanded their operations by directly assisting in combat missions. The resulting logical question that evolved out of the Kosovo operations is, can UAVs be more actively integrated into other military functions to enhance mission accomplishment? More specifically, can UAVs be incorporated into the function of gaining and maintaining control of the air for US forces? To completely answer this question, this research paper will first analyze the current background of UAVs as seen in recent military operations. Secondly, the function of counter air will be examined to identify the deficiencies US forces have in obtaining control of the air. Third, the present and future capabilities that UAVs can bring to the fight will be identified. Fourth, a detailed examination of which UAVs payloads can be incorporated into the function of counterair will be accomplished. Fifth, this paper will show that UAVs can be effectively integrated to enhance US military weapons systems accomplishment of the function of counterair. Finally, this author will briefly discuss one possible plan to integrate UAVs in the function of counterair to overcome the noted deficiencies.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Black Silicon
This book explores the fundamentals, process-property relationships, and manufacturing techniques of Black Silicon. It details various surface morphing methods and compares the resulting structures. The thermal, electrical, electronic, and optical properties of Black Silicon are examined, along with its major applications. Future directions in research, development, and device manufacturing are discussed. The ability to tailor semiconductor morphology for desired properties adds a new dimension to the physics, materials science, and engineering of these materials. The book also includes a comprehensive summary of intellectual property related to Black Silicon, highlighting its technological evolution and potential.Key features: - Case Studies, Examples and End-of-Chapter Summaries will be contained in each chapter. - Describes black silicon fundamentals - Offers process-property-performance correlations as well as applications - Outlines future prospects and opportunities for black silicon
Piezo-Electrochemical Transducer Effect Intercalated Graphite Micro-Electromechanical Actuators
The purpose of this research is to investigate the Piezo-Electrochemical Transducer (PECT) effect in intercalated graphite as a possible mechanism of actuation for micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS). This dissertation presents the results of research into the PECT effect in H2SO4-intercalated graphitized carbon fibers, including both electrical and mechanical characteristics of this effect. PECT fibers achieve up to 1.7% strain at 1.4 V of applied potential. In contrast, the piezoelectric material polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) generates only 0.01% strain and polysilicon thermal expansion between 0.02 and 0.06% strain depending on the thermal conductivity of the particular polysilicon that the actuators are fabricated in.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Air Force Civil Engineer Mobilization in a Joint Vision 2010 World
Rapid evolution in the international political, social, and military environment, coupled with budget pressures within the federal government, have created a fluid setting for the military services. As fundamental as aircraft to the Air Force's ability to protect U.S. interests at home and abroad are the support functions that provide deployed basing for aircraft and aircrew alike. What are the factors that influence the civil engineer's ability to launch, support and sustain deployed military operations within the context of this environment and the national military strategy established to meet these challenges? Do current civil engineer capabilities fulfill Joint Vision 2010 and Air Force "Global Engagement" strategies, now and in the future, for interaction in the New World order? What steps are Air Force civil engineers taking, or should they take, to improve their ability to support deployed military operations? This study concludes that Air Force civil engineering is substantially in step with the evolving character of the current strategies that enable the U.S. military to engage across the spectrum of new and anticipated future world environments.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Determining Logistics Ground Support Manpower Requirements for a Reusable Military Launch Vehicle
Successful space-based technologies like satellite imagery and GPS have increased military demand for a rapid-response launch capability. AF Space Command's Operationally Responsive Spacelift program was developed to ensure that the AF has the capability to launch a payload into orbit within hours of a tasking notification, and requires development of a new space launch vehicle. The Reusable Military Launch Vehicle (RMLV) is currently in the design phase. The AF Research Laboratory sponsored development of the MILEPOST simulation model in order to assess the turnaround time, and thus responsiveness, of various design alternatives. The focus of this thesis is to improve the fidelity of the MILEPOST model by assessing the logistics manpower required to support the modeled turnaround activities. The research determined the appropriate AF organizational structure and manpower requirements for RMLV ground support agencies based on the activities modeled in MILEPOST. This information will be incorporated into the model in future research efforts, resulting in the capability to evaluate RMLV design alternatives based on both turnaround time and workforce requirements.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
In Vitro Toxicity of Aluminum Nanoparticles in Rat Alveolar Macrophages
Nanomaterials, which are by definition in the 1 - 100 nanometer range, have numerous possible benefits to society, but currently there is a lack of data that characterizes these materials effects on human health and environment. In general nanomaterials are of interest to the Air Force because of their applications in electronics, sensors, munitions and energetic/reactive systems. Nanoparticles such as aluminum have been considered for enhancing propulsion in solid rocket fuel. To date, only a few studies have looked at the toxicological effects of direct exposure to nanoparticles, none with aluminum. It is important to increase the understanding of the nanomaterial exposure health impact before these materials are throughout diverse levels of occupations or fully used in large capacities within industry and the military.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Shock Wave Dynamics of Novel Aluminized Detonations and Empirical Model for Temperature Evolution From Post-Detonation Combustion Fireballs
This research characterizes the blast wave and temperature evolution of an explosion fireball in order to improve the classification of aluminized conventional munitions based on a single explosive type such as RDX. A drag model fit to data shows initial shock velocities of 1.6-2.8 km/s and maximum fireball radii ranging from 4.3-5.8 m with most of the radii reached by 50 ms upon detonation. The Sedov-Taylor point blast model is fitted to data where a constant release (s=1) of energy upon detonation suggests shock energies of 0.5-8.9 MJ with blast dimensionalities indicative of the spherical geometry (n 3) observed in visible imagery. An inverse correlation exists between blast wave energy and overall aluminum content in the test articles. Using a radiative cooling term and a secondary combustion term, a physics-based empirical model is able to reduce 82 data points to five fit parameters to describe post-detonation combustion fireballs. The fit-derived heat of combustion has a 96% correlation with the calculated heat of combustion but has a slope of 0.49 suggesting that only half of the theoretical heat of combustion is realized. Initial temperature is not a good discriminator of detonation events but heat of combustion holds promise as a potential variable for event classification.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Rapid Prototyping, Acquisition and Deployment of Technology Pushed Weapon Systems Using Nontraditional Acquisition Processes
With the explosion of technology driven systems and their ability to effectively meet military operational need it is imperative we in the acquisition community have the ability to rapidly acquire, deploy and support these potential life saving technological advancements. This paper will explore five non-traditional acquisition processes and use case studies to clarify and outline a defined process to best get new technology into the operators' hands in the most time efficient manner possible. This paper includes a description of the traditional acquisition process, five non-traditional acquisition processes, and the criteria a program must meet to gain access to these processes. The culmination of this effort is the identification and development of a rapid technology pushed weapon system acquisition and deployment checklist/process, and lessons learned from the Project Angel Fire and Predator case studies.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Creep Performance of Oxide Ceramic Fiber Materials at Elevated Temperature in Air and in Steam
The effects of steam on the creep performance for several ceramic materials were investigated at temperatures in the 1100-1300-C range. Experimental programs were designed to explore both tensile and compressive creep behaviors as well as the response in monotonic tension. Subcritical crack growth was determined to be the dominant failure mechanism in ceramic fibers at elevated temperatures in steam. The creep life prediction analysis of ceramic fiber tows was performed using linear elastic fracture mechanics and a power-law crack velocity model. Additionally, the effects of steam at 1300-C on creep performance of high-purity polycrystalline yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) were studied. The high temperature mechanical properties of polycrystalline YAG make it the most promising candidate material oxide material for the next generation ceramic fiber.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Next Generation Munitions Handler Prototype Acquisition Campaign
The Air Force will improve the quality of the aircraft munitions loading process by fielding a new generation of munition handling equipment that incorporates emerging telerobotics technology. An active program is underway to develop an Next Generation Munitions Handler (NGMH) Advanced Technology Demonstrator (ATD). This project uses air campaign planning principals to address the development of the technology roadmap and dual use business case study required to transition the ATD into a full-scale prototype. A discussion of the history and performance requirements for telerobotic munition handling is provided as a background for creation of an initial critical technologies list. The maturity level and validity of that list is investigated through an intelligence preparation operation that supports the election of nine specific technology targets. Courses of action to bring those technologies to commercial-off-the-shelf availability are explored. Scenarios for technology application in a range of alternative military and commercial applications lay the groundwork for development of a dual use business case. Civilian industry coalition partners were identified. Creation of a full scale NGMH prototype acquisition campaign is now possible.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Analysis of the Air Force Basic Communications Officer Training Course
In 1998, the Aerospace Communications and Information Expertise (ACE) program was implemented to provide a common operational foundation for new Air Force Communications and Information officers. Training's crucial role in providing Air Force effectiveness and efficiency in the officer corps is demonstrated by the formal training courses new officers are required to attend for instruction in their jobs. The importance of training, and subsequent training evaluation, is evident for two significant reasons: the skills required by Air Force Communications and Information officers and the amount of investment in training.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Evaluating Management Strategies for Automated Test Systems/Equipment
The management of United States Air Force ATS/E presents a variety of issues that affect the long-term capability and mission readiness of weapon systems. Traditional procurement processes suggest that individual aircraft platform System Program Offices (SPOs) developed, improved and replaced ATE on an "as-required" basis. Increased obsolescence, however, and a concern for maintaining longer-term viability provided the necessary inertia for a movement towards the procurement and development of consolidated, common test equipment that would support multiple weapon systems. In 1998, the Air Force Chief of Staff directed HQ AFMC to establish a Common Support Equipment office to facilitate the combination of similar legacy ATE into common equipment. Today, some ATE continues to be managed by individual SPOs, while other ATE is primarily managed by the Automated Test Systems Division at Warner-Robins Air Logistics Center. This research examines the differences of these two approaches. Specifically, this research focuses on the management of two pieces of ATE for a mature aircraft system - the F-15.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Extending the Strategy Based Risk Model Using the Delphi Method
The validation between a research and developmental satellite and its ground system is critical to ensuring the success on-orbit. However, the exact process for completing validation is not documented, frequently underfunded, and accomplished ad hoc. This leads to debate regarding maintenance of budget and schedule, while ensuring on-orbit success. This thesis examines readiness and on-orbit activities within the U.S. Air Force Space Development and Test Wings Research Development Test and Evaluation Support Complex. Combining historical data with the consultation of subject matter experts, a validation process was defined. Risks associated with this process were then analyzed using the Strategy Based Risk Model, and were evaluated based on the probability of occurrence and severity of impact.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Investigation of the Effects of Target Feature Variations on Ballistic Missile RCS
Uncertainties in certain features of target geometries result in a loss of confidence in the signature assessment of the target. Knowledge of the impact to a target's radarcross section (RCS) due to changes to specific target features can assist to identifywhether uncertainty in a certain target feature warrants a loss of confidence in the targetsignature. This study will allow a development of a general "rule-of-thumb" on how theradar signature of a target varies as a function of the target's specific target features. Thetargets of interest which this study is centered around are fictitious ballistic missiles.Four target features that were investigated: fin size, nosecone shape, effect of panelriveting along the sides of the missile and the effects of heat shielding on the nosecone.By varying each of the four target features into a missile configuration and comparing toanother configuration, a relationship between specific target features and its effect on theradar cross section of a ballistic missile can be obtained. Based on the range of possibleconfigurations that target's feature can take, it is possible to estimate a range of possiblevalues of the radar signature. This will enable the user of the signature data to have abetter understanding of the target being assessed and target characteristics when acomplete knowledge of target configuration is unavailable.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
UAVs and ISR Sensor Technology
This paper examines the Air Force's need to aggressively pursue development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) sensors for airborne intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) data collection. Additionally, recommendations for optimizing the employment and development of ISR UAVs and sensors are addressed.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Models for Sortie Generation With Autonomic Logistics Capabilities
The primary objective of this research is to investigate the impact of an autonomic logistics system (ALS) on the sortie generation process for an individual airbase. As in some prior studies of this process, the methodology used to model the sortie generation process is a queueing network containing fork-join nodes for concurrent maintenance activities. The sortie generation rate is commonly regarded as the primary performance measure of the sortie generation process. This measure coincides with the throughput and is used to compare two models: i) pre-ALS operations and ii) ALS-enhanced airbase operations. Analysis of the models shows that the ALS model yields higher generation rates under a variety of scenarios resulting from the differences in the sortie generation process that are inherent when an ALS is implemented. These results demonstrate that implementation of an ALS will positively impact the sortie generation process by increased sortie generation rates with equivalent or reduced resource levels.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Executive Agent for Unmanned Aircraft Systems
The United States Air Force has requested Executive Agency over all Department of Defense (DoD) Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) that fly above 3,500 feet. This paper documents how a service is designated as an Executive Agent over a certain domain. The paper highlights the roles and responsibilities of the service or organization designated as an Executive Agent. The Executive Agency roles and responsibilities of the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are also documented. The Air Force's stated reasons why the Secretary of Defense should appoint them the DoD Executive Agent for Unmanned Aircraft Systems are examined. Then the paper captures the Army's main arguments as they pertain to the Air Force being designated as the Executive Agent for unmanned aircraft systems. The author's thesis is that appointing the United States Air Force as the Executive Agency for unmanned aircraft systems will have adverse operational impacts for the United States Army and our combatant, operational, and tactical commanders. The document is completed by providing the reader with a recommendation and conclusion section.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Excel-Based Surveillance Planning and Scoring Tool for the Scud Hunting Mission
The research effort presented here is focused on the development of a basic mathematical model to simulate multiple sensors surveiling multiple targets akin to the scud-hunting problem which faced coalition forces during Operation DESERT STORM and Operation IRAQI FREEDOM. Drawing on similarities between the scud-hunting problem and the classical fractional knapsack problem, a greedy heuristic is employed in an attempt to maximize the overall surveillance contribution of each individual sensor. Using Microsoft Excel and Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), a model is constructed which builds sensor flight paths to maximize the overall surveillance effort from the group of sensors, scores the overall effectiveness of the surveillance effort, and provides this information to the analyst in a timely manner. Recommendations for further research to improve the utility of the model are included.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Examination of Latency and Degradation Issues in Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle Environments
There are two basic ways to control an Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle (UCAV) as it searches for targets: allow the UCAV to act autonomously or employ man-in-the-loop control. There are also two target sets of interest: fixed or mobile targets. This research focuses on UCAV-based targeting of mobile targets using man-in-the-loop control. In particular, the interest is in how levels of satellite signal latency or signal degradation affect the ability to accurately track, target, and attack mobile targets. This research establishes a weapon effectiveness model assessing targeting inaccuracies as a function of signal latency and/or signal degradation. The research involved three phases. The first phase in the research was to identify the levels of signal latency associated with satellite communications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Deep Battle Exploitation in Rapid Decisive Operations
This research offers new doctrine guiding use of airborne forces. The primary method was synthesizing past and current airborne doctrine and practice with recent advances in technology and capabilities to come up with a fresh look at solving airborne problems. The traditional problems encountered by airborne forces are fratricide, assembly delays, aircraft vulnerability to AAA, SAMs, and enemy aircraft, resupply, and vulnerabilities after insertion. These include foot speed maneuver limits, little protection against heavy forces, and potential of being isolated. These problems can be overcome by following a new doctrine of Deep Battle Exploitation building on existing technology improvements like GPS, satellite communications, NVGs, improved intelligence, and data links such as Blue Force Tracker and Link 16. This doctrine integrates overarching Rapid Decisive Operations concepts applied at the operational level and is stated as using multiple (15+) simultaneous airborne force insertions forward of the main battle lines with no requirement of link up operations. These company to battalion size forces will operate like SOF, but focus overtly on JFC objectives in either a supporting or supported role. Implementing this doctrine requires no new aircraft or hardware, but needs significant changes in Army and Air Force doctrine and training in tactics, techniques, and proceduresthat can be done today! Key words: Rapid Decisive Operations (RDO), non-linear, simultaneous, non-contiguous, swarm, Strategic Brigade Airdrop (SBA), Airland Battle, Joint Targeting, airborne, airdrop, air assault, simultaneity and depth.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Air Force Development Test and Evaluation Under Acquisition Reform
Acquisition Reform changed government involvement in system acquisition with transition to best commercial practices. Shortened acquisition timelines, reduced budgets and increased contractor test responsibilities intensifed several issues. These issues are test planning and execution capabilities, joint contractor and government test efficiency, and both government and industry test experience levels. Today's DTE methods are insufficient to successfully overcome increased system complexity, decreased test budgets, and reduced manpower challenges of the future. To meet these challenges, this project presents six test recommendations which enhance DTE contributions to the acquisition process. The six recommendations are: 1. Develop a single commercial industry standard governing military aviation testing. 2. Emphasize greater simulation configuration control and technological simulation advances, with software test and avionics integration simulation the highest priorities. 3. Refine the Integrated Test Team Concept to combine contractor, development, and operational test requirements in addition to innovative test program teaming. 4. Streamline development and operational test data requirements and allow contractor and development test personnel to supplement operational test teams. 5. Automate test planning and execution functions to reduce manpower investments. 6. Modify the Federal Aviation Administration Designated Engineering Representative concept to increase contractor test autonomy.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Chemical Mechanical Polishing Optimization for 4H-Sic
Scratch free surfaces are required for substrates used in epitaxial growth. Silicon carbide (SiC) is a substrate material that is used in the epitaxial growth of SiC, GaN, and InGaN electronic devices. Preliminary chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) studies of 1 3/8" 4H-SiC wafers were performed in an attempt to identify the polishing parameter values that result in a maximum material removal rate and thus reduce substrate polishing time. Previous studies reported increased material removal rates associated with increasing polishing temperature, slurry pH, pressure, and polishing pad speed. In the current study, the effects of temperature, slurry pH, polishing pressure, and polishing pad speed were examined independently while keeping other polishing parameters constant. Material removal rates were determined using pre and post-polish wafer mass measurements. Photographs at specific wafer locations were obtained before and after each polishing period and compared to calculated removal rates.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
War Department Technical Manual
The United States Army has released several previously restricted manuals on guns, Camouflage, Tanks, Missiles, Air Navigation, Vehicles, and many other devices used in World War II. This is one of those manuals.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Quantification of Risk for USAF Fire and Emergency Services Flights as Result of Shortages in Manpower
The United States Air Force (USAF) is currently experiencing a period of high operations tempo and overseas deployments have become frequent. These deployments will leave home installations short manned. Some amount of risk is incurred by the home installation as a result of the short manning. For an organization, such as an USAF Fire and Emergency Services (FES) flight, whose primary responsibility is the protection of life and property, the incurred risk could be catastrophic. Still no attempt has been made to quantify risk in terms of manpower for USAF FES flights.The primary purpose of this research was to develop and validate a methodology to quantify risk in terms of manpower for FES flights. This research develops a decision tool to provide insight to FES Fire Chiefs on the risk associated with specific manpower decisions. The methodology was validated using data from Dyess Air Force Base FES flight. A secondary goal of the research was to determine a cost/benefit relationship between the risk level and the cost to backfill deployed firefighter positions with contract labor. The result was a decision tree model and pareto optimal graphs for the risk to manpower level and the cost/benefit relationship.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Coal-Biomass to Liquid Jet Fuel Compared to Petroleum-Derived JP-8 Jet Fuel
The United States (U.S.) imported 57 percent of the petroleum products that it consumed in 2008. The Department of Defense (DOD) and in particular, the United States Air Force (USAF), consumes a large amount of oil to support the mission of defending the U.S. According to the USAF energy policy, by 2016, the Air Force (AF) must be prepared to cost competitively acquire 50 percent of its domestic aviation fuel requirement via an alternative fuel blend in which the alternative component is derived from domestic sources produced in a manner that is "greener" than fuels produced from conventional petroleum. This study employed a life cycle assessment (LCA) tool known as Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIO-LCA) to compare the petroleum derived jet fuel of JP-8 to the alternative jet fuel of Coal-Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) to determine which was "greener" by determining the total global warming potential (GWP) over each jet fuels' entire life cycle. The CBTL jet fuel was determined to be "greener" for the environment with utilizing carbon capture and storage (CCS) via the Fischer Tropsch (FT) synthesis process when producing liquid jet fuel from coal and swithchgrass as the biomass.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Decision Model for Selecting Energy Efficient Technologies for Low-Sloping Roof Tops Using Value-Focused Thinking
The Air Force has a large inventory of low-sloping built up roofs (BURs) and millions of dollars are spent each year retrofitting these systems. The DOD has been directed to reduce non-renewable energy consumption by using energy-efficient technologies. These two details present a great opportunity to use the open roof space to install energy-efficient roofing technologies. The purpose of this research is to provide Air Force decision makers with a tool to assist them in deciding what roofing technologies should be installed on facilities. Value Focused-Thinking is the methodology used to construct the model, in which values were used, instead of alternatives, to create the model.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Assessing Capabilities of the High Energy Liquid Laser Area Defense System Through Combat Simulations
High Energy Laser (HEL) technology continues to improve and its place in the battlefield is ever evolving. By combining the high energy delivery of solid state laser technology with the efficient thermal management of liquid laser technology, HELLADS has two main advantages over any HEL predecessors. One, the configuration is small and light enough to be carried on more tactical aircraft such as fighters. Two, the thermal management greatly increases HEL fire power by increasing dwell time on target. To assess HELLADS operational capabilities the test community has been challenged with how to effectively examine the advantages and limitations through a cost effective manner. Modeling and simulation supports this assessment as it yields itself easily to relatively low cost and robust testing methodologies. The challenge comes with building credible models through validation and verification of test parameters and scenarios. An Air Force Standard Analysis Toolkit model, the Extended Air Defense Simulation Model (EADSIM), is used in this study to meet these challenges. This research effort focuses on the assessment of the HELLADS operational capabilities through EADSIM. Of particular interest is the investigation of the envisioned HELLADS operational envelope and the potential advantages it offers over other HEL systems. Scenarios are applied to represent the Homeland Defense arena in which HELLADS is proposed to operate. Specifically this study explores what factors impact HELLADS effectiveness and suitability in the Homeland Defense scenarios examined.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Simulation of Autonomic Logistics System Sortie Generation
The current Air Force logistics operations system is reactive in nature, meaning that after the aircraft detects a part failure, the maintenance person must perform fault isolation procedures and then steps are taken to repair or replace the faulty item. This may or may not include ordering of a replacement item from base supply. The Autonomic Logistics System (ALS) concept changes this reactive process into a proactive one with the employment of technologies such as prognostics and distributed information network. This new approach to the logistics process shows the potential for cost savings, increased aircraft operational availability, and better system performance. The ALS basic function can be compared to the human body's nervous system. The body's nervous system performs activities automatically or without constant thought like respiration and blood circulation. This same concept can be applied to the Air Force logistics system. Certain logistics tasks can be handled automatically or autonomously. Ordering parts for a broken system, calling the right maintenance specialist to the right aircraft reporting a problem, notifying the maintenance control center that a certain aircraft has a malfunctioning system and will not be available for the next sortie, and other possible applications. Since the ALS can handle these routine tasks, the maintenance personnel are free to perform more important tasks such as maintaining and repairing the jets. This thesis explores the impact of this concept on the aircraft sortie generation process by building a discrete event simulation tool to allow the study of the baseline existing system and the ALS.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Sleep Deprivation and Its Effect on Combat Effectiveness
This paper examines the effects of sleep loss on the combat effectiveness of the US Army's leaders and soldiers. It begins with an examination of US and Soviet doctrine for conducting continuous operations. This section discusses the doctrinal methods and procedures that both major powers employ to maintain continuous pressure on their opponent. After laying the theoretical groundwork, it then examines the changes that have occurred in tactical force design since World War II to determine what has been done to enhance or degrade our ability to execute that doctrine. After this discussion on the mechanical aspect of combat, the paper discusses the effects of sleep loss on units and the individual soldier. It concludes that the US Army currently has no doctrine for the conduct of combat over an extended period of time. Adequate doctrine has been provided for the conduct of operations in periods of both limited and unlimited visibility, but the doctrine necessary to transition to continuous operations is not available. Furthermore, recent changes in the force structure of our combat units (primarily Armor and Mechanized Infantry) have significantly reduced the redundancy and robustness in those units that is necessary to conduct continuous operations. During continuous operations our units will be affected by loss of sleep. Sleep deprivation affects the cognitive skills of our leaders greater than the physical skills of our soldiers. To fight the continuous operations that will be forced upon us by our opponent, we must prepare ourselves to combat the effects of sleep loss first.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Stunning Swarms
This paper proposes and advocates the concept of Micro-Air Vehicle Incapacitating Swarms (MAVIS) as an effective non-lethal capability for irregular warfare as well as other spectrum-of-warfare applications. The intent of MAVIS is to provide an alternative to the conventional USAF arsenal that typically produces unacceptable collateral damage in the COIN/IW (counter-insurgency/irregular warfare) fight. Collateral damage has proven counterproductive to winning the hearts and minds of the populace afflicted with the cancer of insurgency/terrorism. Due to the difficulty in determining the exact targets in a dynamic urban environment or in any situation with imperfect intelligence, MAVIS will be used in an "area attack" fashion to administer metered doses of medication to subdue combatants as well as nearby civilians. Rendered unconscious from the fast-acting and long-lasting medication, the insurgents/terrorists will be removed from the populace while sedated, processed to gather intelligence, and permanently separated from the people. MAVIS will deny insurgents/terrorists their cherished martyrdom, allowing the threatened government to process them as it sees fit.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Unmanned Horizons
The one and only shot the US had against Osama bin Laden was all down to a new surveillance aircraft the CIA was still testing and evaluating at the time. Commanders decided putting the small unmanned drone, what was then called a UAV, through a little 'real world' experience might be interesting. The shot was not taken due to a mix of domestic political and diplomatic reasons. Indeed one problem was that the closest 'shooter' or USAF fighter would have had to violate allied airspace unannounced - a tough ask during an unstable nuclear stand-off between Pakistan and India.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Can You See Me Now? Visualizing Battlefield Facial Recognition Technology in 2035
Facial recognition technology will create the capability to provide positive identification of persons in a battlefield environment in the year 2035. This paper examines the state-of-the-art in facial recognition technology in the areas of access control and law enforcement. The technologies are then projected forward to examine a notional facial recognition system in the year 2035 and examine its components. In discussions with biometric experts from both the United States and United Kingdom, the viability of such a system is examined. Challenges, both in the technology and political/bureaucratic realms, are examined and possible solutions are posited. The paper poses three scenarios in which a facial recognition system could be of use to Coalition forces operating in a counterinsurgency environment. These three scenarios--passive identification in a crowd, intelligence source verification, and sector control--show the range of applications for facial recognition on the battlefield. The paper concludes with a roadmap to assist in the focusing of research and allocation of resources as facial recognition technology evolves. With appropriate levels of effort, a technology that is currently capable only in very controlled conditions will evolve into a viable system for positive identification on the battlefield by the year 2035.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Talking Back
The information age is altering weapon system development and improvement. Information communications, storage, and computing technologies will revolutionize system development, operations, maintenance, and logistic processes. Based on the so-called laws of Gilder, Metcalfe and Moore and current DoD weapons trends the futures of these technologies provide opportunities to progress the paradigm of weapons development and improvement.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Unmanned Undersea Vehicles and Guided Missile Submarines
During the Cold War the United States developed the Trident class ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) to replace the aging fleet of forty-one Poseidon ballistic missile submarines. Each of the eighteen Trident class submarines built to carry the mantle of strategic nuclear deterrence was extremely large and quiet with tubes for twenty-four ballistic missiles. Following the breakup of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the United States conducted a review of its nuclear posture, which determined that only fourteen of these submarines were necessary to meet the needs of U.S. national security.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Integrating the B-2 Into Link 16 Operations
Network centric warfare is a key enabler to present day military operations. Link 16, a tactical data link, is one means that combat air forces utilize to leverage network centric warfare. In the past, the B-2 community relied on stove-piped communications systems, but now the B-2 is in the early stages of implementing a fully integrated Link 16 system. This paper will show that the current integration of Link 16 will enhance the B-2's overall mission effectiveness by decreasing aircrew workload, increasing situational awareness, and eliminating many opportunities for human error. However, the current Link 16 implementation also has several hurdles to overcome in order to be fully effective. These hurdles, which include implementing hardware and software improvements, maximizing training opportunities, and emphasizing a commitment to Link 16 use in combat operations, are also addressed.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Air Force Satellite Control Network
Originally designed in the late 1950s, the Air Force Satellite Network (AFSCN) was activated to support the Discoverer Program. Now the AFSCN provides global support for over 80 communication, navigation, missile warning, and meteorological satellites and other satellite systems for the DoD and Air Force. It has the flexibility to support Low-, Medium-, and High-altitude satellites operating in various orbits. The AFSCN is comprised of two satellite control centers, eight Remote Tracking Stations, a test facility, and a communications network linking it all together.This research paper demonstrates that the AFSCN is a force multiplier, and the center of gravity for military space operations, which needs increased security measures and upgrading. The AFSCN provides command and control capabilities for satellites that enhance several principles of war which regional commanders use to their advantage to shape the battlefield. The AFSCN faces the threats of terrorism, frequency intrusions, aging infrastructure, and budgetary constraints. In order to ensure the future of the AFSCN these threats need to be addressed. The DoD and the Air Force need to address these AFSCN threats by increasing security measures, re-writing operations orders, diplomatic relations, upgrading the infrastructure, and creating AFSCN interoperability. Taking these measures will ensure future survivability and sustainment of the AFSCN.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Integrating Unmanned Aerial Vehicles With Current Combat Search and Rescue Doctrine
The events of September 11, 2001 brought home to the United States (U.S.) the realities of the Post Cold War World. With the realization that our Republic's armed forces are fighting a new type of enemy came a demand that the United States military defeat this new threat using every tool in our arsenal.1 The use of United States Air Force Predator Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and externally carried Hellfire anti-armor missiles against selected Taliban and al Qaeda targets was the first modern-day UAVs to do so in combat.2 This use of UAVs in a direct combat role, as opposed to their traditional Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Target Acquisition (RSTA) role, led me to the idea of using UAVs for other non-traditional roles in combat. As an Army UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter pilot, Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR) is an integral part of our Army Aviation mission. This is also true among the other services' rotary-wing and fixed-wing communities. A common problem among all the services, particularly the Air Force, is the limited amount of resources and manpower that are devoted to the CSAR mission. Under the current force structure, exactly 105 HH-60G Pave Hawks in the Air Combat Command inventory are too few to perform the potential number of missions required to support current operations.3 The rescues of Lieutenant Colonel Iceal Hambleton in Vietnam and Captain Scott O'Grady in Bosnia illustrate the difficulty associated with CSAR operations on the modern battlefield.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Lt. Gen. Forrest S. Mccartney
The achievements of the earliest space professionals teach some key lessons about what a space professional looks like. The first space professional was retired Air Force Lieutenant General Forrest Striplin McCartney. His career is a perfect example of a professional space career. After graduation from college and an assignment at Cape Canaveral, Florida, laying the same communications cables he would later use, McCartney had assignments in space operations taking pictures of the Soviet Union from Corona satellites, in acquisitions buying the Titan III space launch booster and communications satellites, and along the climb to lieutenant general, developed his professional skills as a leader of military organizations. This paper is about a space professional reveals the value of studying the development of space professionals in the 20th century as a means of developing space professionals in the 21st century.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
JSTARS, E-10A and the Kill Chain
This research paper examines the Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (JSTARS), its successes and shortfalls, its eventual replacement, the E-10A, and how both fit into the Find, Fix, Track, Target, Engage, and Assess (F2T2EA) Kill Chain construct for Effects-Based Operations in a Network-Centric environment. Information Superiority is a key enabler for dominance of the 21st Century battlespace. To this end, sensor-to-shooter operations are crucial for timely enemy force attrition. JSTARS' ability to conduct Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) as well as command and control operations is a lynchpin to providing the Joint Force Commander the predictive battlespace awareness (PBA) necessary for combat operations. Despite limitations in training, joint force education and experience, and its utilization in the Kill Chain, JSTARS' role will only increase in importance and expand with the fielding of the E-10A aircraft to provide real-time ISR and Battle Management Command and Control (BMC2) support to the Joint Force Commander.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Impact of Weapon System Complexity on Systems Acquisition
This paper reviews the previous use of the term complexity with respect to weapon systems. It then moves past these dated inferences that weapon system complexity is merely a synonym for cost or technical challenge and establishes a formal definition of complexity based on the interactions between the entities comprising the system. Due to difficulties in direct measurement of interactions, an equation is introduced to calculate the theoretical maximum number of interactions and to use this as the measurement of complexity. Based on this definition, analysis of data for aircraft avionics and airborne reconnaissance sensors suggests convincingly that system complexity is indeed increasing exponentially. Increasing complexity can be linked to system development cost and schedule and production cost as previously inferred by at least some researchers. No single solution exists for addressing this trend of increasing complexity. Attempts can be made to either limit the amount of complexity of future weapon systems while still providing adequate performance increases or to better cope with complexity. In regard to the latter, it has been suggested that acquisition is analogous to Clausewitzian warfare in some key respects and that the cultivation of acquisition genius should be pursued in like manner to the cultivation of war genius.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Small Power
The United States Air Force (USAF) will face several difficult choices as it procures unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the near future. Decreasing budgets and increasing UAV costs will significantly impact the Air Force's ability to procure large numbers of "high cost" UAVs. As defense dollars shrink, so will the robustness of the USAF's UAV fleet. In addition, these low density assets will operate in a more lethal battlefield environment brought about by the rapid advancement of dual use technologies and the worldwide proliferation of advanced Integrated Air Defense Systems (IADS). Unlike Afghanistan and Iraq, future enemy IADS could render "high cost" conventional UAVs, such as the Predator and Global Hawk, unviable from an operational risk perspective. However, technological advances and new operational concepts, such as cooperative behavior and swarming, are expanding the capabilities of micro and small UAVs and providing the Air Force with a low cost solution to this potential problem. In the future, these small unmanned vehicles will perform many missions once reserved for large high cost UAVs. Procured in large numbers and at a fraction of the cost of today's UAVs, micro and small UAVs will be effective force multipliers for the USAF in the future.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Future Role of the USAF Technical Officer
This paper examines the role of USAF technical officers (TOs) as envisioned by the post-World War II Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) report, Toward New Horizons, co-authored by General Henry 'Hap' Arnold and the renowned aerodynamicist Dr. Theodore von Karman. The current role of TOs according to existing career path guides and the future role as envisioned in the latest SAB report, New World Vistas are also examined. The examination of the TO role addresses advanced technical education and a clear path to senior leadership positions. The current path to senior leadership positions for TOs appears to be solely through acquisition management. These two areas are addressed explicitly in New World Vistas, which highlights the importance of these issues and the future role of TOs ensuring USAF technological superiority in the 21st century. A working definition of USAF TOs is formulated which includes the scientific research and development Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC) (61SX) and the developmental engineering AFSC (62EX) as well as the acquisition manager AFSC (63AX). These specialties currently reside within the acquisition and financial management career area. The author concludes by proposing a number of innovative ideas. Concepts such as the formation of a technical officer corps (TOC) and its vigorous management by the personnel system to ensure there are no recruitment and retention shortfalls are recommended. This vital national security resource-the USAF technological superiority and the men and women of the TOC who are key to America's current and future technical supremacy-guards our nation from any future technological surprises which may threaten America and the free world.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Upon This Rock
The use of space permeates all aspects of the American way of life. If the U.S. is to protect its space capabilities, it must increase its space situational awareness (SSA) to provide the foundation for activities in space. In the year 2030, congestion will describe the space environment. Space debris will be abundant, and satellite size will diminish through technology proliferation. The Air Force, as the Executive Agent for Space, will need to diagnose and attribute space events to meet this threat; however, current radar and optical telescopes cannot resolve these small objects.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Deux Ex Machina
With the rapid growth of communication and computational capacity, one area of the military that is an obvious candidate for transformation is command and control (C2). Network Centric Warfare (NCW) advocates believe that linked sensors, shooters, and decision makers will be able to plan and execute combat action more rapidly and more effectively than non-linked units. Skeptics of NCW believe it has the potential to place too much emphasis on the technical and tactical aspects of warfare. Another potential weakness of the NCW concept is information overload at all levels of command. Sensor fusion is a method of using computer algorithms to combine information from various sensors into one track to reduce information overload. Sensor fusion algorithms may combine discrete tracks or may combine measurements from two or more sensors. Sensor fusion may involve input from similar sensors, such as two radars, or dissimilar sensors such as a radar and a forward looking infrared (FLIR).This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Spectrum Management
As recently as September 2007, Deputy Secretary of Defense Gordon England directed the establishment of a task force to coordinate unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) issues and determine a way ahead to provide for "common, joint, and operationally effective UAS programs."1 Aren't the systems we have now common, joint, and operationally effective? Why the need for a task force and why did he mention specific areas to address including streamlining acquisition and management, interoperability, integration of UAS into civil airspace, frequency spectrum and bandwidth use, and payload and sensor management?2 The answers are not easy ones, but mainly concern the issue of increasing demand for these systems and their products, and the current existing challenges. The communications area of frequency and bandwidth availability is one case where these challenges will continue to increase as demand increases.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Force-Multiplier for the F-15C
The Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) data link for the F-15C is a force-multiplier for the year 2000 and beyond. The Department of Defense must commit the funds to this critical program now. It will enable the USAF to gain and maintain air superiority over enemy airspace even with the dwindling numbers of airframes left in the inventory. The operational F-15C is over 20 years old and has had many major upgrades to the basic platform to extend and enhance its superiority over any potential opponent. The USAF must be allowed to purchase JTIDS for its F-15C's to preserve air superiority over future battlefields. The critical operational issues that must be addressed when evaluating an upgrade as a force-multiplier are: is mission effectiveness increased, is situational awareness increased, is mutual support enhanced, and is it interoperable with other C4I systems?This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Pursuing the Hypersonic Solution
This paper attempts to reconcile this resurgence in interest with the long history of hypersonic disappointments by identifying potential hypersonic contributions to national power as well as establishing prerequisites for the next major hypersonic investment.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
