Empty Buckets and Overflowing Pits
This book provides a multi-level and multi-dimensional insight into urban water and sanitation development by analyzing sector reforms in Africa. With the recent events in mind - water shortages in Cape Town, widespread cholera in Haiti, mass-migration from low-income countries, etc. - it elaborates a pressing topic which is directly linked to the precarious living conditions of the urban poor in the developing countries. It is urgent to acknowledge the proposed findings and recommendations of the book which will help to improve the situation of potential refugees in their home countries with a realistic vision for the development of the most basic of all life supporting services.So many efforts to reverse the negative trend in water and sanitation development have failed or targets have been repeatedly missed by far without notable consequences for decision makers on different levels and institutions. It has unnecessarily consumed many young lives, contributed to keep billions in poverty until today and fostered discrimination of women. The knowledge gap and the confusion in the sector lined out in the book becomes evident when a national leader in a low-income country declares a state of emergency in urban water and sanitation while at the same time global monitoring publishes an access figure for urban water of over 90% for the same country. It is time to change this with an effective sector development concept for our partner countries and a more realistic discourse on global level.The book argues for a sweeping rethinking and combines extended local knowledge, lessons learned from history in advanced countries and thorough research on reforms in Francophone and Anglophone developing countries. This was possible because the writer was working in Sub-Saharan partner countries for almost 30 years as an integrated long term advisor in different sector institutions (ministry, regulator, financing basket and different sizes of utilities) and had the opportunity to cooperate closely with the main development partners.The reader has the opportunity to obtain a comprehensive understanding of how the sector works and sector institutions in low-income countries function and can discover the reasons behind success and failures of reforms. The book also covers issues which have a significant influence on urban water and sanitation development but are hardly the subject of discussions. It helps to make the shortcomings of the water and sanitation discourse more apparent and assist institutions to move beyond their present perceptions and agendas. All of this makes the book different from other literature about urban water and sanitation in the developing world.
Laser Shocking Nano-Crystallization and High-Temperature Modification Technology
The aim of this book is to present foundational research on the nano-crystallization, high-temperature modification, micro-structure evolution and plastic deformation induced by laser shock processing. In this regard, the focus is on heat-resistant steel, aluminum alloy, Ti alloys and Ni-based alloys, offering valuable scientific insights into the industrial applications of laser shock processing (LSP) technology. The book addresses various topics, i.e., the formation mechanism and productivity improvement of nano-crystalline diamond by laser processing, the surface integrity and fatigue lives of heat-resistant steels, Ti alloys and Ni-based alloys after LSP with different processing parameters, tensile properties and fractural morphology after LSP at different temperatures, strain-rates and grain refinement mechanisms based on the micro-structure evolution. Moreover, the effect of heating temperature and exposure time on stress thermal relaxation and the influence of compressive stress on the stress intensity factor of hole-edge cracks by high strain rate laser shock processing are also analyzed. A new type of statistical data model to describe the fatigue cracking growth with limited data is proposed based on the consideration of the effects of fracture growth on the reliability and confidence level.This book is intended for researchers, engineers and postgraduates in the fields of nanotechnology and micro-engineering who are interested in the partial or overall strengthening of materials, especially those with a focus on surface integrity and fatigue life.
Technological and Modern Irrigation Environment in Egypt
This book gathers contributions on modern irrigation environments in Egypt from an environmental and agricultural perspective. Written by leading experts in the field, it discusses a wide variety of modern irrigation problems. In the context of water resources management in Egypt, one fundamental problem is the gap between growing water demand and limited supply. As such, improving irrigation systems and providing farmers with better control over water are crucial to increasing productivity. The book presents state-of-the-art technologies and techniques that can be effectively used to address a range of problems in modern irrigation, as well as the latest research advances. Focusing on water sensing and information technologies, automated irrigation technologies, and improved irrigation efficiency. It brings together a team of experts who share their personal experiences, describe the various applications, present recent advances, and discuss possibilities for interdisciplinary collaboration and implementing the techniques covered
Model Fire in a Two-Storey Timber Building
This book addresses the performance of a multi-storey timber building subjected to a model fire that represents a real, potentially devastating internal fire. Readers will learn about factors concerning fire hazards in buildings; the mechanisms of how fires start and spread; and the degrading impact of fire on wood and wood-based materials, especially their mechanical properties. The book also discusses the fire resistance of timber buildings and the design principles for fire safety, summarised in Eurocodes.In turn, a fire test on a full-size wooden structure demonstrates the principles discussed. The test makes up an essential part of the book, as to its individual steps: the development, planning, execution and subsequent assessment. This is complemented by detailed temperature monitoring at hundreds of individual spots and the reaction of the wood constructions, illustrated in extensive photo documentation. The temperature and fire development presented there show the fire's initial mechanism and its further behaviour in a wood construction. The test proved the feasibility of fire protection and safe design of timber buildings, offering insights that can be generally applied in research, material and construction development. Accordingly, the book will be especially useful for architects, building and fire engineers, as well as researchers dealing with the fire performance of timber buildings.
Nanostructured Materials
Nanotechnology and Dimensions.- Nanomaterials, Properties and Applications.- Fundamentals of Nanostructures.- Physics and Chemistry of Nanostructures.- Quantum effects, CNTs, Fullerenes and Dendritic structures.- Semiconductors, Organic and Hybrid Nanostructures .- Properties of Nanostructured Materials.- Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials.- Functionalization of Nanostructures.- Characterization and Technical Analysis of Nanostructured Materials.- (N.A.).- Nanostructured Materials for Optical and Electronic Applications.- Nanostructured Materials for Bioapplications.- Nanostructured Materials for Photonic Applications.- Nanostructured Materials for Environmental Remediation.- Miscellaneous Applications of Nanostructures.- Nanostructured Materials Life time and Toxicity Analysis.- Nanomaterials Research and Development.
The Food-Energy-Water Nexus
This will be the first textbook on the integration of food, energy and water systems (FEWS). In recent years, the world has seen a dramatic rise in interdisciplinary energy and environmental courses and degrees at the undergraduate and graduate levels. In the US for instance, the number and variety of such programs has increased significantly over the past decade, Simultaneously, national and international initiatives that integrate food, energy and water systems have been launched. This textbook provides a substantive introduction to the food-energy-water nexus suitable for use in higher level undergraduate and graduate level courses and for scholars moving into the field of nexus studies without a strong background in all three areas and the many aspects of nexus studies.
Carbon Nanomaterials as Adsorbents for Environmental and Biological Applications
Preface.- Introduction.- Carbon Nanoadsorbents.- Kinetic and Equilibrium Models of Adsorption.- Experimental Adsorption.- Environmental Applications.- Molecules with Biological interest adsorbed on Carbon Nanostructures.
Organic Nanophotonics
Multiphoton Process in Nanofabrication and Microscopy Imaging.- Strongly Coupled Organic Microcavities.- Crystalline Organic Materials toward Laser Application.- Stable Junction Polymer Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells: Towards Fully Printable and Stretchable Displays.- Miniaturized Optical Circuit Components Constructed from Nanofiber Waveguides of Organic Dye.- Modified DNA for Photonic Applications.- Nonlinear Optical Polymer Photonic Crystals and Their Applications.- Nanophotonic Integration Mastering Nano-Objects with Photoswitchable Molecules for Nanotechnology Applications.- Organic One-Dimensional Nanomaterials: Promising Elements for Integrated Nanophotonics.
Perspectives on the Restoration of the Mississippi Delta
1.Introduction. Perspectives on the Restoration of the Mississippi Delta John W. Day, G. Paul Kemp, Angelina M. Freeman, and David P. Muth 2. The Once and Future Delta David P. Muth 3. How Deltas Work. A Brief Look at the Mississippi River Delta in a Global Context Liviu Giosan and Angelina M. Freeman 4. The Last Naturally Active Delta Complexes of the Mississippi River (LNDM). Discovery and ImplicationsRichard Condrey, Paul E. Hoffman, and D. Elaine Evers 5. Adapting to Change in the Lowermost Mississippi River. Implications for Navigation, Flood Control and Restoration of the Delta EcosystemG. Paul Kemp, Clinton S. Willson, J. David Rogers, Karen A. Westphal, and S. Ahmet Binselam 6. Using What We Have. Optimizing Sediment Management in Mississippi River Delta Restoration to Improve the Economic Viability of the Nation Samuel J. Bentley, Angelina M. Freeman, Clinton S. Willson, JayeE. Cable, and Liviu Giosan 7. Fisheries in a Changing Delta James H. Cowan, Jr., Linda A. Deegan, and John W. Day 8. The Influence of Nutrients on the Coastal Wetlands of the Mississippi DeltaJames T. Morris, J. Andy Nyman, and Gary P. Shaffer 9. Complexities of Resilience. Adaptation and Change within Human Communities of Coastal Louisiana Connor Bailey, RobertGramling, and Shirley B. Laska 10. The Importance of Mississippi Delta Restoration on the Local and National Economies David Batker, Sarah K. Mack, Fred H. Sklar, William K. Nuttle, Mary E. Kelly, and Angelina M. Freeman 11. The Threats to the Value of Ecosystem Goods and Services of the Mississippi Delta David Batker, Isabel de la Torre, Robert Costanza, John W. Day, RoelofBoumans, and Kenneth Bagstad 12. The Impact of Global Climate Change and Energy Scarcity on Mississippi Delta RestorationJohn W. Day and Matthew Moerschbaecher 13. Summary and Conclusions. The Cost of Inaction and the Need for UrgencyJohn W. Day, G. Paul Kemp, and Angelina M. Freeman
Tropical Natural Fibre Composites
1 Introduction.- 2 Tropical Natural Fibres and Their Properties.- 3 Biopolymer.- 4 Mechanical and Other Related Properties of Tropical Natural Fibre Composites.- 5 Design and Materials Selection of Tropical Natural Fibre composites.- 6 Manufacturing Techniques of Tropical Natural Fibre Composites.- 7 Applications of Tropical Natural Fibre Composites.
Environment and Sustainable Development
Global society in the 21st century is facing challenges of improving the quality of air, water, soil and the environment and maintaining the ecological balance. Environmental pollution, thus, has become a major global concern. The modern growth of industrialization, urbanization, modern agricultural development and energy generation has resulted in the indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources for fulfilling human desires and needs, which has contributed in disturbing the ecological balance on which the quality of our environment depends. Human beings, in the truest sense, are the product of their environment. The man-environment relationship indicates that pollution and deterioration of the environment have a social origin. The modern technological advancements in chemical processes/operations have generated new products, resulting in new pollutants in such abundant levels that they are above the self-cleaning capacity of the environment. One of the major issues in recent times is the threat tohuman lives due to the progressive deterioration of the environment from various sources. The impact of the pollutants on the environment will be significant when the accumulated pollutants load will exceed the carrying capacity of the receiving environment. Sustainable development envisages the use of natural resources, such as forests, land, water and fisheries, in a sustainable manner without causing changes in our natural world. The Rio de Janeiro-Earth Summit, held in Brazil in 1992, focused on sustainable development to encourage respect and concern for the use of natural resources in a sustainable manner for the protection of the environment. This book will be beneficial as a source of educational material to post-graduate research scholars, teachers and industrial personnel for maintaining the balance in the use of natural sources for sustainable development.
Atomic Layer Processing
Learn about fundamental and advanced topics in etching with this practical guide Atomic Layer Processing: Semiconductor Dry Etching Technology delivers a hands-on, one-stop resource for understanding etching technologies and their applications. The distinguished scientist, executive, and author offers readers in-depth information on the various etching technologies used in the semiconductor industry, including thermal, isotropic atomic layer, radical, ion-assisted, and reactive ion etching. The book begins with a brief history of etching technology and the role it has played in the information technology revolution, along with a collection of commonly used terminology in the industry. It then moves on to discuss a variety of different etching techniques, before concluding with discussions of the fundamentals of etching reactor design and newly emerging topics in the field such as the role played by artificial intelligence in the technology. Atomic Layer Processing includes a wide variety of other topics as well, all of which contribute to the author's goal of providing the reader with an atomic-level understanding of dry etching technology sufficient to develop specific solutions for existing and emerging semiconductor technologies. Readers will benefit from: A complete discussion of the fundamentals of how to remove atoms from various surfaces An examination of emerging etching technologies, including laser and electron beam assisted etching A treatment of process control in etching technology and the role played by artificial intelligence Analyses of a wide variety of etching methods, including thermal or vapor etching, isotropic atomic layer etching, radical etching, directional atomic layer etching, and more Perfect for materials scientists, semiconductor physicists, and surface chemists, Atomic Layer Processing will also earn a place in the libraries of engineering scientists in industry and academia, as well as anyone involved with the manufacture of semiconductor technology. The author's close involvement with corporate research & development and academic research allows the book to offer a uniquely multifaceted approach to the subject.
Large-Scale Conservation in the Common Interest
Many people working toward sustainability recognize the important role of conservation but are inadequately prepared to deal with the large spatial, temporal and complexity scales that are involved in large-scale conservation efforts. Problems in large-scale conservation require navigating an intermixture of geophysical, biological and political dimensions. Coming to grips with these many natural and human forces and factors at large scales, much less the myriad details in any single case, is challenging in the extreme and becomes more critical with each day that passes. Large-scale conservation poses many complex challenges that single disciplines, approaches or methods cannot fully address alone. Interdisciplinarity can significantly strengthen large-scale conservation efforts. Throughout Large-Scale Conservation in the Common Interest the editors and authors argue that a more holistic and genuinely interdisciplinary approach is required to solve the complex and growing challenges associated with large-scale conservation. The chapters within offer such an approach and define key terms, bring challenges to light and employ case studies to offer concrete practical and strategic recommendations to help those who are engaged in the interactive tasks of promoting sustainability and human dignity. This book is intended for a broad audience, including students and professors new to the field of large-scale conservation, experienced field-based practitioners in science and management and decision and policy makers who set specific and strategic direction for large landscapes. Professors can use this book to introduce students to the challenges of successful large-scale conservation design and implementation and to teach interdisciplinarity as a framework, concept and tool. Professionals will find this book offers a new way of using science, management and policy to make decisions. Finally, this volume can be used as a guide to set up workshops, seminars, or projects involving diverse people and perspectives.
Combined Application of Physico-Chemical & Microbiological Processes for Industrial Effluent Treatment Plant
In recent decades, scientific insight into the chemistry of water has increased enormously, leading to the development of advanced wastewater and water purification technologies. However, the quality of freshwater resources has continually deteriorated worldwide, both in industrialized and developing countries. Although traditional wastewater technologies focus on the removal of suspended solids, nutrients and bacteria, hundreds of organic pollutants occur in wastewater and urban surface waters. These new pollutants are synthetic or naturally occurring chemicals that are not often monitored in the environment but have the potential to enter the environment and cause known or suspected adverse ecological and / or human health effects. Collectively referred to as the "emerging contaminants," they are mostly derived from domestic use and occur in trace concentrations ranging from pico to micrograms per liter. Environmental contaminants are resistant to conventional wastewater treatment processes and most of them remain unaffected, leading to the contamination of the receiving water. As such, there is a need for advanced wastewater treatment process that is capable of removing environmental contaminants to ensure safe fresh water supplies. This book explains the biological and chemical wastewater treatment technologies. The biological wastewater treatment processes presented include: (1) bioremediation of wastewater such as aerobic and anaerobic treatment; (2) phytoremediation of wastewater using engineered wetlands, rhizofiltration, rhizodegradation, phytodegradation, phytoaccumulation, phytotransformation and hyperaccumulators; and (3) mycoremediation of wastewater. The chemical wastewater treatment processes discussed include chemical precipitation, ion exchange, neutralization, adsorption and disinfection. In addition, the book describes wastewater treatment plants in terms of plant size, layout and design as well as installation location. Also presenting the latest, innovative effluent water treatment processes, it is a valuable resource for biochemical and wastewater treatment engineers, environmental scientists and environmental microbiologists.
International Environmental Labelling Vol.4 Health and Beauty
This book is dedicated to the subject of environmental labels. The basis for the classification of its parts goes back to the types of environmental labelling according to the classification provided by the International Organization for Standardization. The idea of compiling this book came to the author's mind when it was observed that national environmental labelling models had been developed in most countries. This is, however, not the case everywhere; in many other countries, even the initial steps have not been taken.
U.S. Army Doctrine
From the American Revolution to the global war on terror, U.S. Army doctrine has evolved to regulate the chaos of armed conflict by providing an intellectual basis for organizing, training, equipping, and operating the military. Walter E. Kretchik analyzes the service's keystone doctrine over three centuries to reveal that the army's leadership is more forward thinking and adaptive than has been generally believed. The first comprehensive history of Army doctrine, Kretchik's book fully explores the principles that have shaped the Army's approach to warfare. From Regulations For the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States in 1779 to modern-day field manuals, it reflects the fashioning of doctrine to incorporate the lessons of past wars and minimize the uncertainty and dangers of battle. Kretchik traces Army doctrine through four distinct eras: 1779-1904, when guidelines were compiled by single authors or a board of officers in tactical drill manuals; 1905-1944, when the Root Reforms fixed doctrinal responsibility with the General Staff; 1944-1962, the era of multiservice doctrine; and, beginning in 1962, coalition warfare with its emphasis on interagency cooperation. He reveals that doctrine has played a significant role in the Army's performance throughout its history-although not always to its advantage, as it has often failed to anticipate accurately the nature of the "next war" and still continues to be locked in a debate between advocates of conventional warfare and those who emphasize counterinsurgency approaches. Each chapter presents individuals who helped define and articulate Army doctrine during each period of its history-including George Washington and Baron von Steuben in the eighteenth century, Emory Upton and Arthur Wagner in the nineteenth, and Elihu Root and William DePuy in the twentieth. Each identifies the "first principles" set down in manuals covering such topics as tactics, operations, and strategy; size, organization, and distribution of forces; and the promise and challenges of technological innovation. Each also presents specific cases that analyze how effectively the Army actually applied a particular era's doctrine. Doctrine remains the basis of instruction in the Army school system, ensuring that all officers and enlisted soldiers share a common intellectual framework. This book elucidates that framework for the first time.
Bio-Inspired Asymmetric Design and Building of Biomimetic Smart Single Nanochannels
Introduction.- Biomimetic Asymmetric, Ion Responsive, Conical-shaped Single Nanochannels.- Biomimetic Asymmetric, pH-Gating, Hourglass-shaped Single Nanochannel.- Biomimetic Asymmetric, pH/Temperature Dual Responsive, Hourglass-shaped Single Nanochannel.- Fabrication of Stable Single Nanochannel Complex Materials.- Conclusions and Outlook.
Waste Disposal in the Oceans
This book examines the major uses and effects of waste disposal in the ocean. The contributors, representing public agencies, academe, research institutions, take into account environmental concerns while they focus on developing management strategies of using the oceans for waste disposal.
U.S. Defense Planning
Superior defense plans fuse political, economic, military, technological, and sociological power in ways that cover state interests, while conserving resources to the greatest prudent extent. This critical appraisal of the U.5. defense planning system seeks to serve a five-fold purpose.
Crystallographic Texture of Materials
The properties of many crystalline materials depend on the individual properties of the crystallites and on their arrangements characterising the polycrystalline state. Since preferred orientations of the grains are very common phenomena, crystallographic texture plays a very important role in determining the mechanical and physical properties of materials. The texture may evolve during casting, processing, deformation, welding and heat treatment. Texture in structural materials have attracted significant interest over the years because of their special role in tailoring the properties of steels for automotive and electrical applications; zirconium alloys for cladding of nuclear reactor fuels, titanium alloys for structural materials in the aerospace and aircraft industry, magnesium alloys as structural materials in transportation vehicles or light-weight enclosures for 3C (computers, communication and consumer electronic) products. The potential application of wrought magnesium in the automotive industry is limited by its low room-temperature ductility. It is understood that control of texture can provide a way to overcome this problem. In recent years, texture tailoring has become an important step in the manufacturing of thin films for electronic applications, superconductors, magnets with high-energy products and shape memory alloys used for actuators in micro-electro-mechanical devices (MEMS). There are numerous other applications to this kind of research ranging from basic scientific understanding to technology development related programs. Crystallographic Texture in Materials describes the basics of crystallographic textures and their industrial applications, covering a broad range of both structural and functional materials. The concept of texture is introduced in a simple manner and the existing methods of representation and experimental determination of texture using conventional to modern techniques are depicted. The formation of texture in materials as a result of various processing schedules such as solidification, hot and cold rolling, recrystallisation annealing, etc., is discussed thoroughly. This is followed by a review of the various existing models for texture simulation and the extent of applicability of these models is evaluated. An evaluation of crystallographic textures as a function of processing conditions in specific materials of industrial importance is made, including the probable mechanisms. Additionally, an attempt has been made to correlate texture with material properties. This will be very useful in producing tailor-made materials with desired properties by choosing the right processing techniques. Crystallographic Texture in Materials will be useful to both students and academics in teaching and research institutions, as well as to practicing engineers in various industries engaged in the manufacturing and processing of materials.
Functional Nanomaterials
​Section A: Oxides/nitrides based Sensors.- Chapter 1- Hierarchical Oxide Nanostructures based gas sensor: Recent advances.- Chapter 2- Metal Oxide heterostructures based gas sensor.- Chapter 3- UV-enhanced Oxide Nanostructures based Gas Sensors.- Chapter 4- Nitride (carbon, zinc, tin) -Metal Oxide Nanocomposites based gas sensors.- Chapter 5- Mesoporous Silica (SiO2) based gas/ humidity sensors.- Section B: Graphene based sensors.- Chapter 6- Graphene Oxide (GO) Nanocomposite based room temperature gas sensor.- Chapter 7- Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanohybrids based gas sensors.- Chapter 8- GO/rGO based humidity sensors.- Chapter 9- Functionalized Graphene based Gas Sensors.- Chapter 10- Graphene-polymer Modified Gas Sensors.- Chapter 11- Graphene based FET sensors.- Chapter 12- Graphene-metal-organic frame work Modified Gas Sensor.- Section C: Carbon based gas sensors.- Chapter 13- Carbon nanotube based wearable room temperature gas sensor.- Chapter 14- Gold-coated Carbon nanostructured for gas sensors.- Chapter 15- Recent advances in functionalized micro and mesoporous carbon nanostructures for humidity sensors.- Chapter 16- Mesoporous carbon-dispersed metal nanoparticles-based gas sensors.- Chapter 17- Organic framework (COF, MOF, ZIF) based gas sensors.- Section D: 2-D Materials based gas sensors.- Chapter 18- Recent advances on 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) for gas sensing applications.- Chapter 19- 2D Heterostructures based gas sensors.- Chapter 20- Humidity sensing properties of MoS2 metal oxide nanocomposites.- Chapter 21- 2D metal carbide MXenes based gas sensors.- Chapter 22- Chemical-vapor-deposition grown graphene-WS2 heterojunction-based FET sensors.- Chapter 23- 2D Materials based volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors: Prospects and challenges.- Section E: Other gas sensors.- Chapter 24: Conducting polymer/ polymer nanocomposite/ porous polymer based Gas sensors.- Chapter 25- Self-powered/ wearable/hand held/flexible sensors.
Development of Redox Mediators for High-Energy-Density and High-Efficiency Lithium-Oxygen Batteries
This thesis addresses the introduction of redox mediator into lithium-oxygen batteries to improve their electrochemical performance especially in terms of practical energy density and round-trip efficiency. In chapter 1, basic electrochemistry regarding lithium-oxygen batteries and redox mediators are introduced. In chapter 2 to 4, comprehensive researches including the discovery of a new redox mediator inspired by biological system, the investigation on kinetic property of redox mediator, and the prevention of shuttle phenomenon are introduced, followed by chapter 5 summarizing the contents. This thesis is targeted to students and researchers interested in electrochemistry and energy storage systems.
Electrical Processes in Organic Thin Film Devices
Electrical Processes in Organic Thin Film Devices A one-stop examination of fundamental electrical behaviour in organic electronic device architectures In Electrical Processes in Organic Thin Film Devices: From Bulk Materials to Nanoscale Architectures, distinguished researcher Michael C. Petty delivers an in-depth treatment of the electrical behaviour of organic electronic devices focused on first principles. The author describes the fundamental electrical behaviour of various device architectures and offers an introduction to the physical processes that play a role in the electrical conductivity of organic materials. Beginning with band theory, the text moves on to address the effects of thin film device architectures and nanostructures. The book discusses the applications to devices currently in the marketplace, like displays, as well as those under development (transistors, solar cells, and memories). Electrical Processes in Organic Thin Film Devices also describes emerging organic thin film architectures and explores the potential for single molecule electronics and biologically inspired devices. Finally, the book also includes: A detailed introduction to electronic and vibrational states in organic solids, including classical band theory, disordered semiconductors, and lattice vibrations Comprehensive explorations of electrical conductivity, including electronic and ionic processes, carrier drift, diffusion, the Boltzmann Transport Equation, excess carriers, recombination, doping, and superconductivity An overview of important electro-active organic materials, like molecular crystals, charge-transfer complexes, conductive polymers, carbon nanotubes, and graphene Practical considerations of defects and nanoscale phenomena, including transport processes in low-dimensional systems, surfaces and interface states In-depth examinations of metal contacts, including ohmic contacts, the Schottky Barrier, and metal/molecule contacts A systematic guide to the operating principles of metal/insulator/semiconductor structures and the field effect A set of problems (with solutions on-line) for each chapter of the book Perfect for electronics developers and researchers in both industry and academia who study and work with molecular and nanoscale electronics, Electrical Processes in Organic Thin Film Devices also deserves a place in the libraries of undergraduate and postgraduate students in courses on molecular electronics, organic electronics, and plastic electronics.
Understanding Solids
Explore a comprehensive and illuminating introductory text to the science of solid materials from a leading voice in the field The newly revised Third Edition of Understanding Solids: The Science of Materials delivers a complete yet concise treatment of the basic properties and chemical and physical behaviors of solid materials. Following a completely revised opening set of chapters in which the basic properties of solids--including atomic structure, chemical bonding, crystallography, and phase relationships--are discussed, the book goes on to describe new developments in the areas of batteries and fuel cells, perovskite solar cells, lighting and displays, nanoparticles, whiskers, and sheets. The distinguished author has also added sections about organic framework structures, superionic conductors, mechanochemistry, bi-layer graphene, hologram formation and recording, and the optics of nanoparticle arrays and thermochromic materials. Each chapter includes a Further Reading section to help students accumulate additional knowledge on the topic within and new problems have been added throughout the book. Readers will also enjoy the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to the states of aggregation, including atoms and bonding, microstructures and phase relationships, and crystal structures and defects A comprehensive overview of different categories of solids, including metals, crystalline silicates, inorganic ceramics, and silicate glasses An exploration of reactions and transformations, including diffusion and ionic conductivity, phase transformations, and phase reactions A treatment of oxidation and reduction, including galvanic cells and chemical analysis Perfect for undergraduate students in sciences, engineering, and technology, Understanding Solids: The Science of Materials will also earn a place in the libraries of anyone seeking a thoroughly up to date, one-stop reference to the science of solid materials.
Alternative Concrete - Geopolymer Concrete
Portland cement based concrete is the most versatile, durable and reliable building material. Unfortunately, the production of Portland cement is environmentally unfriendly. An interesting alternative is provided by alkali-activated geopolymer materials (AAGM). This book focuses on fly ash-based alkali-activated geopolymer concrete, its production and characteristic properties. The re-use of waste materials and industrial by-products, such as fly ash, is not only economically of interest but also helps to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The carbon footprint of these materials is much lower than that of concrete using ordinary Portland cement. They thus offer new sustainable solutions to the construction industry.Keywords: Geopolymers, Geopolymer Concrete, Alkali-activated Geopolymer Materials (AAGM), Portland Cement, Fly Ash-based Geopolymer Concrete, Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Concrete Applications, Self-Compacting Concrete, High-strength Concrete, High-performance Concrete.
Structural Nanocomposites
Dispersion methods of carbon nanotubes for the development of polymeric nanocomposites: characterization and application.- Thermoplastic nanocomposites with carbon nanotubes.- Graphite Based Nanocomposites to Enhance Mechanical Properties.- Optimization and scaling up of the fabrication process of polymer nanocomposites: Polyamide 6 / montmorillonite case study.- Influences of Morphology and Doping on the Photoactivity of TiO2 Nanostructures.- Foam-glass-crystal materials.- High temperature polymer nanocomposites.- Energy absorption and low-velocity impact performance of nanocomposites: Cones and sandwich structures.- Predictions of energy absorption of aligned carbon nanotube/epoxy composites.- Silver nanocluster/silica composite coatings obtained by sputtering for antibacterial applications.- Recent advances on the utilization of nanoclays and organophosphorus compounds in polyurethane foams for increasing flame retardancy.- Ecological assessment of nano materials for the production of electrostatic/electrochemical energy storage systems.
Advances in Bricks and Blocks for Building Construction
The book reviews the current state of bricks and blocks; their manufacture, properties and applications in the building construction sector.Keywords: Bricks and Blocks, Fly Ash Bricks, Calcium Silicate Bricks, Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) Blocks, Compressed Earth Blocks, Stabilized Mud Blocks, Concrete Blocks, Reinforced Hollow Concrete Block Masonry, Concrete Pavement Blocks, Beams with Longitudinal Reinforcements, Surface Textures, Smooth Surfaces, Fluted or Rough Finishes, Automated Production.
International Environmental Labelling Vol.3 Fashion
This book is dedicated to the subject of environmental labels. The basis for the classification of its parts goes back to the types of environmental labelling according to the classification provided by the International Organization for Standardization. The idea of compiling this book came to the author's mind when it was observed that national environmental labelling models had been developed in most countries. This is, however, not the case everywhere; in many other countries, even the initial steps have not been taken.
Crystallography in Materials Science
The knowledge about crystal structure and its correlation with physical properties is the prerequisite for designing new materials with taylored properties. This work provides for researchers and graduates a valuable resource on various techniques for crystal structure determinations. By discussing a broad range of different materials and tools the authors enable the understanding of why a material might be suitable for a particular application.
Environmental Impact Assessment
This book provides a detailed treatment of the ecological, economic and social impacts in the context of environmental impact assessment (EIA) and makes clear the necessary link between EIA and the sustainability principles of protecting biodiversity, risk aversion, and inter and intra-generational equity. It proposes that the benefits and costs of a project need to be weighted according to who bears them, giving particular attention to the planet's poor. Furthermore, this book presents a comprehensive analysis of environmental offsetting which has come to be commonly resorted to when negative impacts cannot be mitigated. In this context, the book argues that offsetting is only viable if advanced offsets are quarantined through a Strategic Environmental Impact approach. Finally, the book explores the role of the various disciplines which need to be mastered in undertaking an EIA.This book takes you on a journey from the beginning of environmental impact assessment to the present day. It is a scholarly warts and all study. For each trial and tribulation, Hundloe presents a remedy. It is essential reading and an invaluable reference for environmental practitioners, politicians, policy makers, academics and, the most important group, future environmental practitioners.
Soviet Radioelectronic Combat
This study analyzes radioelectronic combat as a method of warfare with which Western military thinkers must reckon at all levels of combat planning. It provides information on the combat's origins, structure, and military goals, serving as a model for understanding other Soviet combat concepts.
Strategic Implications of the New Oil Reality
This study examines the strategic ramifications of the new oil reality, with particular regard to the Middle East and Israel in the 1980s. It takes as its premise- based on analyses at the time of the oil market and projections into the 1990s- that the world oil market will remain stable at least until the end of this decade.
Selective Conscientious Objection
This book draws on a variety of disciplines in order to illuminate the considerations which may affect any change in the present policy -the process as well as the product for the maintenance and expansion of America's military forces.
Sustainable Corrosion Inhibitors
The book presents the current status of corrosion inhibitor technology. A special focus is placed on various types of green corrosion inhibitors and their applications.Keywords: Green Corrosion Inhibitors, Sustainable Corrosion Inhibitors, Green Organic Inhibitors, Inhibitors from Biomass and Natural Sources, Polysaccharide, Applications for Concrete, Coatings, Copper and Copper Alloys, Corrosion Control in Conventional and Monolithic Metals.
A Dictionary of Military Quotations
This book, first published in 1990, is a provocative collection of military quotations that captures the human essence of warfare. From the walls of Troy to the dropping of the atomic bomb, nearly 3,500 quotations distil the experiences of generations of soldiers, depicting the preparation for and the waging of war.
Estimating Foreign Military Power
This book, first published in 1982, analyses the miscalculations about the military power of foreign countries which have been made in the past and the difficulties which have to be overcome today before we can reach a correct estimate of the power of other states.
The Role and Control of Weapons in the 1990s
This book, first published in 1992, assesses the new threats to European security that emerged at the end of the Cold War: the rise of nationalism, the spread of weapons of mass destruction to politically unstable countries, the increase in world population, the debt crisis, US leadership of European security.
Alternative Defence Policy
This book, first published in 1988, represents a unique attempt to combine a discussion of an alternative British defence policy in terms of military strategy and new technology, with a consideration of how this policy might be secure in political terms.
The Future of Sea Power
This book, first published in 1990, presents a fundamental reassessment of maritime strategy. It looks at the evolving uses of the seas, both economic and military, and sets sea power against the developing world environment, political, legal and economic.
Coastal Zones Ecosystem Services
This book applies the 'ecosystem services' framework to coastal environments, showing how it could facilitate an adaptive management strategy. The contributors describe a decision support system (DSS) based on the 3 Ps - pluralism, pragmatism and precaution - that leads to a more flexible, 'learn by doing' approach to the stewardship of coastal environments. The book lays out a "Balance Sheets Approach" to formatting, interrogating and presenting data and findings. The opening chapter defines coastal zones, their characteristics and natural resources, and describes their complex and dynamic nature. The chapter shows that large-scale trends and pressures have led to a global loss of 50% of marshes, leading to significant declines in biodiversity and habitat. Part I presents a conceptual framework, describes natural science techniques for coastal and shelf modeling, and describes valuation of ecosystem services. Part II outlines practical ecosystem indicators for coastal and marine ecosystem services, reviews literature on valuation of coastal and marine ecosystem services, explores scenarios, outlines marine and coastal ecosystem services data and offers tools for incorporating data into decision-making. PART III offers case studies including one linking the ecosystem services of Marine Protected Areas to benefits in human wellbeing; and another on valuing blue carbon captured by oceans and coastal ecosystems. Also included are a study of managed realignments and the English coastline and their value estimate transferability; and studies of the impact of jellyfish blooms on recreation in the UK and on fisheries in Italy.
Structure and Properties of Lengthy Rails after Extreme Long-Term Operation
The long-term operation of rails has been studied with focus on (1) the formation and behavior of structural-phase states and nanoscale structures, (2) the modelling of the processes occurring in the surface layers of rails under severe plastic deformation and (3) the methods and techniques for assessing the structural and phase states of rails, internal stresses, and their evolution during the life cycle. The book references 264 original resources and includes their direct web link for in-depth reading.Keywords: Long Rails, Long-term Operation, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Steel, Differentiated Hardening, Structural Phase States, Nanoscale Structures, Wear, Deformation Effects, Recrystallization, Segregation, Homogenization, Relaxation, Phase Transitions, Phase Decomposition, Amorphization, Sintering, Filling of Micro- and Nanopores, Nanocapillaries, Severe Plastic Deformation, Megaplastic Deformation.
Pohon Dan Tanaman Tahan Api (Fire-Resistant) Yang Bermanfaat Untuk Mencegah Kebakaran Hutan (Wildfire) Edisi Bahasa Indonesia Hardcover Version
Mari Mengenal Berbagai Jenis Pohon Dan Tanaman Tahan Api (Fire-Resistant) Yang Bermanfaat Untuk Mencegah Kebakaran Hutan (Wildfire) Edisi Bahasa Indonesia Versi HardcoverBelakang ini marak terjadi kebakaran hutan yang melanda daerah-daerah di Indonesia. Baik di wilayah pegunungan ataupun lahan-lahan pertanian, hal ini disebut dipicu oleh musim kemarau panjang yang melanda.Kendati demikian, ada beberapa hal pencegahan yang bisa dilakukan agar bencana kebakaran hutan tidak sering terjadi terlebih ketika musim kemarau tiba. Salah satunya adalah menggunakan tanaman yang diklaim dapat mencegah kebakaran hutan.Melansir sumber dari Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (KLHK) disebutkan bahwa dari ribuan jenis tanaman, ternyata beberapa tanaman dapat mencegah kebakaran hutan. Berikut ini 8 jenis tanaman dan pohon tahan api yang dapat mencegah kebakaran hutan dan bermanfaat untuk menjaga kelestarian alam lingkungan.
Materials Experience 2
Materials Experience 2: Expanding Territories of Materials and Design is the follow-up companion to Materials Experience published in 2014. Materials experience as a concept has evolved substantially and is now mobilized to incorporate new ways of thinking and designing. Through all-new peer-reviewed chapters and project write-ups, the book presents critical perspectives on new and emerging relationships between designers, materials, and artifacts. Subtitled Expanding Territories of Materials and Design, the book examines in depth the increased prevalence of material-driven design practices, as well as the changing role of materials themselves, toward active and influential agents within and outside design processes. The book is essential reading for anyone involved in materials and design, containing 11 authoritative chapters and 18 illustrated accounts of contemporary research projects and practices.
Additive Manufacturing Processes
This book provides a single-source reference to additive manufacturing, accessible to anyone with a basic background in engineering and materials science. Unlike other books on additive manufacturing that include coverages of things such as machine architecture, applications, business and present market conditions, this book focuses on providing comprehensive coverage of currently available additive manufacturing processes. All processes are explained with the help of various, original diagrams, useful for beginners and advanced researchers alike.Provides comprehensive coverages of all current processes available in additive manufacturing;Explains processes with the help of various original diagrams;Explains future process development at the last chapter, providing research outlook;Includes extensive references at the end of each chapter for further reading of original research.
Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete with Coal Bottom Ash Under Aggressive Environments
This book highlights the importance of incorporating coal bottom ash (CBA) into self-compacting concrete exposed to aggressive conditions. The incorporation of CBA in concrete is a sustainable strategy to prolong the lifespan of concrete. The content of the book is also regarded as a solution to the environmental issue. It helps academics, researchers, and students to acquire a better understanding of the influence of coal bottom ash on the properties of concrete through four sequential chapters. The book first presents background information on concrete deterioration, and then the improvement in properties of self-compacting concrete with different percentages of CBA exposed to tap water, sulphate solution, chloride solution, and seawater.
Artificial Muscles
Authored by one of the founding fathers of the field, the book introduces fabrication and manufacturing methods of several electrically and chemically active ionic polymeric sensors, actuators, and artificial muscles, as well as a new class of electrically active polymeric nanocomposites and artificial muscles.
Metakaolin and Fly Ash as Mineral Admixtures for Concrete
This book addresses problems in impact of fly ash and metakaolin on cement-based composites' properties. It provides methods for effective proportioning of concrete containing fly ash and metakaolin. The book discusses a wide range of properties of concrete.
Metakaolin and Fly Ash as Mineral Admixtures for Concrete
This book addresses problems in impact of fly ash and metakaolin on cement-based composites' properties. It provides methods for effective proportioning of concrete containing fly ash and metakaolin. The book discusses a wide range of properties of concrete.
