Nuclear-Powered Aircraft
The potential for a nuclear-powered aircraft to provide global persistence and reach, measured in months while consuming no petroleum fuel, seems alluring and worthy of pursuit. However operating requirements for such an aircraft, in addition to established political hurdles after Three-Mile Island and Chernobyl accidents, will limit the scope of a nuclear-powered aircraft program, if not eliminate the idea completely. By analyzing the potential uses of nuclear-powered aircraft against the legal requirements, the USAF can narrow its limited research and development investments in manpower and materiel to those technologies with the greatest opportunity for employment. This paper assumes a future security environment requiring attributes such as global range, persistence combined with ever rising fuel costs due to fuel scarcity.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Crack Turning in Integrally Stiffened Aircraft Structures
Current emphasis in the aircraft industry toward reducing manufacturing cost has created a renewed interest in integrally stiffened structures. Crack turning has been identified as an approach to improve the damage tolerance and fail-safety of this class of structures. A desired behavior is for skin cracks to turn before reaching a stiffener, instead of growing straight through. A crack in a pressurized fuselage encounters high T-stress as it nears the stiffener--a condition favorable to crack turning. Also, the tear resistance of aluminum alloys typically varies with crack orientation, a form of anisotropy that can influence the crack path. The present work addresses these issues with a study of crack turning in two-dimensions, including the effects of both T-stress and fracture anisotropy. Both effects are shown to have relation to the process zone size, an interaction that is central to this study. Following an introduction to the problem, the T-stress effect is studied for a slightly curved semi-infinite crack with a cohesive process zone, yielding a closed form expression for the future crack path in an infinite medium. For a given initial crack tip curvature and tensile T-stress, the crack path instability is found to increase with process zone size. Fracture orthotropy is treated using a simple function to interpolate between the two principal fracture resistance values in two-dimensions. An extension to three-dimensions interpolates between the six principal values of fracture resistance. Also discussed is the transition between mode I and mode II fracture in metals. For isotropic materials, there is evidence that the crack seeks out a direction of either local symmetry (pure mode I) or local asymmetry (pure mode II) growth. For orthotropic materials the favored states are not pure modal, and have mode mixity that is a function of crack orientation.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Looking Squarely at the Water Power Problem ..
"Looking Squarely at the Water Power Problem" examines the legal and practical aspects of water power development in the early 20th century. Authored by Henry Joshua Pierce, with reference to United States laws from 1914, this work delves into the challenges and opportunities surrounding the utilization of water resources for power generation. It offers insights into the regulatory environment and engineering considerations of the time, making it a valuable resource for understanding the historical context of hydroelectric power and water management. The book provides a snapshot of the early debates and legislative efforts related to harnessing water power, relevant to legal scholars, historians of technology, and anyone interested in the evolution of energy policy.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Looking Towards the Future Air Navigation System
Budget constraints are forcing prioritization on future spending for Air Mobility Command's weapon systems. As the airplanes age, some of the parts that are worn out become too expensive to replace. Modernization of avionics and communication packages are becoming a necessity based on the rapid implementation of the Future Air Navigation System (FANS) and Free Flight. The purpose of this study is to understand how the implementation of FANS will affect the Air Mobility Command's Global Reach Mission in the 21st Century. A background and literature review will show what elements comprise FANS and Free Flight. The strategic planning of the Air Mobility Master Plan (AMMP) and a new directive closes the review. The main issues of technology, concepts, and costs will be discussed along with the two alternatives available to AMC for future emphasis. The study concludes with the emphasis that a new planning method has to be implemented. The priority for avionics and communications upgrades is now. The operations tempo will not slow down in the near future. The policy of Global Reach will continue to be called upon. We must see that unrestricted operations in the FANS and Free Flight environment continues.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Practical Calculation of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of Slender Finned Vehicles
The basic objective of this thesis is to provide a practical method of computing the aerodynamic characteristics of slender finned vehicles such as sounding rockets, high speed bombs, and guided missiles. The aerodynamic characteristics considered are the normal force coefficient derivative, c(sub N(sub alpha)); center of pressure, bar-X; roll forcing moment coefficient derivative, c(sub l(sub delta)); roll damping moment coefficient derivative, c(sub l(sub p)); pitch damping moment coefficient derivative, c(sub mq); and the drag coefficient, c (sub D). Equations are determined for both subsonic and supersonic flow. No attempts is made to analyze the transonic region. The general configuration to which the relations are applicable is a slender axisymmetric body having three or four fins.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Gaining Efficiencies in Air Traffic Control Through Leveraging New Radar Technology
This paper discusses how leveraging new radar technologies in the USAF Air Traffic Control (ATC) arena can produce significant gains in efficiencies. The USAF, in conjunction with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and other Department of Defense (DoD) services has procured a new radar system for ATC called Standard Terminal Automated Replacement System (STARS). This new STARS system has a unique ability to take radar feeds from multiple non-contiguous ATC regions and combining them into one co-located USAF ATC radar approach facility. This technology for combining ATC radar facilities allows for efficiencies and enhances in manpower and infrastructure costs in garrison as well as tactical operations. Headquarters for Air Combat Command notionalized this concept as an effort to address critical manpower shortfalls in the ATC career field. We created the concept and worked with USAF leadership to implement combining Minot Air Force Base's radar approach control at Ellsworth Air Force Base. This paper discusses ACC's initiative at Minot and Ellsworth, to include the issues with the ATC career field that brought about this, at the time, notional concept, and efficiencies that can be garnered through implementation of this new operational concept on a larger scale.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
2025 Aerospace Replenishment
Studies examining the future of air and space power (such as New World Vistas and SPACECAST 2020) have generally not revealed much in the area of replenishment. Indeed there is a noticeable tendency to assume it away with the stated requirement or desire that aircraft should have longer range and loiter capabilities. Even if this is possible, replenishment should be better exploited to mitigate the effect of supporting all or most operations from the United States--a likely prospect in the not to distant future. In addition, some visionaries continue to insist that investment in satellite replenishment is unwise due to the constant need to modernize with new and revolutionary satellite systems. This argument fails to convince when one is open to the possibility that a replenishment platform may also modernize existing satellite systems, thus delaying obsolescence and replacement.The objective of aerospace replenishment is to provide air and space vehicles with on-demand replenishment. To accomplish this, aerospace replenishment must have the ability to project itself both globally and beyond the Earth's atmosphere. It must anticipate customer replenishment needs. Finally, it must have the innate operational responsiveness and flexibility to meet those needs. This paper identifies current vehicles, uninhabited aerial vehicles (UAV), trans-atmospheric vehicles (TAV), and satellites as potential customers in need of replenishment. Anticipated replenishment supplies will include energy, as well as numerous solids, liquids, and gases.Clearly, the replenishment needs are vast. One platform cannot do all of the tasks well. Therefore, we have has identified three types of platforms to meet the specialized needs of customers operating in different environments.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Sizing Analysis for Aircraft Utilizing Hybrid-Electric Propulsion Systems
Current conceptual aircraft design methods use historical data to predict and evaluate the size and weight of new aircraft. These traditional design methods have been ineffective to accurately predict the weight or physical dimensions of aircraft utilizing unique propulsion systems. The mild hybrid-electric propulsion system represents a unique design that has potential to improve fuel efficiency and reduce harmful emissions. Hybrid-electric systems take advantage of both reliable electric power and the long range/endurance capabilities of internal combustion engines. Desirable applications include general aviation single-engine aircraft and remotely-piloted aircraft. To demonstrate the advantages of mild hybrid-electric propulsion, a conceptual design code was created that modified conventional methods. Using several case studies, the mild hybrid conceptual design tool verified potential fuel savings for general aviation aircraft and expanded mission capability for remotely-piloted aircraft.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Science of Tequila
The Science of Tequila is the first English language book published on Tequila production. The book contextualizes tequila with historical, social, and cultural information, covering the cultivation of the Agave tequilana plant, the stages of the tequila production process, and the characterization of the final product. Finally, the management of tequila by-products are covered, including their sustainable uses and potential as biofuels. This book will be of interest to beverage scientists interested in the distillation and fermentation of alcoholic beverages, plant scientists interested in the agave plant, and engineers in the alcoholic beverages, biorefinery, vinasses, and waste treatment industries. R&D departments at beverage companies interested in producing tequila or mezcal will also benefit from this reference.
Experimental Investigation of Oblique Wing Aerodynamics at Low Speed
In an effort to increase the range of missiles and guided bombs, the USAF is looking at options for new wing configurations. One such configuration being considered is oblique wings. An oblique wing is a wing that pivots about a point on the aircraft fuselage thereby having one side swept forward and the other swept aft. Additional interest is looking at a wing only configuration that also rotates with one wing tip forward of the other. Studies have shown that this configuration can provide less drag for a given lift at both supersonic cruise and subsonic loiter conditions. This experiment focused on the low speed performance of a missile model with an oblique wing. The wing was tested at seven different sweep angles and at two different speeds. In order to simulate the missile dropping from an aircraft the model was inverted over a stationary ground plane in the tunnel and tested at the same wing obliquity angles. Stalling was found at certain conditions including sweep angles of 0, 15, and 30 deg. The ground plane was shown to result in an increase in lift as well as an increase in drag. The ground plane was also shown to add more longitudinal stability, thus making the missile better performing when dropped from an aircraft.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Resilience Through Cyber-Informed Engineering
Water and wastewater systems are increasingly reliant on digital technologies-yet many remain vulnerable to cyber threats that could disrupt essential services. Cyber-Informed Engineering (CIE) empowers utility leaders, engineers, operators, and planners to design and operate infrastructure that anticipates and withstands these risks. By integrating cybersecurity into core engineering practices, CIE strengthens resilience, protects public health, and ensures continuity of service for communities across the "One Water" sector.
Microalgae and One Health
Microalgae and One Health: Fundamentals, Biocompounds, and Health and Environmental Applications provides a novel compendium of the interdisciplinary applications of microalgae. Adverse global changes, including climate change, environmental pollution, urbanization, globalization, industrialization, and food insecurity are imminent threats to global health as they accelerate damage to humanity, wildlife, and the biosphere. The One Health concept asserts that these contemporary challenges are entwined in the interdependence of humans, animals, and our shared environment. This book examines the use of microalgae in human and animal nutrition, healthcare, and novel technologies applied to sustainable environmental processes. Written by a globally diverse network of experts, this book is systematically structured to illustrate the applications of microalgae. The first section of the book covers the fundamentals of microalgae, from chemistry to industry applications. The next section further examines microalgae chemistry and identifies bioactive compounds. Subsequent sections examine the utility of microalgae in One Health, from human therapeutic potential to animal health and sustainability. The book concludes with a comprehensive market analysis, regulatory discussion, and safety considerations associated with microalgae products.
Handbook for Sampling and Sample Preservation of Water and Wastewater
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Surface Acoustic Wave Devices as Chemical Vapor Sensors
The objective of this research is to develop a transducer for recognition of molecular changes in the presence of chemical vapors. This transducer is tested using polymer sensing layers known to be sensitive to ethanol vapors. A surface acoustic wave device is selected as the transducer element due to low cost, high surface sensitivity, and sensitivity. These devices are designed and fabricated in-house, and a polymer sensing layer applied. The frequency response of the coated device is probed both with and without the presence of airborne ethanol molecules in a vapor stream. By analyzing the changes in the amplitude and phase of the frequency response near resonance, vapor detection was conclusively demonstrated. Additionally, the mechanism of change was identified, allowing future work in optimizing the sensitivity of the device. Other future work will include application of a biomolecular sensing layer, design of circuitry for a portable devices, and fabrication of a MEMS preconcentrator. The final goal of the project is a portable sensor array using surface acoustic wave devices coated with different bio-molecules.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Optimized Dual Expander Aerospike Rocket
Research at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) focused on designing a cryogenic dual-expander aerospike nozzle (DEAN) upper stage rocket engine to produce 50,000 pounds-force (222.4 kilo-Newtons) vacuum thrust, 464 seconds of vacuum specific impulse and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 106.5. The use of dual expander cycles improves engine reliability, maximizes efficiency, and eliminates some catastrophic failure modes. An upper stage engine with an aerospike nozzle is shorter and lighter than an equivalent performing conventional bell nozzle upper stage engine. Previous research focused on first developing a feasible closed DEAN design model and secondly expanding the model to support parametric trade and optimization studies. The current research effort used previous research as a foundation to create a reliable system level modeling tool to estimate performance, engine weight, and geometry for the DEAN concept. The model incorporated the Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS璽„[) software by NASA, Two-Dimensional Kinetics '04 (TDK'04璽„[) by Software and Engineering Associates, Inc, and ModelCenterTM by Phoenix Integration. Research obtained a new DEAN design point meeting physical and reusability design constraints from model trade and optimization studies. The new design has a vacuum thrust and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 50,161 lbf (223.1 kN) and 142.2, respectively. Furthermore, the new design has a vacuum specific impulse of 430.6 seconds, failing to meet the vacuum specific impulse design goal by 33.4 seconds or 7.3%. The model used common metals, alloys, and ceramics to improve near-term anufacturability of the DEAN. Current research laid a pathway for further research to find the optimum DEAN design point meeting all the design goals including vacuum specific impulse.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Cubesat Packaged Electrospray Thruster Evaluation for Enhanced Operationally Responsive Space Capabilities
A new specialized electrospray thruster with a potential to be used with a 3-U CubeSat was operated. The key difference in this thruster from traditional colloid thrusters is the porous stainless steel surface used for the emission sites. With this porous surface the actual location and number of the Taylor cones formations vary with changing fuel flow. The understanding of these formations is discussed with low, moderate, and high flow rates. The limitations of the experiment and observed system response are discussed. Due to these limitations, the colloid thruster was only able to operate in the low mass flow rate regime.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Rockets and People, Volume 4
In this last volume of his four-volume set of memoirs, the famous Russian spacecraft designer Boris Chertok, who worked under the legendary Sergey Korolev, continues his fascinating narrative on the history of the Soviet space program, this time covering 1968 to 1974, the peak years of the Soviet human lunar program.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Dual Channel Matched Filtering and Space-Time Adaptive Processing
We propose a dual channel matched filtering system that addresses two key challenges in the practical implementation of a single channel matched filtering system: secondary data support and computational cost. We derive an exact expression of the dual channel normalized signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) in terms of random variables with known distributions and approximate expressions of the mean and variance of the normalized SINR. Using these approximate expressions, we demonstrated that the dual channel system requires half the secondary data to achieve nearly the same SINR performance as an equivalent single channel system. With the dual channel system, two reduced dimension weight vectors are used in place of the larger single channel weight vector, offering the potential reduction in computational cost. The key to the dual channel system is the efficient block diagonalization of the interference plus noise correlation matrix with a fixed transformation.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
On the Calculation of Steady Boundary Layers for Continuous Suction, With Discontinuously Variable Suction Velocity
Almost all solutions, so far known, of the problem of exact calculation of the velocity distribution in a boundary layer under the influence of continuous suction pertain to the class of "similar" solutions. One deals, therefore, with individual particular integrals of the boundary-layer equations under special boundary conditions. Compilations may be found, for instance, in H. Schlichting or E. J. Watson. If one disregards the reports using the so-called Pohlhausen methods, thus not yielding rigorous solutions of the boundary-layer equations, there exist only very few investigations which deal with the suction boundary layer for arbitrarily prescribable boundary conditions. Here belongs, for instance, the paper by R. Iglisch which treats the onset of the boundary-layer flow on a flat plate in longitudinal flow with homogeneous suction. On the other hand the case of merely piecewise suction for otherwise impermeable wall which is of extreme interest for practical cases - has so far not been rigorously investigated. The main reason probably is that at the beginning and at the end of every suction region the value of the v velocity component at the wall becomes discontinuous so that all customary calculation methods fail there. In the present report, we shall develop a method, on the example of a jumplike start of suction for arbitrary external pressure distribution and arbitrary suction law - a method which permits the exact calculation of the rapid variations of the velocity distribution (according to boundary-layer theory) near arbitrary flow discontinuities of the kind mentioned.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Rockets and People, Volume 2
Much has been written in the West on the history of the Soviet space program but few Westerners have read direct first-hand accounts of the men and women who were behind the many Russian accomplishments in exploring space. The memoirs of Academician Boris Chertok, translated from the original Russian, fills that gap. In these writings, spread over four volumes, Chertok not only describes and reflects upon his experiences, but he also elicits and extracts profound insights from an epic story about a society's quest to explore the cosmos.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Techniques for Reduced Order Modeling of Aeroelastic Structures With Deforming Grids
Reduced order modeling (ROM) seeks to make the modeling of aeroelastic behavior practical by reducing computation time for design codes. Deforming grids are often used in aeroelastic problems to account for the deformation of the structure. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD/ROM) is a ROM technique that operates in an index-space for computations, not accounting for changes in grid dynamics, and must be modified to reflect grid deformation properly. As a POD/ROM is developed, fluid dynamics modes are created based on the index relationship between grid points. The modes are then used to recreate the full-order solution. When the relationship between the grid point locations and the index space changes, the created modes are no longer valid because the new grid dynamics are not captured accurately. To investigate and account for the effects of grid deformation on POD/ROM, a new algorithm is developed that incorporates modifications to the usual formulation.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Data Sorting and Orbit Determination of Tethered Satellite Systems
Tethered satellite system end masses do not obey the normal laws of motion developed for determining their orbits. In addition, tethered satellite systems cause unique problems for satellite tracking because there are potentially two or more objects which may be tracked. This thesis provides insight into these issues by developing a method of sorting out observation data of tethered satellite systems into their appropriate end mass and providing an estimate on the center of mass orbit of the tethered satellite system. The method used to accomplish both of these tasks is optimization of an estimated simulated orbit. This orbit estimate is optimized to provide the minimum difference between the end mass position estimates and the observations obtained from one or more tracking sites. This methodology also helps provide a baseline for tracking tethered satellite systems more accurately in the future.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Reusable Space Vehicle Ground Operations Baseline Conceptual Model
Modeling efforts for future space operation vehicles at the United States Air Force Research Lab's Air Vehicles Directorate have been focused towards the in flight mission. To better serve the research and development effort, a simulation of the ground operations is required allowing for trade-offs within turnaround operations and between the components that drive those procedures. However, before a simulation can be developed a conceptual model must be generated to guide the model building process. This research provides a baseline conceptual model for reusable space vehicles based on the space shuttle as the only operational vehicle of its kind. The model is built utilizing the Integrated Definition (IDEF) methodology, specifically IDEF3. IDEF3 is focused towards process-viewpoint diagramming and layout.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Turbulence Modeling for Shock Wave/Turbulent Boundary Layer Interactions
Accurate aerodynamic computational predictions are essential for the safety of space vehicles, but these computations are of limited accuracy when large pressure gradients are present in the flow. The goal of the current project is to improve the state of compressible turbulence modeling for high speed flows with shock wave / turbulent boundary layer interactions (SWTBLI). Emphasis will be placed on models that can accurately predict the separated region caused by the SWTBLI. These flows are classified as nonequilibrium boundary layers because of the very large and variable adverse pressure gradients caused by the shock waves. The lag model was designed to model these nonequilibrium flows by incorporating history effects. Standard one- and two-equation models (Spalart Allmaras and SST) and the lag model will be run and compared to a new lag model. This new model, the Reynolds stress tensor lag model (lagRST), will be assessed against multiple wind tunnel tests and correlations. The basis of the lag and lagRST models are to preserve the accuracy of the standard turbulence models in equilibrium turbulence, when the Reynolds stresses are linearly related to the mean strain rates, but create a lag between mean strain rate effects and turbulence when nonequilibrium effects become important, such as in large pressure gradients. The affect this lag has on the results for SWBLI and massively separated flows will be determined. These computations will be done with a modified version of the OVERFLOW code. This code solves the RANS equations on overset grids. It was used for this study for its ability to input very complex geometries into the flow solver, such as the Space Shuttle in the full stack configuration. The model was successfully implemented within two versions of the OVERFLOW code. Results show a substantial improvement over the baseline models for transonic separated flows. The results are mixed for the SWBLI assessed.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
CFD Analysis of Experimental Wing and Winglet for FalconLAUNCH 8 and the ExFIT Program
Reusable launch vehicles have many benefits over their expendable counterparts. These benefits range from cost reductions to increased functionality of the vehicles. Further research is required in the development of the technology necessary for reusable launch vehicles to come to fruition. The Air Force Institute of Technology's future involvement in the ExFIT program will entail designing and testing of a new wing tip mounted vertical stabilizer in the hypersonic regime. One proposed venue for experimentation is to utilize the United States Air Force Academy's FalconLAUNCH Program which annually designs, builds, and launches a sounding rocket capable of reaching hypersonic speeds. In the Spring of 2010 an experimental wing geometry will be flown on FalconLAUNCH VIII for the ExFIT Program. The following study outlines the Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis used to determine lift and drag characteristics as well as temperature distributions of the wing geometry before testing to produce a successful launch. A majority of this analysis focused on the effects caused by shock waves forming on the winglet and their impact on the lifting characteristics and temperature distribution of the wing. Ultimately a recommendation of a 3o angle of attack is given for the experimental wings on the rocket. At this configuration the lift and drag generated by the experimental wings will be at a minimum allowing for greater stability and speed throughout the flight of the rocket.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Estimating Costs and Manpower Requirements for Conventional Wastewater Treatment Facilities
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Computational Modeling of the Dielectric Barrier Discharge Device for Aeronautical Applications
Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) type devices, when used as plasma actuators, have shown significant promise for use in many aeronautical applications. Experimentally, DBD actuator devices have been shown to induce motion in initially still air, and to cause re-attachment of air flow over a wing surface at a high angle of attack. This thesis explores the numerical simulation of the DBD device in both a 1D and 2D environment. Using well established fluid equation techniques, along with the appropriate approximations for the regime under which these devices will be operating, computational results for various conditions and geometries are explored. In order to validate the code, results are compared to analytic or experimental data whenever possible, or matched with other similar numeric simulations to help establish the accuracy of the code. Solutions to Poisson's equation for the potential, electron and ion continuity equations, and the electron energy equation are solved semi-implicitly in a sequential manner.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Near-Space Vehicles
This paper analyzes current and future near-space technology. The discussion is at a non-space professional level that all military readers can comprehend and also relate to current operational scenarios. The emphasis of the research and analysis is to find the specifics of how near-space can bring effects to the battlefield in the very near future, as opposed to longer term projections and future concepts.The Air Force needs space-like effects with persistence at an affordable cost. Near-space is an area that has recently garnered increased military interest as an avenue to provide this capability. Traditional space assets in orbit provide phenomenal capabilities, but do so at what some would call a phenomenal cost. Near-space has the potential to bring similar effects with at a more reasonable price-tag. Also, near-space can provide the persistence that decision makers need in today's fast-paced battlefield.The way to create near-term near-space effects for the military is with medium-sized free-floating balloons. This technology is available now, and with minimal hardware improvements and the development of operational concepts, these near-space vehicles can bring positive near-space effects to the battlefield. The Air Force needs to grasp this concept and work with commercial industry to develop standards to guide free-floating balloon technology development down a focused and efficient course.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Collection of Valuable Formulas and Recipes for the Manufacturer, Merchant, Farmer and Household
"A Collection of Valuable Formulas and Recipes for the Manufacturer, Merchant, Farmer and Household" offers a fascinating glimpse into early 20th-century life and industry. Compiled in 1915, this book is a treasure trove of practical knowledge, presenting a wide array of formulas and recipes intended to aid manufacturers, merchants, farmers, and everyday households. From crafting essential goods to tackling common household challenges, the book provides detailed instructions and ingredients for a variety of applications. This collection is not only a valuable resource for those interested in historical practices but also a testament to the ingenuity and resourcefulness of a bygone era. Discover the time-tested methods that sustained communities and industries in this remarkable compilation.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
TM 5-634
The United States Army Publishing Directorate is the Army's leader in publishing and delivering informational products worldwide. Their main mission is to supply official authenticated information to enhance the readiness of the total force. Some product topics include: Army Regulations, Engineering Technical Manuals, Administrative Publications, Circulars and Pamphlets. This is one of their documents.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Technology Transfer Programs
With a limited research and defense budget, cost effective methods of meeting security objectives are crucial. An exploratory investigation of Air Force (AF) technology transfer programs will be addressed in this paper. These programs incorporate dual-use opportunities within their portfolio. There will be a description and discussion of the following technology transfer programs: Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR), Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR), Dual-Use Science and Technology (DUS and T), Technology Transfer (T2), and Independent Research and Development (IR and D). In addition, the description, focus, and requirements of the following technology transfer agreement mechanisms will be discussed: Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA), Educational Partnership Agreement (EPA), Commercial Test Agreement (CTA), Patent License Agreement (PLA), Technology Investment Agreement (TIA), and Partnership Intermediary Agreement (PIA). A benefit of the technology transfer programs is their enhancement to both U.S. security and competitiveness through investment in dual-use technology This research used a mixed method strategy to collect data, which incorporated data from previous literature on technology transfer, current program data, and semi-structured interviews that included both open and closed ended questions. This method allowed the researcher to converge on the broad results in order to focus on detailed views from the interviewees as well as clarify qualitative data. The findings from this research suggest similarities and differences exist within the technology transfer programs and their agreement mechanisms. Such as project and funding size, as well as scope, and benefits. Finally, the interview process highlighted areas within technology transfer which can be improved.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Import Terminals
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is a hazardous fuel shipped in large tankers to U.S. ports from overseas. While LNG has historically made up a small part of U.S. natural gas supplies, rising price volatility, and the possibility of domestic shortages have significantly increased LNG demand. To meet this demand, energy companies have proposed new LNG import terminals throughout the coastal United States. Many of these terminals would be built onshore near populated areas.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Development of Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Research Platform
The Advanced Navigation Technology (ANT) Center at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) conducts extensive research in advanced guidance, navigation, and control to exploit the full potential of autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). The research in this thesis describes a UAV research platform developed to support the ANT Center's goals. This platform is now the bedrock for UAV simulation and local flight test at AFIT. The research has three major components. The first component includes development of a physical, inertial, and aerodynamic model representing an existing aircraft. A systematic analysis of the airframe leads to a complete geometric, inertial, and aerodynamic representation. The airframe analysis includes the use of USAF Digital Datcom, an aerodynamic modeling software tool. Second is the development and implementation of a non-linear, six degree of freedom simulation, employing the developed model. Constructed in Matlab/SIMULINK, the simulation enables control design and pre-flight analysis throughout the entire flight envelope. Detailed post-flight analysis is also performed in Matlab/SIMULINK. Additionally, a Hardware in the Loop benchmark simulation is constructed for initial flight test planning as well as test team training.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Thomson Scattering Study of Collisional-Shock Heated Plasmas, Report No. 62
Thomson scattering was used to obtain eloctron temperature and density profiles in deuterium plasmas produced by strong collisional shock waves. The transverse shock speeds were 3 to 25 cm/ usec in 50 to 100 mTorr deuterium. Ruby laser light was incident at a right angle to the axis in the midpoint of the annular gap of an electromagnetically driven coaxial shock tube.and scattered 9 light was collected at 90 degrees. Plasma created by reflecting a strong shock from a dielectric wall was also studied. It is found that the plasma electron temperature (10-30 eV) is much less than the ion temperature (100-500 eV) as is predicted by theory for the early life of theplasma. Electron-lon Coulomb colllslonal temperature relaxation does not occur during the times of observation (3-4, AA sec). Electron heating in the plasma is caused primarily by Ohmic dissipation of currents in the shock structure and piston. Plasma densities (0.5-3.5x1016 cm-3)agree well with shock theory predictions. For gas ionizing shocks, good agreement with collisional theory is found for the electron temperature.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Tailored Systems Architecture for Design of Space Science and Technology Missions Using DoDAF V2.0
The use of systems architecture, following a set of integrated descriptions from an architecture framework, has been well codified in Department of Defense acquisition and systems engineering. However, in the Space Science and Technology (S and T) community, this guidance and practice is not commonly adopted. This paper outlines an approach to leverage the changes made in DoD Architecture Framework 2.0 (DoDAF2.0), and the renewed emphasis on data and support to acquisition decision analysis. After decomposing the Space S and T design lifecycle into phases, design milestones and activities using process models, a set of DoDAF prescribed and Fit-for-Purpose views are constructed into a reference implementation of a system architecture. This approach attempts to make DoDAF2.0 more relevant and integrated with S and T missions and the decisions that are encountered.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Suppression of Pilot-Induced Oscillation
The purpose of this simulation study and flight test was to attempt to eliminate oscillatory departures and/or pilot-induced oscillations (PIOs) by means of selectively attenuating pilot command in the oscillatory frequency range. While rate limiting is a major contributor to many PIOs, this study examined both rate limiting and system time delay PIO events. A more broad approach to eliminating oscillatory departures and PIOs will assist pilots in maintaining aircraft control and therefore save both lives and aircraft. This simulation study was conducted at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT), Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, and at the United States Air Force Test Pilot School (USAF TPS), Edwards AFB, California. The flight test project was flown in the USAF NF-16D Variable Stability In-flight Simulator Test Aircraft (VISTA) aircraft (S/N 86-0048) at Edwards AFB, CA. This aircraft was maintained and operated by the Veridian Engineering, Flight Research Group, Buffalo, New York.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Fundamentals of Green Hydrogen Supply Chain and Power-to-X
Offers an engaging introduction to green hydrogen and its role in changing the global energy landscape. It explains the theory and practical aspects of green hydrogen supply chain including production, storage, transportation, and utilization, and explores the techno-economic aspects relevant to each stage along with Power-to-X technologies.
Can You Create the Universal Pilot for the Universal Aircraft
Traditionally, fighter aircraft training has focused on exploiting the capabilities in the missions each fighter was designed for. Though multi-role aircraft are nothing new, the capabilities designed into the F-35 Lightning II span the largest mission set for a fighter to date. The breadth of mission areas the F-35 has capabilities in threatens to exceed a pilot's ability to maintain expertise in and train to effectively. In the past, the need for specialization in fighter missions occurred due to the limited capabilities of each aircraft. Current multi-role aircraft such as the F-18 and F-16 have exposed the pilot as a potential limiting factor in the number of capabilities in which a fighter squadron can effectively train.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Analysis of Aircraft Handling Quality Data Obtained From Boundary Avoidance Tracking Flight Test Techniques
Cooper-Harper ratings (CHRs) have been used to describe and compare aircraft handling qualities for over 40 years, but are by their very nature, subjective. The subjective and sometimes ambiguous results obtained from qualitative handling quality ratings are inconsistent with the rest of the flight test process, where quantifiable results followed by statistical analysis are the norm. This thesis presents a method for obtaining accurate and consistent flight test data that quantifies the handling qualities of a specific aircraft. The method is demonstrated using both pilot-in-the-loop simulations and flight tests with the NF-16D Variable-Stability In-Flight Simulator Test Aircraft (VISTA). Boundary Avoidance Tracking (BAT), introduced in 2004 by Mr. William Gray III, a test pilot at the US Air Force Test Pilot School (TPS), is used here to provide a novel approach for forcing an increase in pilot workload and tracking performance in order to assess an aircraft's handling qualities. By utilizing BAT with shrinking desired performance boundaries on a point tracking task, pilots are forced to their maximum performance (i.e. minimum error) on the tracking task.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Experimental Methods to Characterize Nonlinear Vibration of Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicles
For urban combat reconnaissance, the flapping wing micro air vehicle concept is ideal because of its low speed and miniature size, which are both conducive to indoor operations. The focus of this research is the development of experimental methods best suited for the vibration testing of the wing structure of a flapping wing micro air vehicle. This study utilizes the similarity of a beam resonating at its first bending mode to actual wing flapping motion. While computational finite element analysis based on linear vibration theory is employed for preliminary beam sizing, an emphasis is placed on experimental measurement of the nonlinear vibration characteristics introduced as a result of large movement. Beam specimens fabricated from 2024-T3 aluminum alloy and IM7/5250-4 carbon epoxy were examined using a high speed optical system and a scanning laser vibrometer configured in both three and one dimensions, respectively.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Modeling a Field Application of In Situ Bioremediation of Perchlorate-Contaminated Groundwater Using Horizontal Flow Treatment Wells
Perchlorate contaminated groundwater is rapidly becoming a significant environmental remediation issue for the Department of Defense. In this study, an existing numerical model that simulates the operation of a Horizontal Flow Treatment Well (HFTW) system to effect the in situ biodegradation of perchlorate through the addition of an electron donor is modified to include a submodel that describes bioclogging. Bioclogging restricts flow out of the HFTW due to the accumulation of biomass directly adjacent to the well. The modified model is then applied to an existing perchlorate contaminated site that will be used for an evaluation of the HFTW technology. Simulations were conducted to determine the impact of altering various engineered parameters on HFTW performance. Simulation results indicate that higher time averaged electron donor concentrations and HFTW pumping rates lead to more perchlorate degradation in terms of total mass of perchlorate removed.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Attitude Model of a Reaction Wheel/Fixed Thruster Based Satellite Using Telemetry Data
Attitude determination of satellites is normally the job of inertial instruments, such as gyroscopes, or through sensing instruments, such as star trackers orGlobal Positioning Satellites (GPS). Satellite health monitoring systems watch and determine if the satellite deviates from its normal operating attitudeorientation. Knowing the orientation of a satellite is essential in being able to control it in order to complete the satellite's designated mission. While there area multitude of ways to determine a satellite's orientation, very little research has been done on determining if the attitude of a satellite can be determineddirectly from telemetry data of the attitude control systems and an accurate spacecraft model. The fidelity of a satellite attitude determination model requiredto get reasonable predictions from using only telemetry data of the attitude controllers, such as thruster on/off indicators and reaction wheel rotor speeds, isinvestigated. Experimental tests using telemetry data received from the Air Force Institute of Technology's (AFIT) Simulated Satellite, SimSat, is used inverifying a Matlab model which outputs SimSat's orientation from SimSat's reaction wheel and thruster telemetry data. Software modeling results showed thatit is possible to determine a satellite's attitude from only the attitude controllers' telemetry data when the satellite's dynamic model is known.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Technology Transfer
Everyday within United States Air Forces' research laboratories there are hundreds of scientists and engineers whose research and development activities contribute to the advancement of science and technology for mankind. The opportunities for successful technology transfer within these research activities are unbounded. This thesis examines the Air Force Office of Research and Technology Applications (ORTA's) involvement with technology transfer, the complexities they face, the importance of their position, and what best practices ORTAs use to facilitate technology transfer. Air Force concerns and initiatives are detailed to provide perspective on balancing technology transfer with mission requirements and adherence to United States law. Legislative requirements mandate laboratories to transfer federally developed technologies to the commercial sector. Research indicates that several Air Force organizations routinely experience successful technology transfer more frequently than other Air Force organizations. The literature review indicates that historically, technology transfer from DoD has been predominantly passive.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Comparative Analysis of the Cost Estimating Error Risk Associated With Flyaway Costs Versus Individual Components of Aircraft
A shrinking workforce, unstable budgets, and rapidly changing objectives under stricter time constraints characterize today's cost analysis and acquisition environment. In concert with this environment, cost analyst positions have rapidly decreased as demonstrated by Aeronautical Systems Centers 54% decline in total authorized slots from 1992 to 2001. The question is how to deal with this 'more with less' mentality.The purpose of this research is to investigate and measure the risks associated with taking a macro versus micro approach to aircraft cost estimation. By analyzing the fidelity of a cost estimate developed at the flyaway cost level versus a cost estimate developed at the individual components level, this research provides guidelines for appropriate allocation of cost analyst resources. This objective is accomplished by looking at the cost estimation error risk of recurring costs at level one of the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) and at level two of the WBS.Results show that there is a statistically significant difference between estimating at the differing WBS levels. However, from a practical standpoint, the difference in dollar terms is too small to be considered significant. As a result, program manager should allocate resources based on other constraints such as time allotted to complete the estimate or required level of visibility into the estimate.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Art of Making Decisions Under Uncertainty
Student tested before it was published, this textbook provides 30 chapters worth of practical guidance, methods, and tools and techniques to help individuals and organizations to make decisions under uncertainty. The book addresses the challenges posed by uncertainty in a variety of private and public sector fields.
Solar Powered Aircraft in 2025
By the year 2025 advances in solar energy collection and energy storage will enable the construction of a solar powered unmanned aerial system. Solar powered aircraft (SPA) will have the ability to remain airborne for months at a time and perform numerous roles and missions. Breakthroughs in nanotechnology and biotechnology will enable solar energy and energy storage capacity improvements to power an SPA. This paper will examine the history of, and ongoing research into, solar energy and energy storage. Then, based upon the rate of progress in these two fields, estimate their capability in the year 2025. Finally, it will briefly analyze potential roles and missions and determine a way forward for a solar powered aircraft.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
