Leaks in the National Information Infrastructure Dam
Are our interconnected, electronic media and communications so pervasive, so entwined in our national defense, our economy, and our way of life that its demise would bring down the nation? What responsibilities does the government have for protecting this 'environment'? This paper examines: "The responsibilities of government" Why the national information infrastructure needs protecting "What the nation has done" The nation's options for the future Rapid growth and commercialization since the Internet's inception, and an under appreciation for security opened the floodgates for problems--from fraud and theft to defacements, disruptions, and denial of service attacks. In order for the national information infrastructure to sustain its crucial position in a wide range of essential activities it must be secure (physically and electronically). This study reviews government's role and responsibilities for policy, security, standards, laws and partnerships with the private sector.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
In-Situ Gate Bias Dependent Study of Neutron Irradiation Effects on Algan/Gan Hfets
In this study, unpassivated and SiN passivated Al0.27Ga0.73N/GaN HFETs were subjected to neutron radiation at 120 K. The primary focus of the research was the effects of neutron irradiation on drain current, gate leakage current, threshold voltage shift, gate-channel capacitance, and the effects of biasing the gate during irradiation. In-situ measurements were conducted on transistor current, gate-channel capacitance, and gate leakage current vs. gate bias beginning at 77 K through 300 K in 4 K temperature intervals. The drain currents increased for all devices, with a lesser increase observed for passivated devices. The changes in carrier concentration and carrier mobility, obtained from observed drain current increases and calculated with the charge control model using observed threshold voltage shifts, were attributed to trapped, positive charges in the AlGaN layer. This trapped positive charge resulted from electron-hole pairs created by neutron radiation-induced ionizations. The leakage current increased in all devices, with a smaller change observed in passivated devices. This increase was attributed to the formation of interface traps. Biasing the gate under neutron irradiation had no effect on electrical performance of HFETs.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Characterization of Hardening by Design Techniques on Commercial, Small Feature Sized Field-Programmable Gate Arrays
This thesis experimentally tests and evaluates programmable logic devices under gamma irradiation to determine radiation effects and characterize improvements of various hardening by design techniques - Error Correction Coding(ECC) and Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR). The TMR circuit includes three different functional implementations of adders compared to TMR voted circuits of those same adders. The TMR is implemented with the same functional adders and as a Functional TMR (FTMR) with three different function adders that are voted on. These adders are connected to single voter TMR and FTMR circuits to evaluate the improvements. The circuit is designed to check for errors in memory data, stuck bit values in the memory, and the performance improvements that ECC provides the system. The results show that TMR or FTMR circuits failed at a rate at or above the single copy adders. This results from the single point of failure created by the voting logic in the radiation environment. When the TMR or FTMR circuit is moved off-chip, the TMR single point of failure is removed and the results demonstrate much lower SEU error rates.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Effects of Temperature and Electron Radiation on the Electrical Properties of Algan/Gan Heterostructure Field Effect Transistors
AlGaN/GaN Heterostructure Field Effect Transistors (HFETs) have come under increased study, in recent years, owing to their highly desirable material and electrical properties, ruggedness, and survivability even during and after exposure to extreme temperature and radiation environments. These devices or similar devices constructed of AlGaN and/or GaN materials are being researched for their potential applications in many military and space based systems. In this study, unpassivated and SiN passivated Al0.27Ga0.73N/GaN HFETs were subjected to electron radiation at incident energies of 0.5MeV and 1.0MeV and fluences from 5x1014 to 5x1015 [e-/cm2] while maintained in a 10-6 Torr or higher vacuum at liquid nitrogen temperature (LN). The primary focus of the research was the effects of electron radiation and temperature on drain current, gate leakage current, threshold voltage shift, and gate-channel capacitance.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Design and Optimization of Broadband High Impedance Groupd Planes for Surface Mount Antennas
Gain and bandwidth metrics of broad-band low-profile antennas severely deteriorate when they are placed conformally onto the conductive skins of air, sea, and ground platforms. This detrimental effect is primarily due to out-of-phase reflections from the conductive body interfering with the antenna's self radiation. Furthermore, lateral waves launched by the antenna couple into the thin substrate placed between the antenna and the platform, giving rise to surface waves resulting in significant diffraction from the edges of the substrate. To remedy these two major mechanisms degrading antenna performance, high impedance ground planes (HIGP) were designed. HIGPs made of a 2-dimentional periodic arrangement of a mushroom structure not only provide perfect-magnetic-conductor (PMC)-like reflection but also suppress the surface waves within the stop-band of the substrate modes. This study presents new geometrical shape HIGP-antenna designs and optimizations. Dipole antenna, log periodic antenna and finally bow-tie antennas are used in the study. Multi-scale HIGP and antenna designs are introduced in the final part of the thesis.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
High Performance Control of Dual Three-Phase PMSM
In recent years, multi-phase permanent magnet synchronous motors, especially dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motors, have the advantages of higher output power, stronger fault tolerance and lower torque pulsation than the traditional three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motors, and have been used in many demanding applications, such as military and new energy vehicles. Dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motors have the three main characteristics of large output power under low-voltage operating conditions, high reliability and low torque pulsation compared with traditional three-phase motors. Although they provide more power and higher efficiency, they are also accompanied by the complexity and difficulty of control. The model predictive control method has become one of the main control strategies. However, as the number of phases of dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motors increases, their models and control strategies become complex. These complexities not only make the control more difficult, but also may lead to the increase of harmonic currents, which increases the losses of the motor.
Implementing the Iso/Iec 27001 Information Security Management System Standard, Third Edition
Iterative Adaptive Dynamic Program Self-Learn Optimal Contro
This unique book introduces the iterative adaptive dynamic programming theory from the control systems perspectives, with the most recent results of iterative adaptive dynamic programming methods. Advanced theoretical analysis and some practical applications of iterative adaptive dynamic programming are provided. Furthermore, the practical applications in residential energy systems are also highlighted, showing the good performance of the iterative adaptive dynamic programming methods.The useful reference text benefits professionals, researchers, academics, graduate and undergraduates students in control engineering.
Force Estimation and Control in Human-Robot Interaction
The study of human-machine interaction as a unique control system has been one of the first research interests in engineering, with nearly a century having passed since the first works in the field. At the same time, it is a crucial aspect of the most recent technological developments in applications of fields such as collaborative robotics and artificial intelligence.The cross-domain nature characterizing this field of study can cause difficulties in finding a guiding line that links motor control theory, modeling approaches of physiological control systems, and identifying human-machine general control models. In this book, the author aims to find such a guiding line by exploring the existing scientific efforts in these fascinating technological scenarios and proposing a novel approach that could enhance human-robot collaboration and interaction. The book is an academic reference and a practical guide for researchers and students in robotics, control systems, and artificial intelligence. The goal is to offer a combination of foundational theory, methodological innovation, and real-world applications to provide the reader with the insights necessary to implement and put into practice state-of-the-art methodologies in robotic control systems.
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Algorithms for Engineering Applications
This book comprehensively covers core algorithms and techniques used in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for engineering applications. It further explores the use of AI in civil and structural engineering, quality control, and product design.Features: Presents autonomous robots using onboard computing and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to process the data from their sensors and make real-time decisions Discusses nature-based optimization-based computing techniques to enhance the computational speed for solving engineering problems Provides conceptual and practical knowledge about the design of modern computation techniques with advanced tools and methodologies Highlights the importance of using smart techniques including AI and ML in product design and development Covers time series analysis and forecasting in engineering, robotic process automation, and autonomous robots in manufacturing The text is primarily written for senior undergraduates, graduate students, and academic researchers in the fields of electrical engineering, electronics and communications engineering, computer science and engineering, manufacturing engineering, and environmental engineering.
Generalized Homogeneity in Systems and Control Volume I
This book is an introduction to the theory of homogeneous systems, useful for the simplification of many types of nonlinear control problems. It propounds methods that can be employed when linearization proves unsuitable and provides a unified approach to stability and robustness analysis, control and observer design, and system discretization. The second edition splits the coverage of homogeneity, allowing expanded coverage of finite-dimensional systems (in this book) and infinite-dimensional systems (in Volume II). The results are better systematized and easier for readers to study and assimilate. The first volume details the concepts of finite-time and fixed-time stability. Key features of the book include: mathematical models of dynamical systems in finite-dimensional spaces; the theory of linear dilations in Euclidean spaces; homogeneous control and estimation; extensively expanded and original chapters with entirely new treatments of digitization, safety-critical systems, neural networks, and multiagent control; simple methods for an upgrade of existing linear control laws; numerical schemes for a consistent digital implementation of homogeneous algorithms; and experimental results that confirm an improvement of PID controllers. Illustrative examples--numerical results, computer simulations, and real experiments--support all the theoretical material. The coverage of finite-dimensional systems presented in this book is of interest to graduate students of control theory from engineering and applied-mathematical backgrounds and to practising control engineers.
Towards Unmanned Surface Vehicles
Towards Unmanned Surface Vehicles: Methods and Practices presents the latest overview, methodologies, design practices, and applications of unmanned surface vehicles (USVs).The authors introduce advanced theories and algorithms for the analysis and design of a maritime unmanned surface vehicle system, covering the sensing, path following, navigation, and control of the ocean surface environment. They demonstrate the architectural design, implementation, and field testing of USVs as well as key applications, such as hostile military scenarios, scientific oceanographic observation, and intelligent waterborne transportation. In addition, they address the open challenges in the field and propose the corresponding future perspectives.The book will appeal to researchers, graduate students, and engineers interested in USVs.
Multi-Source Inverter for the Control of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems
Modern Electrical Construction; a Reliable, Practical Guide for the Beginner in Electrical Construction, Showing the Latest Approved Methods of Installing Work of All Kinds According to the Safety Rul
"Modern Electrical Construction" (1905) is a practical guide for beginners in electrical construction. This comprehensive volume details approved methods for installing various electrical systems, adhering to the safety regulations established by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. Written by Henry C. Horstmann and Victor Hugo Tousley, the book covers a wide array of topics, from basic wiring techniques to more complex installations. This historical text offers valuable insights into the early days of electrical standardization and safety practices, providing a fascinating glimpse into the evolution of electrical engineering. It remains relevant for anyone interested in the history of electrical work and the development of modern safety standards.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Essentials of Electricity
Essentials of Electricity: A Textbook for Wiremen and the Electrical Trades: Direct Currents, by W. H. Timbie, is a comprehensive guide originally published in 1913. Designed for students and practitioners alike, this volume offers a foundational understanding of direct current electricity. This meticulously crafted textbook covers essential principles and practical applications, making it an invaluable resource for those seeking to master the fundamentals of electrical work. The clear, accessible language and detailed explanations ensure that readers gain a solid grasp of the subject matter. Ideal for both self-study and classroom use, 'Essentials of Electricity' remains a relevant and insightful work for anyone involved in the electrical trades. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
First Experimental Demonstration of Full-Duplex Optical Communication on a Single Beam
The satellite industry is driven by the need to reduce costs. One way they have sought to do this is by reducing the size and weight of the satellite because of the extremely high cost per kilogram incurred launching a payload into orbit. The main difficulty in this approach is the lack of power capacity in a small satellite. One of the largest loads on a satellite's power system is the communications system. This has driven the need for a low-power communications system. This document examines a novel method of communicating optically with a low-Earth-orbit satellite from the ground without the need for a laser on the payload. The goal is to show the feasibility of such a system as a solution to the small satellite low-powered communication problem. Specially, that the system described herein: is capable of ground to low-Earth-orbit communications, has very little space-borne mass, and draws little power from the satellite. First, the system (hereafter referred to as LOWCAL "Lightweight Optical Wavelength Communication without A Laser in space") will be explained with details of the formats used and the link budgets. Discussions will be presented on the development of some of the system hardware (the laser diode driver, liquid crystal driver, and decision electronics for both the up and down links.) Finally, experimental test results of the entire system operating in a laboratory environment are presented and compared to theory. The results of the laboratory experiment support the original thesis: retro-modulated optical communications can meet the needs of the small satellite community. The system is capable of 10-kbps communication, has low space-borne mass, and draws little power from the satellite (less than 100-mW measured for the laboratory experiment, less than 1.5-W calculated for the Shuttle experiment).This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Moore's Law and the Semiconductor Industry
Dale Jorgenson's Presidential address to the American Economic Association (2001) makes a convincing case that accelerated technological change in the production of semiconductors, microprocessors in particular, has driven the recentincreased productivity growth in the U.S. economy. But, while semiconductors now 簿竅 gure prominently in accounts of economic growth, Jorgenson points out that there is not a fully satisfactory economic model of the industry that produces them. This paper is our attempt to rise to Jorgenson's challenge.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Methods to Create ArcMap?(R) Styles With Examples for Lithology and Time
ArcMap?(R) style files (.style extension) can be used to standardize map symbolization. This report describes the methods used to create several styles for lithology or geologic time. The styles are color fills which were created by assigning RGB color values to attributes of polygon shapefiles. The terms symbolized were either generated from terminology hierarchies from various sources or digitized from scanned images of existing legends. For large lithology lists, a table format was used as a convenient method for experimenting with shades of color as well as for documenting the RGB color values. Examples of styles were adapted or created from the following legends: the International Stratigraphic Chart (ISC) and the USGS Color Code version of the ISC; the Decade of North American Geology (DNAG-1983 Geologic Time Scale); the North American Geologic Map Data Model version 4.3 (specifically lithclass 4.3 and its successors lithclass 6.1 and lithclass 6.2); and the State Geologic Map Compilation (SGMC). The digital package consists of ArcMap?(R) styles, and Microsoft?(R) Excel color documentation tables. The software used includes Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI?(R)) ArcGIS?(R) version 9 (ArcMap?(R) module) and Microsoft?(R) Excel 2003. Other software tools used in preparing the files were Pixie color-picker, and the Science Language Interface Module.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Electron Microscopy Studies of Ion Implanted Silicon
The Office of Scientific & Technical Information (OSTI), is a part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) that houses research and development results from projects funded by the DOE. The information is generally an article, technical document, conference paper or dissertation. This is one of those publications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Dynamic Electrothermal Model of a Sputtered Thermopile Thermal Radiation Detector for Earth Radiation Budget Applications
The Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) is a program sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) aimed at evaluating the global energy balance. Current scanning radiometers used for CERES consist of thin-film thermistor bolometers viewing the Earth through a Cassegrain telescope. The Thermal Radiation Group, a laboratory in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, is currently studying a new sensor concept to replace the current bolometer: a thermopile thermal radiation detector. This next-generation detector would consist of a thermal sensor array made of thermocouple junction pairs, or thermopiles. The objective of the current research is to perform a thermal analysis of the thermopile. Numerical thermal models are particularly suited to solve problems for which temperature is the dominant mechanism of the operation of the device (through the thermoelectric effect), as well as for complex geometries composed of numerous different materials. Feasibility and design specifications are studied by developing a dynamic electrothermal model of the thermopile using the finite element method. A commercial finite element-modeling package, ALGOR, is used.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Electron Microscopy Studies of Ion Implanted Silicon
The Office of Scientific & Technical Information (OSTI), is a part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) that houses research and development results from projects funded by the DOE. The information is generally an article, technical document, conference paper or dissertation. This is one of those publications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Experiments in Nonlinear Adaptive Control of Multi-Manipulator, Free-Flying Space Robots
Sophisticated robots can greatly enhance the role of humans in space by relieving astronauts of low level, tedious assembly and maintenance chores and allowing them to concentrate on higher level tasks. Robots and astronauts can work together efficiently, as a team; but the robot must be capable of accomplishing complex operations and yet be easy to use. Multiple cooperating manipulators are essential to dexterity and can broaden greatly the types of activities the robot can achieve; adding adaptive control can ease greatly robot usage by allowing the robot to change its own controller actions, without human intervention, in response to changes in its environment. Previous work in the Aerospace Robotics Laboratory (ARL) have shown the usefulness of a space robot with cooperating manipulators. The research presented in this dissertation extends that work by adding adaptive control. To help achieve this high level of robot sophistication, this research made several advances to the field of nonlinear adaptive control of robotic systems. A nonlinear adaptive control algorithm developed originally for control of robots, but requiring joint positions as inputs, was extended here to handle the much more general case of manipulator endpoint-position commands. A new system modelling technique, called system concatenation was developed to simplify the generation of a system model for complicated systems, such as a free-flying multiple-manipulator robot system. Finally, the task-space concept was introduced wherein the operator's inputs specify only the robot's task. The robot's subsequent autonomous performance of each task still involves, of course, endpoint positions and joint configurations as subsets. The combination of these developments resulted in a new adaptive control framework that is capable of continuously providing full adaptation capability to the complex space-robot system in all modes of operation.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Moore's Law and the Semiconductor Industry
Dale Jorgenson's Presidential address to the American Economic Association (2001) makes a convincing case that accelerated technological change in the production of semiconductors, microprocessors in particular, has driven the recentincreased productivity growth in the U.S. economy. But, while semiconductors now 簿竅 gure prominently in accounts of economic growth, Jorgenson points out that there is not a fully satisfactory economic model of the industry that produces them. This paper is our attempt to rise to Jorgenson's challenge.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Essentials of Electricity
Essentials of Electricity: A Textbook for Wiremen and the Electrical Trades: Direct Currents, by W. H. Timbie, is a comprehensive guide originally published in 1913. Designed for students and practitioners alike, this volume offers a foundational understanding of direct current electricity. This meticulously crafted textbook covers essential principles and practical applications, making it an invaluable resource for those seeking to master the fundamentals of electrical work. The clear, accessible language and detailed explanations ensure that readers gain a solid grasp of the subject matter. Ideal for both self-study and classroom use, 'Essentials of Electricity' remains a relevant and insightful work for anyone involved in the electrical trades. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Methods to Create ArcMap?(R) Styles With Examples for Lithology and Time
ArcMap?(R) style files (.style extension) can be used to standardize map symbolization. This report describes the methods used to create several styles for lithology or geologic time. The styles are color fills which were created by assigning RGB color values to attributes of polygon shapefiles. The terms symbolized were either generated from terminology hierarchies from various sources or digitized from scanned images of existing legends. For large lithology lists, a table format was used as a convenient method for experimenting with shades of color as well as for documenting the RGB color values. Examples of styles were adapted or created from the following legends: the International Stratigraphic Chart (ISC) and the USGS Color Code version of the ISC; the Decade of North American Geology (DNAG-1983 Geologic Time Scale); the North American Geologic Map Data Model version 4.3 (specifically lithclass 4.3 and its successors lithclass 6.1 and lithclass 6.2); and the State Geologic Map Compilation (SGMC). The digital package consists of ArcMap?(R) styles, and Microsoft?(R) Excel color documentation tables. The software used includes Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI?(R)) ArcGIS?(R) version 9 (ArcMap?(R) module) and Microsoft?(R) Excel 2003. Other software tools used in preparing the files were Pixie color-picker, and the Science Language Interface Module.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Modern Electrical Construction; a Reliable, Practical Guide for the Beginner in Electrical Construction, Showing the Latest Approved Methods of Installing Work of All Kinds According to the Safety Rul
"Modern Electrical Construction" (1905) is a practical guide for beginners in electrical construction. This comprehensive volume details approved methods for installing various electrical systems, adhering to the safety regulations established by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. Written by Henry C. Horstmann and Victor Hugo Tousley, the book covers a wide array of topics, from basic wiring techniques to more complex installations. This historical text offers valuable insights into the early days of electrical standardization and safety practices, providing a fascinating glimpse into the evolution of electrical engineering. It remains relevant for anyone interested in the history of electrical work and the development of modern safety standards.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Trade Space Analysis of Antenna Array Architecture Using System Modeling Tools
This trade study has two objectives. The first provides a trade space analysis of differing array architectures and associated radio frequency components using system-modeling tools. The second objective develops system modeling tools aiding similar analysis by other users. These objectives were accomplished by evaluating a selected group of output parameters to include overall system cost, mass, and power consumption, as well as the minimum detectable input level, system spurious free dynamic range, and selected beam spoilage parameters caused by the use of discrete phase shifters. A fixed number of designs were evaluated using simulation. The evaluation process examined input parameter and design impact on the output parameters and overall best design. The best overall design, by score, performed exceptionally well for minimum detectable input level and beam spoilage parameters, very well for cost and power performance, and poor for total mass and spurious free dynamic range.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Nonlinear Digital Control Solution for a DC/DC Power Converter
A digital Nonlinear Proportional-Integral-Derivative (NPID) control algorithm was proposed to control a 1-kW, PWM, DC/DC, switching power converter. The NPID methodology is introduced and a practical hardware control solution is obtained. The design of the controller was completed using Matlab (trademark) Simulink, while the hardware-in-the-loop testing was performed using both the dSPACE (trademark) rapid prototyping system, and a stand-alone Texas Instruments (trademark) Digital Signal Processor (DSP)-based system. The final Nonlinear digital control algorithm was implemented and tested using the ED408043-1 Westinghouse DC-DC switching power converter. The NPID test results are discussed and compared to the results of a standard Proportional-Integral (PI) controller.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
First Experimental Demonstration of Full-Duplex Optical Communication on a Single Beam
The satellite industry is driven by the need to reduce costs. One way they have sought to do this is by reducing the size and weight of the satellite because of the extremely high cost per kilogram incurred launching a payload into orbit. The main difficulty in this approach is the lack of power capacity in a small satellite. One of the largest loads on a satellite's power system is the communications system. This has driven the need for a low-power communications system. This document examines a novel method of communicating optically with a low-Earth-orbit satellite from the ground without the need for a laser on the payload. The goal is to show the feasibility of such a system as a solution to the small satellite low-powered communication problem. Specially, that the system described herein: is capable of ground to low-Earth-orbit communications, has very little space-borne mass, and draws little power from the satellite. First, the system (hereafter referred to as LOWCAL "Lightweight Optical Wavelength Communication without A Laser in space") will be explained with details of the formats used and the link budgets. Discussions will be presented on the development of some of the system hardware (the laser diode driver, liquid crystal driver, and decision electronics for both the up and down links.) Finally, experimental test results of the entire system operating in a laboratory environment are presented and compared to theory. The results of the laboratory experiment support the original thesis: retro-modulated optical communications can meet the needs of the small satellite community. The system is capable of 10-kbps communication, has low space-borne mass, and draws little power from the satellite (less than 100-mW measured for the laboratory experiment, less than 1.5-W calculated for the Shuttle experiment).This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Carbon Fluxes and Biophysical Variables from Earth Observation
Carbon Fluxes and Biophysical Variables from Earth Observation: Methods for Ecosystem Assessment transforms the way remote sensing data can be used to approach monitoring of carbon fluxes (CF) and biophysical variables (BV) in ecosystem and global vegetation monitoring. In a field where these two subjects have traditionally been treated as distinct entities, this book offers an integrated exploration of CF and BV retrieval through remote sensing. It not only delves into a wide array of approaches and methodologies but also assists readers in selecting the most suitable models based on available inputs and spatiotemporal scales. Carbon Fluxes and Biophysical Variables from Earth Observation is a useful resource for Earth Observation specialists, particularly in Remote Sensing, machine learning, ecology, and plant physiology, to enhance and adapt their approaches and methodologies.
Photocatalysis Approach for Environmental Applications
Currently, many of the technological advances around the world are limited by the lack of understanding about materials science and its applications. Beginning researchers in materials sciences worldwide have had great difficulty developing their research. This book is aimed at undergraduate students and researchers in materials sciences. It aims to provide a greater understanding of the potential of semiconductor materials for environmental applications such as renewable energy, energy storage systems, and remediation of degraded environments.
Shaping the Future of Electric Machines
Shaping the Future of Electric Machines is aimed at anyone involved with electric machines, drives, their applications, and related systems. This includes specialists in companies engaged in the development or implementation of equipment, as well as students, professors, inventors, and philosophers of technology. The book's content is easy to master and is written in simple language, without complex mathematics. Despite its accessibility, the book offers new insights and a fresh perspective on electromechanics. It enables readers to understand their role in the evolution of electric machines and provides tools for shaping the future. The book also includes numerous examples of innovative solutions in electric machines and drives, illustrating various technical problem-solving approaches. Enables readers to understand the evolution of electric machines and offers tools for future design and innovation; Introduces several new concepts that challenge traditional views; Includes examples and illustrations of various technical problem-solving approaches.
Innovations in Non-Conventional Energy Sources
This book focuses on exploring and showcasing advancements, breakthroughs, and emerging technologies in the field of energy generation and utilization, particularly those related to non-conventional or alternative energy sources.
Photonic Sensors for Biomedical Applications
Overviews innovative technologies and current applications of photonic sensors for biomedical applications. Covers areas such as biosensors, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors, one- and two-dimensional photonic crystals for sensing and detection applications, muscle strength monitoring using optical sensors, and many more.
Zero-Trust Learning
Incorporates the latest advancements in cybersecurity education. It covers the fundamentals, importance, and advantages of zero trust security models; addresses the roles of AI, blockchain and machine learning play in zero trust learning and security; and looks at the different kinds of security threats and how zero trust can mitigate risk.
Multi-Disciplinary Research and Sustainable Development
The Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Multi-Disciplinary Research and Sustainable Development.
Sensitivity Analysis of ALGAN/GAN High Electron Mobility Transistors to Process Variation
A sensitivity analysis of AlGaN/GaN HEMT performance on material and process variations was performed. Aluminum mole fraction, barrier thickness, and gate length were varied 5% over nominal values to determine how sensitive simulated device performance was to changes in these 3 parameters. Simulated data was generated with the Synopsys TCAD software suite using a physics-based HEMT model. To validate model performance, simulated data was correlated with experimental data, which consisted of wafer epilayer characterization data as well as DC and small-signal RF device performance data from 1-26 GHz.Trends were observed in the experimental data due to variations in the fabrication process. Epilayer data showed cross-wafer trends in sheet resistance, barrier thickness and Al mole fraction but didn't show any discernable trends in mobility or sheet carrier concentration. Maximum output current was the only measured performance metric that showed a strong trend across the wafers.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Fabrication Techniques for III-V Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical Systems
This thesis studies techniques for selective removal of semiconductor material in AlxGa1-xAs systems for the purpose of fabricating Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MOEMS). Fabrication in AlxGa1-xAs allows for the emission, control, and detection of light from the near-infrared to the visible region of the spectrum. Specifically, MOEMS will enable wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) in the next generations of communications equipment, which will multiply the amount of information that can be sent through existing optical fiber cabling. This work was accomplished by performing an etch study on the selective removal of GaAs from an AlxGa1-xAs structure. The technique of oxidizing AlAs or Al0:98Ga0:02As and removing the oxide was also investigated along with methods for the direct removal of AlAs. The knowledge gained during these etch studies was then applied to the fabrication of Micro-Electro-Mechanical tunable Fabry-Perot filters as well as lift-of microcavity light emitting devices. The etchants and materials studied showed high selectivity for removal of both GaAs and AlAs. Mechanical structures were fabricated and actuated using these techniques and resonant cavity light emitting diodes were transplanted from their native substrate to another substrate singly and in arrays. This thesis presents three methods for fabricating MEM systems in III-V materials. This fabrication knowledge will be applied to the fabrication of devices such as tunable vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs). Transplantable optical devices have broad applications in the areas of computing and communications. This work can also be used as a basis for fabrication of Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems using crystalline III-V materials.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
