Airway Management in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Airway management in maxillofacial surgery is vital due to the anatomical complexities and high risk of airway compromise. This review highlights the importance of thorough preoperative assessment, tailored intraoperative strategies (including various intubation and surgical airway techniques), and vigilant postoperative care. Extubation is a critical phase requiring careful planning. A multidisciplinary, evidence-based approach is essential to ensure patient safety and optimize outcomes.
Assessment of Endodontic Treatment Outcomes
Assessment of endodontic treatment outcomes has evolved from disease-based criteria proposed by Strindberg to patient-centred values, emphasising survival and function of endodontically treated teeth even in the presence of inflammatory peri-apical disease. It is essential that patients are fully informed of the distinction between disease-free and disease-associated treatment outcomes. Ideally, disease-free treatment outcomes should always be the goal of all endodontic treatments.Treatment success can be based on a variety of factors including but not limited to symptom resolution, the healing of peri-apical tissues per radiograph, or even histologic evidence showing the absence of infected cells. Patients, on the other hand, may define success differently than practitioners. A patient's 'definition' of success may be the absence of pain or increased functionality of the tooth. Patients want treatment options that are proven to produce results in a timely and feasible manner that will last. The use of the PAI for evaluating treatment results has been advised because it is a reliable and valid way for denoting a healthy peri-apex and hence, scientific evidence of 'success'.
Nanotechnology in conservative dentistry and endodontics
Nanotechnology has significantly impacted the field of conservative dentistry and endodontics, introducing innovative approaches to diagnostics, treatment, and preventive measures. At the forefront of this revolution is the application of nanomaterials, which operate at the nanoscale, offering distinct advantages in terms of enhanced mechanical properties and targeted therapeutic effects.In the realm of diagnostics, nanotechnology has facilitated the development of advanced imaging techniques that provide unparalleled precision in detecting early-stage dental issues. Nano-sized contrast agents and sensors enable clinicians to identify subtle structural changes, allowing for proactive intervention and more effective treatment planning.When it comes to treatment, nanomaterials have revolutionized restorative dentistry by improving the properties of dental materials. Nano-composites, for instance, exhibit superior strength, durability, and aesthetics compared to traditional materials. This translates to longer-lasting dental restorations with reduced risk of fractures or wear.Nanoparticles also play a crucial role in the realm of endodontics.
The Relationship Between Climate Change and Dentistry
The relationship between climate change and dentistry is a critical area that highlights the need for the dental profession to integrate sustainability into its practices. Climate change impacts every aspect of life, including health, and the dental field is no exception. The environmental footprint of dentistry, from the use of materials and energy consumption to waste production, contributes to the broader issue of environmental degradation. Recognizing this, it is essential for dental professionals to adopt more sustainable practices that reduce their impact on the environment. Dental practices play a key role in mitigating climate change by reducing waste, conserving energy, and using eco-friendly materials, which lowers the environmental impact of care. These efforts not only combat climate change but also foster healthier communities. Climate change is affecting oral health, with shifts in weather and extreme events increasing dental disease risks, especially for vulnerable populations. This highlights the need for equitable dental care, ensuring everyone has access to necessary treatments and resources amid these challenges.
Implant Occlusion
this book is about implant occlusion. everything is explained starting from articulatior selection from establishing occlusion, bite record. FMR theory is explained starting from hobos concept to pankeymann concept. Occlusal schemes are discussed. IPO, canine guided, balanced occlusion, group function occlusion concept has been discussed. this book explains detail about each and every concept regarding rehabilitating occlusion and harmonising it with function.
Retention and Relapse in Orthodontics
Retention and relapse in orthodontics explores the critical phase following active orthodontic treatment, focusing on how to maintain tooth alignment and prevent unwanted movement. The book delves into the biological and mechanical factors influencing relapse, types of retainers and evidence-based retention protocols.it also address patient compliance, long team follow up strategies, and the evolving role of digital technology in retention planning. this comprehensive guide serves as an essential resource for orthodontists seeking to ensure stable, lasting treatment outcomes.
Framework design materials for implant fixed restorations
Frameworks must be fabricated from materials and protocols that allow passive and accurate fit between frameworks and implants and/or abutments. CAD/CAM fabricated frameworks generally provide better, more accurate fit than do cast frameworks.Framework design has evolved into a series of clinical and laboratory procedures that incorporate principles of fixed and removable prosthodontics; prostheses are more successful if frameworks are designed consistent with predetermined tooth positions.Frameworks must be designed with adequate space (1.5 to 2 mm) for prosthetic materials: acrylic resin/composite resin/reinforced polymeric materials. Retentive elements for denture base materials should be designed as integral parts of implant frameworks. Adequate thickness is necessary to minimize the potential for denture base fracture. Acrylic resin retention may be accomplished with nail head retentive elements, retentive loops, or undercut areas randomly placed throughout frameworks. Retentive elements should be placed such that they will not interfere with tooth placement.
Laminate Veneers
The use of indirect composite restorations has facilitated the generation of ideal anatomic form, marginal adaptation, and appropriate proximal contact & contour that were impossible with the direct veneering techniques. The developments of new curing techniques in conjunction with modifications of the formulae have contributed to a substantial improvement in both the mechanical characteristics and long-term clinical performance of indirect composite resins. Unfortunately, however, the use of post-cure heat treatments has done little to enhance the overall clinical performance of the restoration.Ceramic laminate veneers remain the esthetic restoration that best complies with the principles of present-day esthetic dentistry. It is least irritating to the gingival and adjoining periodontium, avoids the use of metal sub-structures and possesses excellent esthetic quality. They can be considered as ideal restorations for the corrections of poor anterior relationships and anteroguidance as it has good wear resistance. Also, porcelain laminate veneers are the ONLY ESTHETIC RESTORATION enabling a significant proportion of the natural enamel to be conserved.
The Sports Dentistry Handbook
This book bridges the crucial gap between pediatric dentistry and sports medicine, offering an indispensable resource for dental professionals working with young athletes. It explores the multifaceted relationship between athletic activities and dental health, with a special focus on injury prevention and management in pediatric patients. From understanding risk factors and epidemiology to implementing cutting-edge treatment protocols, readers will gain practical insights into protecting young athletes' oral health. The book covers essential topics including injury classification, emergency management, preventive strategies, and the latest advances in sports dentistry. Written with clarity and expertise, this guide equips pediatric dentists with the knowledge and tools needed to effectively address sports-related dental injuries, enhance athletic performance through proper oral care, and promote long-term dental health in young sports enthusiasts.
Irrigating Solutions & Techniques
Dentistry is a art which improve our smile and build our confident. Dentistry like other sciences in dynamic and requires an original approach from a writer for a major thrust in research. This book on Irrigating solutions and techniques is being presented in a new light. This book has been provide thoroughly in order to familiarize the students with what they usually do not get to learn otherwise. Keeping in view the depth and importance of the irrigation, the topics are presented as separate chapters. To make the text more illustrative and easy to retain, a lot of colorful pictures have been added. This book provide complete knowledge about irrigation protocol in adult patients or in pediatric patient. The book has well complied chapters which are formatted in an easy to follow manner. It will definitely provide a source of information to graduates and post graduates.
Orthodontic Softwares Used in Treatment Planning of Aligners
The integration of digital technologies and advanced software has revolutionized orthodontic care in India, aligning with the broader goals of the Digital India initiative. These innovations enhance treatment efficiency, improve patient comfort, and enable superior clinical outcomes. High-quality clear aligner software, in particular, plays a crucial role in helping orthodontists deliver exceptional care while streamlining workflows. Overall, digital advancements have proven to be highly beneficial for orthodontists, patients, and the field of clinical dentistry as a whole.
Crown Lengthening
A smile significantly influences perceptions of attractiveness, confidence, intelligence, and trustworthiness. One key factor affecting smile aesthetics is excessive gingival display, commonly referred to as a "gummy smile," often caused by altered passive eruption (APE) or other dental etiologies such as tooth malformations or subgingival fractures. Crown Lengthening Surgery (CLS) is a widely adopted periodontal procedure aimed at exposing more of the tooth structure for functional or esthetic purposes. First introduced by D.W. Cohen in 1962, CLS involves repositioning the gingival margin and often includes soft and/or hard tissue removal. Indications for CLS can be broadly categorized into prosthetic, esthetic, and restorative needs. Techniques for crown lengthening have evolved from conventional apically positioned flaps and osseous resection to modern approaches incorporating electrocautery, piezosurgery, lasers, cryosurgery, and chemosurgery. These methods offer varying degrees of precision, hemostasis, and patient comfort. Recent advances include the use of CAD-CAM technology for enhanced surgical accuracy through customized digital guides.
Implant Supported Overdenture
Edentulism refers to complete absence of teeth and is considered a disability by the World Health Organization. The reasons for edentulism are many. Loss of teeth has several negative consequences. It is associated with deterioration of orofacial tissues. Treatment options for complete edentulous patient can be fixed and removable. Implant-supported overdentures represent a significant advancement in prosthodontic treatment, offering improved stability, function, and patient satisfaction compared to conventional complete dentures. This approach involves the use of dental implants to anchor a removable denture, enhancing retention, stability and reducing movement during mastication and speech. The overdenture can be supported by two or more implants and retained by using various attachment systems such as bars, locators, or ball attachments. Clinical outcomes demonstrate higher success rates, improved oral health-related quality of life, and better preservation of alveolar bone. This dissertation discusses about the treatment options, planning considerations, selection criteria and maintenance requirements for various attachments systems used in implants.
Transverse Discrepancy in Orthodontics
Crossbite is defined - 'a transverse discrepancy in tooth relationship' - British Glossary of Dental Terms 1Prevalence Rate: 11. Foster et al reports that crossbites affects 8-16% of the population2. Negligible difference between race andgender3. 80% linked to mandibular displacement Crossbite of buccal occlusion is manifested as transverse dimension that primarily accounts to posterior occlusion along with any discrepancy. Itis interrelated to vertical and sagittal dimensions and accordingly may have skeletal/dental or both components. It will clinically present as a bilateral or unilateral crossbite involving single or multiple teeth. Primary and mixed-dentition stages are where transverse problems of maxillary and mandibular arches occur most frequently. Transverse discrepancy does not correct by itself and studies have shown that correction of transverse discrepancy in early phase of mixeddentition is beneficial for patient in long run.Diagnosis and treatment planning of transverse discrepancies deserves more attention, as facial growth in the transverse dimension is completed first.
Loading Protocols in Implant Dentistry
"Loading Protocols in Implant Dentistry" explores the principles, techniques, and scientific rationale behind different implant loading protocols. Covering immediate, early, progressive, and delayed loading, this book provides an evidence-based approach to optimising implant success and long-term stability. It delves into biomechanical considerations, osseointegration, and clinical guidelines, making it an essential resource for clinicians, researchers, and students in implant dentistry. With a strong emphasis on practical applications and the latest advancements, this book seamlessly integrates theoretical concepts with clinical practice. It offers in-depth insights into evidence-based techniques, helping clinicians achieve predictable, long-term success in implant rehabilitation.
management of complex cases in complete denture
The management of complex cases in complete denture prosthodontics requires a multidisciplinary and individualized approach. These cases often involve anatomical, functional, or psychological challenges that go beyond standard protocols. Common complexities include severe alveolar ridge resorption, maxillomandibular discrepancies, soft tissue abnormalities, and patients with a history of unsuccessful prosthetic experiences.A thorough clinical evaluation is essential, incorporating detailed medical and dental histories, radiographic assessments, and functional analysis. Special attention must be given to the patient's expectations, adaptive capacity and psychological disposition, as these factors significantly influence treatment outcomes.Technical precision is critical in such cases. The use of advanced impression techniques, customized occlusal schemes, and precise jaw relation records can significantly improve denture stability and comfort. In some instances, adjunctive surgical procedures or implant-supported prostheses may be necessary to achieve optimal results.Ultimately, successful management depends on clear communication, patient education, and a strong clinician-patient.
Endodontic Mishaps
Endodontic mishaps are procedural complications that occur during root canal therapy, potentially compromising the success of the treatment and long-term prognosis of the tooth. These incidents may arise due to complex root canal anatomy, inadequate knowledge of endodontic principles, or operator inexperience. Common mishaps include but are not limited to: perforation of the root or pulpal floor, instrument separation within the canal, ledge formation, canal transportation, overextension or underfilling of obturation material, and failure to locate all root canals.Such complications can lead to persistent infection, periapical pathology, and even tooth loss if not appropriately addressed. Effective management requires early recognition, appropriate use of imaging modalities, and the application of advanced endodontic techniques. Preventive strategies include thorough preoperative assessment, use of magnification and illumination, adherence to aseptic protocols, and continuous professional training.Understanding the etiology and management of endodontic mishaps is essential for improving clinical outcomes and ensuring the longevity of endodontically treated teeth.
Fixed Functional Appliances
Fixed functional appliances are orthodontic devices used to correct Class II malocclusions, especially in patients with mandibular retrusion. Unlike removable appliances, they are attached directly to the braces and work continuously, without relying on patient compliance. These appliances posture the mandible forward, stimulating mandibular growth and improving the relationship between the upper and lower jaws. They are especially effective in growing patients but have also shown benefits in young adults due to continued remodeling in the TMJ region. Common types include the Herbst, Forsus, MARA, and Jasper Jumper. Fixed functional appliances allow simultaneous fixed and functional treatment, saving time and improving efficiency. They produce both skeletal and dental changes-advancing the mandible and correcting overjet and molar relationships. However, they may cause discomfort, soft tissue irritation, or anchorage loss. Despite these drawbacks, they are an excellent option for non-compliant patients and are a key tool in modern orthodontics when carefully selected and monitored.
Phytotherapy in Periodontics
Phytotherapeutic agents are the bioactive compounds derived from medicinal plants that have emerged as promising adjuncts in periodontal therapy, owing to their multifaceted pharmacological properties. Notably, Curcuma longa (turmeric) demonstrates anti-inflammatory and antiplaque effects comparable to chlorhexidine in managing gingival diseases. Azadirachta indica (neem) and Aloe vera reduce matrix metalloproteinase activity and promote fibroblast proliferation, aiding tissue regeneration. Camellia sinensis (green tea) and Psidium guajava (guava) possess catechins and flavonoids, respectively, offering antioxidant and antimicrobial benefits that enhance periodontal health. The integration of these phytotherapeutic agents into periodontal treatment protocols offers a holistic approach, enhancing clinical outcomes while minimizing adverse effects associated with conventional therapies.
Aesthetics with Composite
Esthetic dentistry focuses on harmonizing the face, smile, teeth, and gums to create a natural, pleasing result that balances function and beauty. Composites play a vital role in this by offering excellent esthetic potential and versatility in direct restorations. Their use has expanded with advancements in materials and techniques, allowing for natural-looking, minimally invasive treatments. However, composites are technique-sensitive and require proper case selection, isolation, bonding, and curing for success. Despite their complexity, modern composites meet nearly all ideal restorative needs, enabling longer tooth retention and greater patient confidence.
Persistent Oral Habits
In clinical orthodontics and in the study of growth and development of the dentition, an understanding of the effects of the enveloping musculature upon the conformation of the dental arches into which the individual elements of the dentition fit is of great importance. Presence of an oral habit in the 3 to 6 years old child is an important finding during the clinical examination. An oral habit is no longer considered normal for children near the end of this age group. Efforts to discourage the habit may involve as little as a conversation between the dentist and the child or they may involve more complex appliance therapy. The role played by the orofacial musculature in the shaping of the dentition has long attracted the interest of orthodontists. Deleterious habitual patterns of muscle behavior, often are associated with perverted or impeded osseous growth, tooth malposition, disturbed breathing habits, difficulties in speech, upset balance in the facial musculature and psychological problems. Therefore, one cannot correct malocclusion without involvement in such reflex activities. This book elaborates the etiology, effect and management of various persistent oral habits.
Smart Materials in Dentistry
There is no single material in dentistry that is ideal in nature and fulfills all the requirements of an ideal material. As the quest for an "ideal restorative material" continues, a newer generation of materials was introduced. These are termed as "smart'' as these materials support the remaining tooth structure to the extent that more conservative cavity preparation can be carried out. These materials may be altered in a controlled fashion by stimulus such as stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric or magnetic field. Some of these are "biomimetic" in nature as their properties mimic natural tooth substance such as enamel or dentin. The current dental materials were improvised in order to make them smarter. Understanding and using these advanced materials may make the difference between success and failure in today's intensely competitive world.
Radiation therapy in Head and Neck cancer
Radiation therapy plays a crucial role in the treatment of head and neck cancers (HNC), which include malignancies of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. It is used both as a primary treatment and as an adjuvant therapy alongside surgery and chemotherapy. Modern techniques, such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), allow for precise tumor targeting while sparing surrounding healthy tissues, improving treatment outcomes. Advances in imaging, like PET/CT scans, further enhance radiation accuracy, leading to better control and reduced side effects.While effective, radiation therapy can cause side effects such as mucositis, xerostomia, and dysphagia, which impact patients' quality of life. Managing these side effects is an integral part of treatment planning. Emerging techniques like proton therapy show promise in offering even greater precision with fewer complications. Ongoing research is also exploring the combination of radiation with targeted therapies and immunotherapies to improve survival and reduce recurrence.
Basic Concept of Research
Research is an integral part of any academic and non-academic learning, innovations, and developmental activities. Research is being done in all academic and developmental institutions but does not meet the expected level of scientific methodology. Moreover, the researches carried out are not need based, and lack in quality. The research should be directed towards major public health problems. Medical and health curricula at undergraduate level do not deal with applied basic scientific aspect of research methodology. There is need to create awareness and impart training in research to undergraduate, postgraduate and health sciences students and professionals so as to motivate them for need-based quality research in desired areas. It is an essential and powerful tool in leading man towards progress. Without systematic research there would have been very little progress. In academics, research can take many forms such as pure theoretical research, applied research, exploratory or grounded research, explanatory research, quantitative research, qualitative research, empirical research, desk research, field research, and mixed research.
Extraoral Maxillofacial Rehabilitation using Osseointegrated Implants
Maxillofacial defects present unique challenges for both patients and clinicians. This comprehensive guide explores the transformative use of osseointegrated implants in craniofacial restoration, from foundational science to advanced surgical and prosthetic techniques. Key topics include patient assessment, implant surgery, prosthetic design for facial structures, and the latest digital innovations. Richly illustrated and clinically focused, this text provides a valuable resource for anyone working in the field of craniofacial rehabilitation.
Management of Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate in Indian Population
The book is all about mangement of cleft lip and palate in indian population .Cleft lip and palate are complex anomalies with significant medical, psychological, and social implications. Their management requires early diagnosis, precise classification, multidisciplinary care, and long-term follow-up. Despite historical stigmas, advancements in medical science have made cleft care highly effective, offering affected individuals the potential for a normal life. Continued public awareness, improved prenatal care, and access to cleft centers are key to reducing the burden of this condition.Cleft lip and palate (CLP) are among the most common congenital deformities, resulting from the failure of facial structures to fuse during early fetal development. These anomalies may occur individually or together and affect 1 in every 700 live births globally. In India, nearly 28,600 children are born with clefts each year, highlighting the significant public health burden.
Principles and Applications of Periodontal Regeneration
Periodontal Regeneration is a comprehensive guide that bridges the gap between scientific understanding and clinical application in the restoration of periodontal tissues. Beginning with a concise overview of the historical evolution of regenerative therapies, the book traces key milestones that have shaped current practices. It explores the biological principles of regeneration and the role of biomaterials, growth factors, and stem cells. With contributions from leading experts, it presents evidence-based strategies for predictable outcomes in managing periodontal defects. Designed for students, clinicians, and beginners, this book provides a practical and scholarly foundation for advancing periodontal care through regenerative approaches.
Immediate Loading
This book presents a comprehensive yet concise guide to immediate loading in implant dentistry, offering key concepts, scientific rationale, and clinical insights for predictable outcomes. It explores the evolution of loading protocols, biomechanical principles, bone density considerations, and surgical-prosthetic strategies essential for achieving successful immediate loading. Based on current literature, clinical evidence, and practical experience, this book serves as a valuable resource for dental professionals aiming to adopt immediate loading confidently and effectively in everyday practice.
Self Ligating Brackets
This book provides an overview of self-ligating braces in orthodontics. Self-ligating orthodontic brackets are a form of dental brace that uses an internal mechanism to secure the archwire, avoiding the need for traditional elastic or metal ties. This design lowers friction and promotes more effective tooth movement, frequently resulting in shorter treatment times and fewer dental visits. Self-ligating brackets can also help with dental hygiene because they are easier to clean and less prone to trap food and plaque.
![CRANIAL NERVES I to VI [PART 1]](https://cdn.kingstone.com.tw/english/images/product/4783/9786208224783m.webp?Q=61955 "CRANIAL NERVES I to VI [PART 1]")
CRANIAL NERVES I to VI [PART 1]
This book gives a detailed picture of neuroanatomy, basics and embryology. It provides a valuable insight and comprehensive knowledge of cranial nerves. It throws a light on clinical examination and nerve testing. The clinical syndromes associated with the cranial nerves are described in this book. Knowledge of the anatomy of the nervous system (neuroanatomy) is needed by the dental practitioner for several reasons. The nervous system is the most complex, widely investigated and least understood system in the body. Probably the most obvious of these is that a full understanding of the cranial nerves innervating the maxillofacial region is not possible without reference to their connections. This itself demands a wide knowledge of the central nervous system. In addition the practitioner will frequently encounter patients' suffering from one or other of the many diseases affecting the central and peripheral parts of the nervous system. Satisfactory management of these patients requires some understanding of their illness which in turn requires knowledge of the general structure of the nervous system.
Friction Mechanics
Friction, a clinical challenge particularly with sliding mechanics, must be dealt with efficiently to provide optimal orthodontics results. Friction is a force that retards or resists the relative motion of two objects in contact. The direction of fiction is tangential to the common boundary of the two surfaces in contact (Drescher et al, 1989)1. As two surfaces in contact slide against each other, two components of total force arise: the fictional component (F) is parallel but in opposition to the sliding motion, and the normal force (N) perpendicular to the contacting surfaces and to the fictional force component.During mechanotherapy involving movement of the bracket relative to the wire, friction at the bracket-wire interface may prevent the attainment of optimal force levels in the supporting tissues. Therefore, a decrease in frictional resistance tends to benefit the hard and soft tissue response. It has been proposed that approximately 50% of the force applied to slide a tooth is used to overcome friction. Other factors that affect frictional resistance include saliva, arch-wire dimension and material, angulation of the wire to the bracket, and mode of ligation.
Reviving the Pulp
This book offers a comprehensive introduction to regenerative endodontic procedures, focusing on the biological basis, clinical protocols, and practical applications involved in revitalizing the pulp-dentin complex. It covers essential topics such as case selection, disinfection strategies, scaffold materials, and the role of stem cells and growth factors in tissue regeneration. Designed for dental students, clinicians, and researchers, the book bridges the gap between foundational science and clinical practice, providing evidence-based insights and step-by-step guidance. Through simplified explanations and up-to-date knowledge, it aims to enhance understanding and implementation of regenerative endodontic therapy in both immature and mature teeth.
Management of Medical Emergencies in the Dental Practice
Life-threatening emergencies can and do occur in the practice of dentistry. They can happen to anyone: a patient, a doctor, a member of the office staff, or a person who is merely accompanying a patient. Although the occurrence of life-threatening emergencies in dental offices is infrequent, many factors can increase the likelihood of such incidents. These include a pretreatment physical evaluation of each patient, consisting of a medical history questionnaire, dialogue history, and physical examination, and possible modifications in dental care to minimize medical risks.
Lasers in Endodontics
'LASER' is an acronym of 'Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation'. Its theoretical basis was postulated by 'Albert Einstein'A laser is a device that transforms light of various frequencies into a chromatic radiation in the visible, infrared, and ultraviolet regions with all the waves in phase capable of mobilizing immense heat and power when focused at close range. The intraoral use of lasers, when used efficaciously and ethically is an exceptional modality of treatment for many clinical conditions that dentists or dental specialists treat on a daily basis.
Understanding Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation
Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) is a developmental condition affecting enamel on first permanent molars and sometimes incisors. Teeth with MIH show discoloration-usually yellow or brown-and are prone to chipping and decay, causing increased sensitivity and discomfort. The causes of MIH are not fully understood but may involve factors like genetic predisposition, prenatal complications, childhood illnesses, or environmental toxins disrupting enamel formation. Management involves early diagnosis and preventive care, such as fluoride applications and sealants, to strengthen enamel and reduce sensitivity. In severe cases, restorative treatments like composite fillings or crowns may be needed to preserve tooth integrity. MIH poses challenges for both dental care and quality of life, as it may deter children from seeking dental treatment due to pain. Further research and awareness are crucial to better understand and treat MIH effectively, minimizing discomfort and long-term dental issues for affected individuals.
Nanotechnology in Prosthodontics
Nanomaterials have been playing a significant role in basic scientific innovation and clinical technological change of Prosthodontics. It shows that many properties such as modulus of elasticity, surface hardness, polymerization shrinkage, and filler loading, of materials used in prosthodontics can be significantly improved after their scales were reduced from micron-size into nano size by nanotechnology and that the performances of composites can also be enhanced by adding appropriate nanomaterials. Nano science is a new approach and will bring changes in fields of medicine, dentistry, research, and healthcare. It will help dentists with more equipment, drugs and precision-made materials by which patient compliance is enhanced.
Hydrogels in Dentistry
Oral diseases, characterized by microbial infections, inflammation and tissue destruction, remain a global health challenge. Despite advances in dental medicine, existing materials limit effective treatment and tissue regeneration. Biomaterials have evolved from passive structures to bioactive materials that restore oral function. Among these, hydrogels stand out for their biocompatibility, porosity, and viscoelasticity, mimicking the extracellular matrix to support cellular attachment, proliferation and differentiation.Since their early mention in 1894, hydrogels have evolved significantly. The first synthetic hydrogel, polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate (pHEMA), appeared in 1960. Research later expanded to smart hydrogels responsive to stimuli, injectable hydrogels for drug delivery and super porous hydrogels for rapid absorption. Recent DNA hydrogels integrate molecular programmability for precise biomedical use. These innovations enhance hydrogels' role in drug delivery, biosensing, and regenerative medicine, revolutionizing oral and craniofacial treatments. Their adaptability cements them as key materials in modern dental biomaterials research.
Digital Smile Designing
Digital Smile Designing explores the integration of digital technology into modern dental aesthetics. This book provides a comprehensive overview of Digital Smile Design (DSD), a cutting-edge approach that combines facial analysis, digital imaging, and computer-aided design to create personalized, predictable, and functional smiles. It covers the theoretical foundations, practical applications demonstrating how digital workflows enhance diagnostics, treatment planning, and patient communication. Aimed at dental professionals, the book serves as a practical guide to adopting DSD techniques and elevating the standard of care in aesthetic dentistry.
Microcrack Formation After Root Canal Instrumentation
The development of rotary files and other endodontic instruments techniques have revolutionised treatment by enhancing canal preparation and producing rounder, smoother canals and are constructed of nickel-titanium alloy. These instruments have two types of movements: rotary continuous and reciprocating. Continuous movements, which involve torsion and flexion, can lead to instrument fracture. To avoid this, an alternative approach is proposed that is reciprocating movement. This literature review compares dentinal crack formation in root canal walls using stainless steel and nickel titanium rotary systems, highlighting potential complications like tooth fracture and increased bacterial susceptibility, due to contact between instruments and dentinal walls.
Assessment of Post-treatment Changes in Orthodontic Treatment
The aim of orthodontic treatment is to move teeth as efficiently as possible with minimal adverse effects on teeth and supporting tissues. However following completion of orthodontic and orthopedic changes, teeth and their supporting structures have a tendency to move towards their original malocclusion. Such changes are attributed to either 'physiologic rebound' of the tissues or relapse. Orthodontics should therefore strive to achieve structural integrity, functional harmony, and esthetic balance as its goal so that relapse is minimised. The stability of orthodontic treatment is of paramount concern to an orthodontist and the assessment of treatment changes at each visit during the treatment assumes major significance towards achieving stable post treatment results. However, evaluating treatment results is extremely complex and requires an assessment of occlusion, hard and soft tissue relationships, growth changes, iatrogenic changes and long-term stability.
Tiny Canals, Big Advances
Rotary endodontics-the use of electrically driven nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments to clean and shape root canals-has shifted from an "adult-only" modality to a valued technique in pediatric dentistry. In children, root-canal therapy most often targets two categories of teeth: primary molars approaching-but not yet at-physiologic exfoliation, and young permanent teeth whose pulps have been compromised by caries or trauma long before the roots have fully formed. Both groups present anatomical and biological challenges that are distinct from those seen in mature permanent teeth: thinner dentinal walls, ribbon-like or tortuous canals, ongoing or incipient root resorption in primary teeth, and wide, fragile apices in young permanent teeth. Rotary technology must therefore respect these constraints while still delivering its hallmark benefits of speed, consistency, and superior canal geometry. The chief attraction of rotary endodontics in pediatric patients is dramatic time-saving. Chair-time can be cut nearly in half compared with hand instrumentation, an advantage that directly translates into better behavior management and less fatigue for both child and clinician.
Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth
Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth offers a vital, comprehensive guide to managing dental injuries, covering everything from initial assessment to long-term rehabilitation. The book begins by examining the epidemiology of dental trauma, identifying children and athletes as high-risk groups, before detailing classification systems for various injuries, including fractures, luxations, and avulsions. A strong emphasis is placed on emergency protocols, particularly the critical 30-minute window for successful tooth reimplantation, with step-by-step instructions for proper handling, stabilization, and infection control. The text provides complete treatment methodologies for each injury type, from bonding techniques for simple fractures to advanced endodontic and surgical interventions for complex cases. The book also explores long-term follow-up care, monitoring for complications like root resorption and ankylosis, while addressing psychological impacts through patient counseling and restorative solutions.
Enhancing Endodontic Success
Endodontic treatment aims to eliminate microorganisms from the root canal system to prevent reinfection. Chemo-mechanical preparation-combining mechanical instrumentation with chemical irrigation-is crucial for removing pulp tissue, bacteria, and debris. However, persistent microbes, especially in the apical region where anaerobic biofilms thrive, can lead to treatment failure and apical periodontitis. Biofilms are resistant due to complex canal anatomy, making them difficult to remove completely. Scanning electron microscopy shows deep bacterial penetration into dentinal tubules, highlighting the challenge of full disinfection. Even after thorough cleaning, bacteria may persist in inaccessible areas. To improve outcomes, advanced irrigation and agitation systems have been developed to enhance disinfectant penetration and effectiveness, especially in complex canal structures like isthmi and fins. This book highlights various endodontic irrigants, advanced irrigant delivery and agitation systems to attain maximum potential of chemo-mechanical debridement in complex root canal system.
Full Mouth Rehabilitaion
Full Mouth Rehabilitation is a comprehensive dental approach aimed at restoring the function, aesthetics, and health of the entire dentition. It is particularly beneficial for patients with extensive dental issues, including tooth wear, loss, or occlusal discrepancies. The masticatory system's anatomy and physiology comprising the maxilla, mandible, temporomandibular joints, muscles of mastication, and neuromuscular coordination are fundamental to understanding full mouth rehabilitation. Proper function and harmony among these components are crucial for successful rehabilitation. Restoring the vertical dimension is critical, as its loss can affect facial aesthetics and function. Mouth preparation may involve selective grinding and establishing occlusal schemes. Mounting models using facebow transfers and setting condylar guidance are essential steps in replicating mandibular movements. Success depends on precise execution and patient compliance, addressing these challenges necessitates treatment planning, effective abutment preparation, regular follow-ups, patient education, expectation management, and collaborative efforts among specialists.
Genetics
Genetics in dentistry unveils a complex interplay between genetic factors and oral health, influencing various aspects of dental traits and predispositions to specific conditions. Hereditary factors contribute to tooth size, shape, and susceptibility to dental diseases, including periodontal issues and tooth decay. Conditions like cleft lip and palate have a genetic basis, impacting facial and oral structures. Genetic disorders such as amelogenesis imperfecta and dentinogenesis imperfecta affect enamel and dentin formation, necessitating genetic testing for diagnosis and management. Salivary composition variations, influenced by genetic markers, impact oral health conditions like dry mouth or excessive saliva production. Genetic influences extend to orthodontic traits, affecting malocclusions and guiding orthodontic treatment plans. Advanced genetic research enables targeted genetic testing, aiding in risk assessment and personalized treatment plans. Inherited metabolic disorders, albeit rare, can impact tooth development and structure. Understanding genetic predispositions to periodontal diseases informs tailored preventive strategies and early interventions.
Implant Supported Prosthesis
The introduction of endosseous dental implants as an option for restoring partially and fully edentulous patients has revolutionized dental treatment. High survival rates reported for single and multiple missing tooth replacements have validated the use of implant-supported restorations as a predictable method for oral rehabilitation.Implants enable a single missing tooth to be replaced without restoring adjacent teeth. In addition, implants allow fixed restorations to be fabricated in patients who are fully or partially edentulous.There are several reasons for the increased number of implant complications being experienced by clinicians in recent years. This book describes the complications and their management.
The Digital Smile Revolution
A key goal of aesthetic treatment is to ensure patient satisfaction by achieving results that align with their expectations for enhanced facial aesthetics and a beautiful smile. Patients who are uncertain about the outcome, especially with irreversible procedures can gain confidence and clarity through the Digital Smile Design (DSD) technique. DSD is a powerful digital tool that allows dentists to design and modify a patient's smile, providing a visual preview of the expected results before treatment begins. By creating and presenting a digital mockup, DSD facilitates clear communication, actively involves patients in the smile design process, enhances predictability and improves treatment acceptance.
SUPPORTIVE PERIODONTAL THERAPY - A Comprehensive Review
Supportive Periodontal Therapy (SPT), often referred to as periodontal maintenance, is an essential, ongoing phase of periodontal treatment designed to prevent the recurrence and progression of periodontal disease. Once active therapy-whether surgical or non-surgical-is completed and periodontal stability is achieved, SPT becomes the cornerstone of long-term oral health. This phase focuses on preserving the results achieved during active therapy and preventing further periodontal breakdown.SPT is not a one-size-fits-all approach; it must be tailored to each patient's unique risk factors, disease severity, systemic condition, and compliance level. It is a collaborative process between the dental professional and the patient, emphasizing regular monitoring, maintenance of good oral hygiene, and proactive risk management.
