Artistic and Rhetorical Patterns in Quechua Legendary Texts
This book shows the role of specific linguistic structures in the creation of formulaic, artistic patterns in Quechua legendary narratives and explores how the patterns function in relation to concepts such as main event line and other rhetorical structures. The analysis of the texts into artistic patterns is mainly based on Dell Hymes's criteria; thus "pattern numbers," initial connectives and evidential markers play an important role in the pattern formations. The Quechua texts also show that the switch-reference markers and/or the rotation of subject in general is crucial to the structuring of the texts. The analysis moreover shows how the different patterns discovered are closely tied to rhetorical/cognitive structures, as they are perceived and lined out by various linguists, especially those of Robert Longacre and Wallace L. Chafe. The analysis of the texts prompts various questions in regards to the functions of the linguistic structures mentioned. Some of these get specific attention in the final chapter which also includes a discussion that seeks to find an explanation of the textual patterns through looking at universal artistic patterns as outlined by other scholars, as well as looking to some Quechua cultural patterns. ?got Bergli received the Dr. art. (Ph.D.) in linguistics in 2002 from Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet (NTNU), Trondheim.She has worked with SIL International since 1979, primarily as an editor of works on Quechua and discourse studies.
Proto Witotoan
The author describes how, by making use only of evidence from languages spoken today, he reconstructed the protolanguage of six languages found in the Amazonian areas of Peru, Colombia, and Brazil.
Workpapers Concerning Waorani Discourse Features
The papers in this volume are based on sixty-three pages of folktale and historical text in the Waorani language, which is a language of Ecuador. Articles How to know what to remember: Affixal clues, by Gilley, Leoma G. Hypothesis on helping to identify Waorani discourse types, by Hepner, Carol. Thematic unity as evidence for the presence of paragraphs, by Hepner, Mark. The function of ay疆̃ 'then' in Waorani, by Holman, Mary E. Waorani verb affixes, by Holman, Thomas W. What can mark the peak of a story?, by Miller, Michael. Trees for constituent analysis from discourse to morpheme, by Pike, Evelyn G. Chronological and logical discourse chains, by Ross, Deborah. Part IV: The texts, by Saint, Rachel and Evelyn G. Pike, editors. Notes on referential elements in three texts, by Wilkendorf, Patricia. Waorani clause formulas, by Wilkendorf, Patricia. Prominence of waves of space and time, by Wilt, Timothy L. Tracking participants at points where they are not named, by Zander, Lynn.
A Grammar of Sochiapan Chinantec
David Foris gathered the data for this volume during the sixteen years he lived in the northwest part of Oaxaca in Mexico. He settled in the Chinantla, a Mexican term meaning 'an enclosed place', a region boxed in by high mountain ridges and difficult to reach. Foris makes available the knowledge he has acquired about the fascinating Sochiapan Chinantec language. It is an isolated language that exhibits a complex system of verbal inflection. Speakers of the language can use more than thirty tone-stress distinctions to communicate messages in whistle speech with minimal ambiguity. The majority of words consist of a single syllable; there are a small number of two-syllable words and less than a dozen known tri-syllabics. This model-neutral presentation describes everything from the phonemes up through phrases and clauses to compound sentences; from the changes of tone and stress to changes in nucleus to signal a wide variety of tense, aspect, and related features. Regarding this book, Dr. Rudolph C. Troike, Head of the Department of English at the University of Arizona, says, "This is overall a masterful piece of work which makes a major contribution to Chinantec studies and to language typological research in general."
An Autosegmental Approach to Shilluk Phonology
Shilluk is a Western Nilotic language spoken in southern Sudan. In this study, by using an autosegmental approach, which is based on lexical phonology, the author has been able to analyze the vowel and consonant harmony systems, the tonal system, and the syllable structure of the Shilluk language. Other matters dealt with include the issue of independent representations in connection with discussion of syllable structure, and the order of levels within the lexicon.
A Phonological Study of the Gwari Lects
A phonological study of the four Gwari lects (Nigeria): Northern and Southern Gbagyi, and Northern and Southern Gbari. By making an analysis of each dialect, the author seeks greater understanding of the phonology of Gwari as a whole. Since palatalization, labialization, and nasalization are characteristic of Gwari, particular attention is given to these processes. Traditional segmental phonology is the theoretical framework of this study.
Quiegolani Zapotec Syntax
The reader of Quiegolani Zapotec Syntax will find a careful syntactic analysis of this language, presented descriptively and with a theoretical analysis. In the three sections of the book, Cheryl Black provides a coherent, explanatory analysis for many facets of the syntax of this VSO language. Part I describes the morphology and syntax, as well as anaphoric relations. Parts II and III provide a theoretical analysis of the various syntactic constructions, utilizing a Principles and Parameters approach. Part II examines clause structure, including focus and topic constructions, interrogatives, negative constructions, and their interactions. Part III extends the analysis to phrase structures such as verbal and nominal phrases. The final chapter demonstrates that the special quantifier constructions that mark number in the language exhibit the same basic principles and structures as the rest of the grammar, showing that a small number of principles or constraints can determine the full grammar of a language. Quiegolani Zapotec is an Otomanguean language spoken in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. This language family has received relatively little attention by syntacticians, making Dr. Black's work especially valuable. Theoretical linguists, as well as those mainly interested in description and typology, will find it of interest.
Modes in D NY Discourse
This study, by a native speaker of the D矇ny獺 language-a language of Cameroon-shows how discourse structure seems to influence the use of verb forms.
Mitla Zapotec Texts
Gives a grammatical sketch of Zapotec (Mitla Vallay, Oaxaca, Mexico). This third volume in the series Folklore Texts in Mexican Indian Languages consists of eight stories narrated by native speakers, transcribed phonemically, with glossing in English and free translations in English and Spanish.
The Verbal Piece in Ebira
To the author, who is a mother tongue speaker, the verbal piece of Ebira, a Nigerian language, is the most complex unit in the language--phonologically and grammatically. Thus, this part of the Ebira grammar is the focus of the author's description in this book.
Polish-English / English-Polish Dictionary & Phrasebook
This convenient 2-way Polish-English dictionary and phrasebook contains 4,000 dictionary entries, a pronunciation guide, concise grammar section, and all the essential language a traveler needs.
Catalan Dictionary & Phrasebook
Catalan is spoken by over 9 million people worldwide, primarily in Catalonia, an autonomous region of Spain. It is also used in Valencia, the Basque Country, and Galicia, and is the official language of Andorra. This unique, two-part resource provides users with the tools to communicate in Catalan. The bilingual dictionary has a concise vocabulary for everyday use, and the phrasebook allows instant communication on a variety of topics like greetings, accommodations, and sightseeing. - 4,000 dictionary entries - Concise grammar and pronunciation sections - Perfect for travelers, businesspeople, and students
Modern Akan
KASAHOROW's Modern Akan is a concise, portable and easy-to-grasp reference to the Akan language.This kasahorow language guide includes: Basic grammar for Akan readers and writersUseful phrases for warming up a new relationship.Includes a pronunciation guide for reading Modern Akan in Asante Twi, Akuapem Twi and Fanti.Written in Modern Akan which is a simplified spelling system used to write all the varieties of spoken Akan.
2,001 Palabras inglesas mas utiles para hispanoparlantes / 2,001 Most Useful English Words
A practical compilation of common English words, this volume features up-to-date vocabulary related to the Internet, cell phones, wireless networks, and other digital technologies. Dover's "all-in-one" format for each alphabetical entry includes the word in English and Spanish, its usage in a sentence in English, and its Spanish translation. Other supplements include a word study section of English/Spanish cognates and a quick reference section, organized by category, with terms for shopping and dining along with numbers, colors, and other common words.Esta recopilaci籀n de palabras comunes en ingl矇s incluye vocabulario vigente relacionado con el internet, la telefon穩a celular, las redes inal獺mbricas y otras tecnolog穩as digitales. Para cada entrada en orden alfab矇tico, el formato "todo en uno" de Dover comprende una palabra en ingl矇s, su traducci籀n al espa簽ol y su aplicaci籀n en una frase tanto en ingl矇s como en espa簽ol. La publicaci籀n incluye una secci籀n did獺ctica sobre cognados ingl矇s/espa簽ol y otra de referencia tem獺tica, organizada por categor穩as, con t矇rminos para ir a comer o de compras, as穩 como n繳meros, colores, y otras palabras comunes.
Beginning Dakota/Tokaheya Dakota Iyapi Kin
Members and descendants of the Sisseton Wahpeton Dakota Oyate, a division of the Great Sioux Nation, live east of the Missouri River, mostly in North and South Dakota, and speak the Dakota dialect. As the population of native speakers ages, younger generations breathe new life into study of the language. In college courses, community education classes, and study teams, learners of all ages practice speaking and writing at the same time that they come to understand the storied history of this significant Native American group.Nicolette Knudson and Jody Snow, students of the language, along with Dakota instructor and revered elder Clifford Canku share their expertise through activities that organize the language at its most basic level. Twenty-four lesson plans build on each other and use cultural and historical information to increase understanding of the Dakota language and world view. Exercises offer opportunities to practice writing and speaking, increasing vocabulary and introducing grammatical building blocks that enhance comprehension. Glossaries provide translations from Dakota to English and back again. With these features and more, Beginning Dakota is an invaluable tool for speakers of all levels.
Teach Yourself Complete Romanian
Are you looking for a complete course in Romanian which takes you effortlessly from beginner to confident speaker? Whether you are starting from scratch, or are just out of practice, Complete Romanian will guarantee success! Now fully updated to make your language learning experience fun and interactive. You can still rely on the benefits of a top language teacher and our years of teaching experience, but now with added learning features within the course and online. The course is structured in thematic units and the emphasis is placed on communication, so that you effortlessly progress from introducing yourself and dealing with everyday situations, to using the phone and talking about work. By the end of this course, you will be at Level B2 of the Common European Framework for Languages: Can interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without strain for either party.Learn effortlessly with a new easy-to-read page design and interactive features: NOT GOT MUCH TIME?One, five and ten-minute introductions to key principles to get you started. AUTHOR INSIGHTSLots of instant help with common problems and quick tips for success, based on the author's many years of experience. GRAMMAR TIPSEasy-to-follow building blocks to give you a clear understanding. USEFUL VOCABULARYEasy to find and learn, to build a solid foundation for speaking. DIALOGUESRead and listen to everyday dialogues to help you speak and understand fast. PRONUNCIATIONDon't sound like a tourist! Perfect your pronunciation before you go. TEST YOURSELFTests in the book and online to keep track of your progress. TRY THISInnovative exercises illustrate what you've learnt and how to use it. This pack includes a book and one MP3 CD of audio material. Rely on Teach Yourself, trusted by language learners for over 75 years.
Essential Swahili Dictionary
With over 14,000 translations, including everyday idioms and expressions, Essential Swahili Dictionary is the perfect tool to support your Swahili learning. This new edition is fully updated with a guide to usage and insights from the author to help you learn and remember new words and phrases. New features: AUTHOR INSIGHTS Lots of instant help with common problems and quick tips for success, based on the author's many years of experience.
Curse ＋ Berate in 69＋ Languages
For those times when "you blackguard!" just won't do, Sinister Wisdom supplies an amazing array of crude, vulgar, offensive, scurrilous, lewd, and otherwise unprintable denunciations. Organized thematically and translated into more than 69 languages, it contains an alphabetical listing of every conceivable (and inconceivable) slur and insult, from comments on mothers' peculiar anatomy and hobbies, to suggestions on where to go and how, to observations on how others spend their solitary moments. Appendices cover blasphemies, bodily functions, sexual deviations, and variations on "yo mama!"
Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian
This concise dictionary of 'Middle Egyptian' - that phase of the Ancient Egyptian language which had the widest general application - contains 5400 carefully selected words most likely to be encountered by students and scholars in the course of their regular work on Egyptian texts. Each entry gives the most common hieroglyphic form of the word, accompanied by its transliteration, translation, references to texts where it occurs, its less usual hieroglyphic variants, and phrases in which it is used. First published in 1962 and incorporating addenda from 1966, this Concise Dictionary has become the standard work of reference and is now in its tenth printing.
Hawaiian-english/english-hawaiian Dictionary & Phrasebook
f you're traveling to Hawaii and the only Hawaiian word you know is Aloha, this is the book for you! Hawaiians are enormously proud of their heritage, and Hawaiian shares official-language status with English. This book provides all the language you need to get by in Hawaiian, and is the ideal companion for vacationers and others interested in traditional Hawaiian culture. Divided into three parts, this book includes: -An easy guide to Hawaiian pronunciation and grammar -A two-way dictionary of essential words -A phrasebook covering useful topics such as greetings, food & drink, cultural activities, and more.
Greek Tables for the Use of Students
The principles upon which the Tables of Paradigms have been constructed, are the following: I. To avoid needless repetition; II. To give the forms just as they appear upon the Greek page, that is, without abbreviation and without hyphens; III. To represent the language according to its actual use, and not according to the theories or fancies of the Alexandrine and Byzantine grammarians; IV. To distinguish between regular and irregular usage. --from the Preface Contents I. Tables of Orthography and Orthoepy II. Tables of Etymology III. Principal Rules of Syntax IV. Forms of Analysis and Parsing
Dic Hippocrene Concise Nahuatl-English/English-Nahuatl (Aztec)
This dictionary reflects usage largely based on classical norms of the Nahuatl literary tradition, but also includes more contemporary vocabulary.
Sanskrit Grammar
As Latin is key to the study of Western classics, so Sanskrit is the gateway to understanding ancient Indian literature. One of the few Sanskrit grammars currently available, this meticulously researched and thoughtfully assembled guide to the language's basics will prove valuable to students of Indian culture and history.Focusing on the fundamentals of Sanskrit as revealed in literary classics, the text follows the forms and constructions of the older language, as exhibited in the Veda and the Brahamana. It begins with an introduction to the Sanskrit alphabet, followed by a treatment of the accent -- its changes in combination and inflection, and the tone of the individual worlds. Succeeding chapters discuss declension, conjugation, parts of speech, and formation of compound stems. A helpful appendix, Sanskrit index, and general index conclude the text.
English-Arabic Arabic-English Concise Romanized Dictionary
Designed for travelers and language students, this pocket guide for conversational Arabic contains over 8,000 entries. The words and expressions are in Romanized Arabic, so this dictionary will be most helpful to users who are not familiar with the Arabic alphabet and script. This dictionary features both the Syrian and Egyptian dialect, thus doubling its value for the user.
Somali-English, English-Somali Dictionary and Phrasebook
The essential Somali language resource!Somali is an Afroasiatic language with approximately 15 million speakers worldwide. It is spoken primarily in Somalia, but also in Somaliland, Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Kenya and by a significant Somali-speaking diaspora. Somali is written with the Latin alphabet.This unique, two-part resource provides travelers to Somalia and neighboring regions with the tools they need for daily interaction. The bilingual dictionary has a concise vocabulary for everyday use, and the phrasebook allows instant communication on a variety of topics. Ideal for businesspeople, travelers, students, and aid workers, this guide includes: 3,500 dictionary entries Essential phrases on subjects such as healthcare, time, dates, transportation, money, communication services and much more Concise grammar and pronunciation sections A guide to the Somali alphabet Maps
Twi-English/English-Twi Concise Dictionary
A concise Twi-English/ English-Twi dictionary is an unbeatable reference guide for travelers and students. It features over 8,000 entries (each with commonsense phonetics) and useful vocabulary and expressions for travelers to Ghana.
Hungarian-English/English-Hungarian Concise Dictionary
Includes useful vocabulary and expressions for the traveler, an introduction to the Hungarian language, a practical conversation guide, and index of Hungarian geographical names.
Hausa-English English-Hausa Dictionary
This dictionary is a modern resource designed to strengthen knowledge of the growing vocabularies respective to both Hausa and English. It is especially geared to the needs of speakers of both languages, be they student, business traveler, or tourist. Throughout the 18,000 entries and more than 40,000 definitions presented here in handy reference form, the user is exposed to both traditional as well as modern terminology. Notions of computerization, telecommunications, business, and the globalization of politics, law, and economy are well represented. Hausa is one of the major languages of Nigeria. It is also spoken in Niger and other neighboring West African countries in significant numbers. It is the African language with the greatest number of native speakers in sub-Saharan Africa.
Hippocrene Albanian-English English-Albanian Practical Dictionary
In its ninth printing, the Albanian Practical Dictionary is expanded and romanized to include 9,000 entries with simple pronunciation and basic grammatical information. Also includes a transliteration guide, a list of abbreviations, geographical names, and idiomatic expressions.
Bosnian-English English-Bosnian Dictionary
Here is a compact bilingual dictionary for both Bosnian and English speakers alike. Perfect for travelers, businesspersons, and students who need a portable reference. Includes 8,500 total entries, commonsense pronunciation, and appendices of common abbreviations.
A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe
The most up-to-date resource for those interested in the linguistic and cultural heritage of the Anishinaabe, A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe contains more than 7,000 of the most frequently used Ojibwe words. Presented in Ojibwe-English and English-Ojibwe sections, this dictionary spells words to reflect their actual pronunciation with a direct match between the letters used and the speech sounds of Ojibwe. It contains many ancient words and meanings as well as language added in the twentieth century.Most entries give several sample inflected forms such as the plural, diminutive, and locative forms of nouns and first person and participle forms of verbs. The basic patterns of Ojibwe word structure and the organization of the dictionary entries are clearly explained in the introduction. The most widely used modern standard writing system for Ojibwe is used throughout, and some of the key objects of Ojibwe life are authentically illustrated by coauthor and artist Earl Nyholm.Acknowledged as one of the three largest Native American languages, Ojibwe is spoken in many local varieties in the Upper Midwest and across Central and Eastern Canada. Minnesota Ojibwe is spoken in Central and Northern Minnesota, and is very similar to the Ojibwe spoken in the Ontario-Minnesota border region, Wisconsin, and Michigan's Upper Peninsula. A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe is an essential reference for all students of Ojibwe culture, history, language, and literature.
English-Yiddish Yiddish-English Dictionary
This Yiddish-English dictionary includes over 4,000 Romanized word-to-word entries; an appendix of idiomatic expressions & proverbs; and an appendix of common words used in the English language.
Navajo-English Dictionary
Navajo is spoken in the American Southwest (primarily Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah) by the Navajo people, or Dine'. The largest of all the Native American tribes, the Navajo are one of the few tribes that still use their native language in everyday communication. The Navajo language first appeared in writing in the mid-1800s. In 1939, the alphabet was standardized and printed materials were available. Shortly after, during World War II, bilingual "code talkers" sent secure radio messages using Navajo as a code. Includes over 9,000 entries; a detailed section on Navajo pronunciation; and useful, everyday expressions.
Lithuanian-English/English-Lithuanian
This 2-way Lithuanian-English/English-Lithuanian dictionary contains 8,000 entries. It also includes comprehensive definitions and phonetics for both languages in an easy-to-use format.
Armenian-English/English-Armenian
This 2-way Armenian-English dictionary includes over 9,000 entries for the Eastern Armenian dialect. Phonetic pronunciation is included for both English and Armenian entries.
Polish-English English-Polish Dictionary
In its fourth edition, this bestselling dictionary by author Iwo C. Pogonowski has been expanded to include over 9,000 entries and a comprehensive phonetic guide. Ideal for travelers and students.
A Dictionary of the Ojibway Language
Compiled nearly 150 years ago, this dictionary remains the most comprehensive and accurate lexicon available of the Ojibway language.
A Dakota-English Dictionary
This Dakota-English dictionary was sponsored by the Minnesota Historical Society when it was first published by the Smithsonian Institution in 1852. The editor, Stephen R. Riggs (1812-83), had worked with Samuel and Gideon Pond and Dr. Thomas S. Williamson to create the dictionary as well as prayer books and hymnals. All four men were missionaries sent by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to work among the Dakota of the Minnesota River valley. This reprint edition returns to print an expanded version of the dictionary published in 1890.
Introduction to Akkadian
The present edition of the Introduction to Akkadian is fully revised, and supplied with indices to the Akkadian vocabularies and sign-lists, an English-Akkadian glossary, and a paradigm of the strong verbs. The Introduction is intended as a tool in offering a twelve lessons or one semester course in essential Akkadian grammar. The reading exercises in transliteration and in cuneiform are designed to introduce the student to common vocabulary and basic cuneiform signs. The exercises are chosen from Old Babylonian, but signs are introduced, as is customary, in their Neo-Assyrian form. In addition to the twelve lessons, there are appendices dealing with Akkadian phonetics and metrology, indices, and a paradigm of the strong verb.
