Integrated Weed Management in Mustard
Indian mustard is a cool season crop and is cultivated in the tropical as well as in the temperate zones. Weed problem is a major barrier which is responsible for low productivity of mustard. A limited number of herbicides have been tested against the weeds in mustard. During recent period a number of broad spectrum herbicides have been launched which are capable of reducing competition for a longer period of time. The efficacy and selectivity of these herbicides are yet to be explored in mustard. On the other hand soil solarization in combination with herbicides application is very effective for controlling weed infestation. Soil solarization is a non-chemical, hydrothermal method of soil disinfection in which soil captures radiant energy of sunlight under transparent and black polythene to create unfavorable conditions for weeds.
Shrimp Culture of Zero Water Exchange Practises
Aquaculture is a well-established production technology. It can be dated back at least two millennium. It has been practiced in a wide area of the world for more than a century. The production process in aquaculture is determined by biological, technological, economic, and environmental factors. Production techniques vary widely from region to region, depending on the different social and natural environments from species to species on the various requirements. However, several common features exist, particularly in the more extensive production technologies. Several prophylactic and curative measures have also been suggested, although many chemicals have not been cleared for use. Environmental conditions can be controlled to a large extent, breeding programs undertaken and harvesting timed to ensure continuous supplies of fresh products. With increasing investments in aquaculture and a closer examination of factors that contribute to the risks faced by aquaculturists, the concept of integrated health protection measures has developed in recent years.
Eucalyptus and Cattle in Integrated Systems
Trees can improve the productivity of a production system. Integrated systems with trees and animals have been increasingly adopted in Brazil, as they enable diversification, income generation and environmental protection. However, damage to trees caused by the presence of cattle in the system can make it impossible to achieve these advantages. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of pruning on the debarking of the trunks of Eucalyptus benthamii trees and the damage caused by the presence of animals in a silvopastoral system. It also shows the initial growth of E. benthamii in different treatments: cattle-forest (PF), crop-livestock-forest (LPF), crop-forest (LF) and forest monoculture or forest massif (FM). This is an interesting work for professionals in the agricultural sciences, especially those who work or intend to work with integrated systems.
Atlas of Plant Histology at Optical Microscope
The atlas includes photomicrographs from the cyanobacteria to the higher plants, passing through fungi, mosses, liverworts and ferns. In the plants we study all kinds of tissues as well as sections of different parts such as the root, stem, leaf and the female and male parts of the flower. The work is aimed at both students and teachers of "Plant Histology" or "Botany" in university degrees such as those offered in faculties such as Biology, Pharmacy, Teaching, Agricultural Engineering... The main objective is to reveal the unsuspected beauty of the plant world at a microscopic level, which will surely help us better appreciate the nature that surrounds us.
Fertilization in Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Flexuosus)
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) was the second Indian foreign exchange-earning essential oil plant. The world demand for plant-based raw materials of essential oils for drugs and pharmaceuticals is increasing rapidly. Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants for their active principle and essential oils is usually highly remunerative. There is enough prospect of these oil-yielding plants to bring about diversification of cropping patterns of such cash crops for the upliftment of the rural economy. Cultivation of essential oil-bearing plants on scientific and commercial lines was started in India about 80 years ago. During the last fifty years, the Indian essential oil industry has made excellent progress.
Phenology of important tree species from different areas of Ahmedabad
The Phenological events of plant species includes seed germination, vegetative growth, flowering, fruit formation, fruit maturation, leaf fall, seed dispersal, and death which can be recorded month wise, season wise and also region wise by diagram and it provide us valuable information. Selected tree species and their branches were tagged for observations of various phenological events at these study sites, and visited these sites at least three times in a month for observations. Observations were made during the interval between two sampling dates (usually 10 days) and presented as phenogram. In all specific trees, the following phenological events were observed viz. 1) Leafing 2) Flowering 3) Fruiting and 4) Leaf fall. The variations in phenophases are due to changes in environmental conditions, habitat, and soil availability, as well as the nutrient content of the soil, which was adapted according to its surrounding abiotic and biotic environment of this study area.
Energy Assessment in Irrigation
Master's thesis developed in the Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Engineering - PPGEA, with an emphasis on the area of concentration of Water and Soil Engineering, at the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM). This book presents information on irrigated agriculture, with an emphasis on electricity consumption in conventional sprinkler irrigation systems. This information is aimed at students, producers, researchers, designers and professionals in the field of irrigated agriculture.
Effect of nitrogen sources on bean plants using plant hormones
Beans are part of Brazilian beliefs, customs and habits. Their consumption has been learned from generation to generation by incorporating new ways of producing and preparing them into regional tastes and by passing on practices that have taken root in the different ways of consuming them.
Land use dynamics in the municipality of Tamandar矇, Pernambuco, Brazil
This work brings together technical elements and analyses of the Geoprocessing and Georeferencing set, and the preparation of the CAR for a property located in Engenho Barreirinho in the municipality of Tamandar矇 - PE, owned by UMBUZEIRO EMPREENDIMENTOS IMOBILI?RIOS LTDA. The aim of this research was to analyse the dynamics of land use in the municipality of Tamandar矇/Pernambuco, Brazil, using geoprocessing and remote sensing techniques on a rural property in the area corresponding to Engenho Barreirinho - Rural Zone of the municipality of Tamandar矇/PE, demonstrating the effectiveness of the conventional topographic method using Geodetic GPS together with Nautical GPS in places of closed forest. This was made possible with the help of Remote Sensing and Geoprocessing in the preparation of the CAR for a property located in Engenho Barreirinho in the municipality of Tamandar矇, located on the south coast of Pernambuco. A vegetation index (SAVI) based on a Landsat 5 image was used to characterise the land use profile in the municipality of Tamandar矇.
Establishing pastures of Tifton 85 grass
This work was carried out with the aim of defining nitrogen fertilisation strategies in pastures of Tifton 85 grass, based on monitoring dynamic changes in the structure of forage canopies. The experiment was carried out in an area of Planossolo in the experimental field of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, during the pasture establishment phase. The treatments consisted of four levels of N (0; 50; 100 and 150 kg N-urea.ha-1), in a single application, arranged in 4 x 4 m plots, arranged in entirely randomised blocks, with four replications. Together with the nitrogen fertiliser, the plots received 80 kg P.ha-1 and 150 kg K.ha-1. The soil was corrected with 1.0 tn.ha-1 of limestone. The variables studied were: frequency of plant occurrence; canopy height, leaf growth and leaf area index (LAI), interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and dry matter production and partitioning.
Evaluation of water for irrigating vegetables in the Paraiba Hinterland
The intensive agriculture developed in the Para穩ba hinterland has different environmental impacts on water quality when compared to other Brazilian regions and biomes. It is therefore necessary to monitor various indicators of water quality, including assessing the use and disposal of pesticide residues used to contain pests that can jeopardise agricultural production. When it comes to family farming, family production is still intensive and of great local value, guaranteeing the survival of the family itself and the consumption of vegetables.
COVID-19 Impact on Uganda Agricultural Food System Outreach Services
The global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is expanding daily. Governments around the globe are confronted with multiple challenges related to minimizing the devastating health impact protecting human lives, and ensuring sufficient food supplies and the functioning of services to those most in need. Uganda as part of the global community was not spared, with the Government of Uganda, declaring the pandemic a national disaster, and in many cases in 2020, This affected agriculture both in extension work and food production. Extension services have been limited due to the lockdown as extension workers were not allowed to move freely to where their services are required. The study intended to carry out a study on the impact of COVID-19 on agricultural extension and food production in Nyabikungu Sub County, Rwampara district.
Empirical Methods for Estimating Reference Evapotranspiration
This book, written in a language that is easy to understand but of adequate scientific depth, covers important empirical methods for estimating reference evapotranspiration, providing information that enables correct planning and appropriate water management in agriculture. The book is aimed at the academic and scientific public, undergraduate and postgraduate students of courses related to the disciplines of irrigation, water-soil-plant-atmosphere relations, agrometeorology, producers and rural extension professionals.
Demographics of the Sierra Espirituana Palm in Bamburanao, Cuba
In many cases, plant populations are important sources of resources for agriculture, forestry, recreation, and as a refuge for fauna, so their study is a necessary aspect to address. Within the characteristics of plant populations in general, density and distribution are important. The present work constitutes the first demographic study of the species. For the present study, 25 random plots of one hectare each were chosen, for a total of 25 ha sampled. It was found that Gaussia spirituana lives in clustered populations. This result is crucial because clustered distribution is classified as a very successful survival strategy.
Instant Insights
This book offers a detailed overview of some of the key viruses affecting major horticultural crops, including apples, bananas, tomatoes and plums, as well as best practices for their management and control.
Brachiaria Brizantha Consortium with Stylosantes Campo Grande
Brazil is currently at the forefront of livestock farming, as it is a country whose climate favours the production of hardware in different locations and at different times of the year. It stands out as the largest commercial producer of cattle in the world, where the activity is one of the main factors responsible for the country's economic growth. The current Brazilian herd is approximately 209 million head of cattle, with pasture being used as the main source of food for these animals. The biggest problems in the exploitation of national livestock are related to the degradation of our pastures, which results in low quality and low productivity and consequently low support capacity. The main factors that cause this degradation are inadequate management practices, inadequate tillage and biotic problems such as attacks by insect pests.
Response of Foliar Nnutrition to Induce Flowering in Mango
The flower, fruit, and yield attributes of Kesar mango fruit tree in the Marathwada region were significantly influenced by the foliar application of various concentrations of chemical spray. The spraying of KNO3 @ 3% per tree had a significantly superior effect on flower, fruit, and yield attributes over other concentrations and chemical sprays. The treatment was closely at par with the treatment KH2PO4 @ 1.5% and KNO3 @ 2% per tree and was followed by theName: Vinod N ShindeDate of Birth:: 01 March,1975Citizenship: IndianPresent Address: Assistant Professor Department of Horticulture College of Agriculture, ParbhaniExperience and Expertise: 12 years of experience in teaching & planning, Special reference in pomology orchard development, NHM Hi-Tech nursery, Guided two M.Sc. (Agri) Horticulture students. Worked as Subject matter specialist. EDUCATION M Sc Agri, Horticulture  Doctor of Philosophy in Fruit SciencePROFESSIONAL CAREER Joined as Assistant Professor VNMKV, Parbhani in 2007. From last 12 years engaged in Teaching.  At present working at College of Agriculture, Golegaon.RECOGNITIONS  Additional coordinator in Bacterial Blight Disease in Pomegra
Micro propagation of stevia
Stevia is likely to become a major source of high potency sweetener for the growing natural food market in the future. Therefore, efficient and fast mechanized production needs to be established for Stevia to address the need. Understanding the biology of the Stevia plants and biochemistry of the sweet glycosides are prerequisites for conversion of Stevia to a modern crop. The demand for high potency sweeteners is expected to increase worldwide. It was only in the last year that Stevia really started to capture attention in the Indian market as a healthy alternative sweetener to sugar.
Extraction and evaluation of phycocyanin from Spirullina platensis
The purpose of this study was to isolate and refine the phycocyanin pigment, create nanocapsules, assess its antimicrobial and antioxidant qualities, observe how pH, temperature, and light affected the stability of phycocyanin in both free and encapsulated forms over time, and finally, analyze its impact on the flavor and texture of ice cream. Phycocyanin extraction methods included ultrasound, freezing, enzymatic and inorganic solvents, followed by purification with ammonium sulfate. Nanoencapsulation was done through the use of maltodextrin and sodium caseinate, utilizing ultrasonic and ultra-homogenization techniques.
Composite Yokes
Uttarakhand's draft animal population includes bullocks, buffaloes, horses, khachchars, donkeys, and yokes. Bullocks are predominantly used for agricultural tasks, necessitating a large number of wooden yokes. The production of these yokes requires substantial amounts of wood, contributing to deforestation. To address this environmental concern, a study was conducted to develop composite material yokes using locally available resources like silica, bagasse, paddy straw, jute, lantana, salix, and bamboo, combined with resin and hardener.The study tested various composite material yoke models for their mechanical properties, such as flexural, tensile, and compressive strengths, using specialized equipment. The best composite yoke model showed significant improvements in strength, weight, and cost compared to traditional wooden yokes. The composite yoke was lighter, stronger, and more affordable, making it a sustainable and effective alternative for farmers, thereby helping to reduce deforestation and meet agricultural needs efficiently.
Bioefficacy of combination insecticides against major insect pest
The present investigation on Bioefficacy of combination insecticides against major insect pests of Bt cotton under high density planting system carried out to evaluate safety combination insecticides against beneficial insects of Bt cotton under high density planting system. The results indicated that all the insecticidal treatments were found to be significantly superior in recording minimum number of sucking pests and bollworms over untreated control. Among all insecticides thiamethoxam 12.6% + lamdacyhalothrin 9.5% ZC, indoxacarb 14.5% + acetamiprid 7.7% SC and acephate 50% + imidachloprid 1.8% SP were found to be effective in reducing aphid, jassid, and whitefly population. The insecticides thiamethoxam 12.6% + lamdacyhalothrin 9.5% ZC, indoxacarb 14.5% + acetamiprid 7.7% SC and acephate 50% + imidachloprid 1.8% SP were found to be effective against larval population, fruiting bodies, rosette flowers, green boll damage, open boll damage and locule damage due to american and pink bollworm. The highest population of natural enemies was recorded in the plots treated with thiamethoxam 12.6% + lamdacyhalothrin 9.5% ZC after each spray with highest yield and ICBR.
Production of graviola seedlings under salt stress and nitrogen depletion
The cultivation of soursop (Anonna muricata L.) in the irrigated areas of north-eastern Brazil is of great socio-economic importance. However, due to the limitation of low electrical conductivity water for irrigation in this region, it is necessary to study techniques that make it feasible to use saline water to grow the species. The aim of this study was to assess the tolerance of soursop seedlings to an increase in the salinity of irrigation water under fertilisation with different doses of nitrogen. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at the Federal University of Campina Grande, at the Centre for Agri-Food Sciences and Technology, Pombal campus, PB. A randomised block experimental design was used, in a 5 x 4 factorial scheme, with four replications and two plants per plot. The treatments referred to five levels of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water (0.3; 1.1; 1.9; 2.7 and 3.5 dS m-1) in combination with four doses of nitrogen (70, 100, 130 and 160% of N of the recommended dose for soursop seedlings), in which the Morada Nova cultivar was evaluated.
Nutritional Physiology and Ecology of Honey Bees
Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are vital pollinators whose nutritional physiology and ecology are crucial for their survival and efficiency. They require a balanced diet consisting of carbohydrates, primarily obtained from nectar and converted into honey for energy; proteins from pollen, essential for brood rearing and gland development; lipids for cellular functions and hormone synthesis; and vitamins and minerals for various metabolic processes. Their specialized digestive system efficiently processes these nutrients. Ecologically, honey bees thrive in diverse habitats where floral diversity ensures the availability of necessary nutrients. Their foraging behaviour is influenced by the nutritional quality and availability of floral resources, which in turn affects their health and the health of the colony. Understanding these aspects is essential for their conservation and for enhancing their role in pollination.
Propagation by forking of the acerola tree
Characterized as a perennial crop, the acerola tree is a species that can be multiplied by various types of propagation, including direct sowing, cuttings, grafting, alporquia and dives. Most studies on acerola propagation report results from cuttings, where the seedlings produced are genetically the same as the mother plant, but little is known about the use of grafting in acerola. In addition to this study, more research into acerola propagation using grafting is needed, since grafting is a technique that favours the standardization of plants in a commercial orchard, improving productivity, and generally solving the problem of uneven plants in the field from seedlings produced only by seeds and which have not been grafted.
The Flower Finder
This book features where and when you can find 300 different species of wildflowers, flowering shrubs and small trees along the 14 most popular trails in the Columbia Gorge National Scenic Area. It provides not only descriptions of the flowers but why it populates that specific ecological niche, how it differs from related species, the month(s) it can be found, and its relationships to its genus and family. Along with the written descriptions, color illustrations accompany the text adjacent to its description. These are rendered in sufficient detail for easy identification. The location of each wildflower will be specified by distance from the trailhead, distance from before and after prominent landmarks, and elevation. These descriptions and the accompanying illustrations will allow you to locate and identify almost all the wildflowers in the Gorge. In addition, sidebars accompany the text in all chapters explaining botanical information in general but non-technical language, thus providing additional information about not only the science of these ecosystems but also the reasons why any particular flower or its family dwells in that particular location.
A Manual of Aquatic Fungi
Aquatic fungi contribute to the energy flow and productivity of an aquatic and semi aquatic ecosystems by their active role in the utilization and biodeterioration of organic materials. These fungi also possess the ability to parasitize aquatic plants and animals including fishes under certain conditions. Physiology, environmental needs and activity of these fungi vary with their morphological characters. The taxonomy of these fungi can not remain static. The morphological variability of these species ultimately be linked to the genetic control of their characters. A considerable amount of taxonomic studies has been carried out by a number of mycologists all over the world. The present monograph shows occurrence, distribution, taxonomic characters and keys to the species of different genera belonging to Blastocladiales, Monoblepharidales, Saprolegniales, Leptomitales and Legenidiales isolated time to time from various ecological conditions of India. The volume would be suitable for post graduate students, teachers, researchers, administrative officers and scientists engaged in mycology, aquatic fungi, microbiology, plant pathology, fish biology, fisheries, water management and aquatic biology in India and abroad.
Taxonomy of Bamboos
Bamboos have for long, eluded classification mainly because of their unique flowering pattern. Attempts by early researchers such as Munro, Gamble, Bentham and other who practiced the orthodox system of classification based on flower and fruit characteristics, resulted in some species of bamboos with wide geographical distribution being mistaken for different species, when they were merely polyploids of the same species, because of the limited number of samples available to them for their study. This has resulted in difficulties in identification, and confusion in nomenclature. From this it is evident that a solution to bamboo classification, and establishment of their correct identity can be achieved only by a multidisciplinary approach.
Banana
Banana (Musa spp.) is one of the oldest fruit crops known to mankind. Banana is being an exhaustive crop; it is paramount to maintain high degree of soil fertility to ensure high yield. Adoption of modern techniques like fertigation is needed to be emphasised to increase water use efficiency and fertilizer use efficiency. Fertigation is the most effective way to supply water and nutrients to plants which not only saves water and fertilizer but increases yield and quality. Adoption of fertigation in banana results in saving of fertilizer up to 25-30 percent and water saving up to 40 percent and significant increase in yield and quality of banana. Fertigation also minimizes the pollution of ground water by preventing losses through run off and Leaching. Thus, beyond doubt fertigation technology is a potential tool to easily double the productivity of banana from the present level in India which will not only bring prosperity to the farming community but also fulfil the fruit demand of the country in the near future. With going this book many ideas and problems are discussed to help out the students and research workers.
Harvesting Flavor
In the bustling corridors of the food industry, where flavors dance and aromas weave tales of tradition and innovation, lies a world as diverse as the dishes it creates. This book, "Harvesting Flavor," embarks on a journey through this vibrant realm, uncovering the intricacies of cultivation, production, and consumption that shape our culinary landscape.Food is not merely sustenance but a cultural cornerstone, connecting people across continents and generations. From the humblest farm to the grandest kitchen, each chapter of this book delves into the stories behind what we eat - the farmers who toil under the sun, the artisans who craft with meticulous care, and the chefs who transform raw ingredients into culinary masterpieces.Through these pages, we invite you to savor the narratives of sustainability and ethical sourcing that underpin modern gastronomy, as well as the technological marvels that redefine how we produce food. "Harvesting Flavor" celebrates the passion and creativity driving the food industry forward while acknowledging the challenges it faces in an ever-changing world.
Importance of Wetting Patterns in Drip Irrigation
The wetting pattern in drip irrigation refers to how water spreads and penetrates the soil around the emitters. Unlike traditional irrigation methods where water is dispersed over a larger area, drip irrigation applies water directly to the root zone of plants through emitters placed near the plants or along the irrigation lines. Overall, the wetting pattern in drip irrigation systems is designed to maximize water use efficiency while ensuring plants receive adequate moisture for optimal growth. Proper design, installation, and maintenance are key to achieving the desired wetting pattern and maximizing the benefits of drip irrigation. In summary, soil wetting and drip irrigation are integral to efficient water management and healthy plant growth, playing significant roles in sustainable agriculture and gardening practices.
Ethnobotanical Recovery of Medicinal Plants
The World Health Organisation points out that 80% of the population does not have access to primary health care, which is why many people use medicinal plants to cure various ailments. However, traditional folk knowledge is passed on in unrecorded form. Medicinal plants are an important tool for promoting health, both for rural and urban populations. The aims of this research were to retrieve and record traditional folk knowledge on the subject among students at the IFSULDEMINAS Campus Muzambinho - MG. The work contributes to the traditional popular rescue of medicinal plants and their registration, thus avoiding the extinction of this knowledge and helping to ensure that this tradition does not come to an end. Thus, transmitting the correct knowledge of how to use medicinal herbs and the ideal preparation of each one.
Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) of Teak in Middle Gujarat Region
This book have mentioned about the purpose of the investigation which was to characterize the phenotypic and molecular variability of teak genotypes. This is the study of my master's research work during the year 2016-2018 at Anand Agricultural University. A book comprised of investigation on 32 teak genotypes selected from different locations in middle Gujarat, India. Out of 32 genotypes, 18 genotypes were seed orchard genotypes and 14 genotypes were natural growing genotypes. The research was conducted at "The Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, during 2017-2018". The study contains the outcome of the selected marker systems viz., SSR and SRAP that could be efficiently utilized to characterize the teak genotypes. The outcomes of the present study would able to provide valid guidelines for the collection and characterization of teak genetic resources for future tree improvement program for quality wood availability.
Effects of pruning on Pinus elliottii
The aim of this study was to determine the influence of pruning intensity on the growth and shape of Pinus elliottii Engelm. The experiment was set up in Piratini, Rio Grande do Sul, in causalized blocks with four replications and four pruning treatments: 0%, 40%, 60% and 80% of the total height of the trees. The growth analysis as a function of pruning intensity and the SAS programs used are presented. The results at 15 years of age showed that there was no significant influence of pruning on average height, dominant height and mortality; however, diameter and volume were influenced by pruning, with the more intense the operation, the greater the reduction. The shape of the trees tended to change from neiloid to paraboloid as the intensity of pruning increased.
Precision nitrogen application strategy
Precision nitrogen management of wheat is a farming practice that aims to optimize the use of nitrogen fertilizers while minimizing their negative environmental impact. Precision agriculture technologies are used to gather information about spatial and temporal differences within the field to match inputs to site-specific field conditions. Precision N management can be employed by using treatment maps, in-season determinations, and homogeneous areas. Before making N management decisions, both the measurement and understanding of soil spatial variability and the wheat N status are needed. Complementary use of different sensors has improved soil properties assessment at relatively low cost. Results show the usefulness of airborne images, remote and proximal sensing for predicting crop N status by responsive in-season management approaches. The SPAD meter is a chlorophyll meter that measures the relative chlorophyll content of leaves, which can be used to determine the nitrogen status of crops. The use of SPAD meters in precision nitrogen management of wheat has been studied in several research papers.
GENETIC DIVERSITY STUDIES IN OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench
The present investigation was under taken to study "Genetic Diversity and Variability Studies in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)". with 52 genotypes of okra. The experiment was conducted at Breeder Seed Production Unit, VNMKV, Parbhani during kharif 2020 and observations were recorded for characters viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, number of days to first harvest, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight (g), fruit length (cm), fruit girth (cm), number of ridges per fruit, number of nodes per plant, plant height (cm), internodal length (cm), number of branches per plant, number of seeds per fruit, 100 seed weight (g) and yield per plant (g).
Effect of sowing time on varieties of summer groundnut
A field experiment entitled "Effect of sowing time on varieties of summer groundnut" was conducted during the summer season of the year 2022 at the plot number E-5, Regional research station farm, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four replications and 9 treatment combinations, where main plot consisted of three different sowing times: S1: Second fortnight of January; S2: First fortnight of February; S3: Second fortnight of February and the sub-plot consisted of three different groundnut varieties: TAG 24, TG 37A and GG 34. The study aimed to investigate the effects of sowing time and varieties on the growth, yield attributes, yield, quality and economics of summer groundnut.The study assessed plant population, growth parameters: plant height (cm) and dry weight of nodules (mg/plant), plant dry biomass (g/plant) and days of maturity; yield attributes and yield parameters: pods per plant, pod yield (kg/ha) and haulm yield (kg/ha), Shelling (%), Seed index (%) and quality parameters: oil (%) and protein (%) in kernel.The results of the experiment revealed that the sowing time significantly influenced the growth.
Pollinator Diversity in Agricultural and Horticultural Ecosystems
Co-evolution of flowering plants and their pollinators started about 225 million years ago. The mutualistic plant-pollinator interaction is of central importance since it results in seed and fruit production and therefore key contributors to biodiversity, ecosystem maintenance and essential to economic services. Insects make our world much more interesting. Of the total pollination activities, over 80 per cent is performed by insects and bees contribute nearly 80 per cent of the total insect pollination, and therefore, they are considered the best pollinators. Plants attract pollinators based on their flowers shape, size, colour and nectar guides. Flower shape and colour can provide a clue as to what animals might serve as pollinators for a plant. In addition to producing visually attractive flowers, plants produce fragrant flowers to attract pollinators. About 80 per cent of the world's flowering plants, including one-third of our food crops, depend on these animal pollinators to reproduce. Many types of animals can be pollinators for a wide range of different plants. It include diverse species of Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and other insects.
Graphene
The field of graphene science and technology is relatively new, having emerged since 2004. In the decades that followed, it remained difficult to say which applications would prove to be the most popular. Nanotechnology monitors a leading agricultural controlling process, especially by its miniature dimension, which put carbon and carbon related nanomaterial like graphene in the spotlight of science and technology research. Improving fertilizer use efficiency is global goal, and new engineering approaches are needed to design more effective nutrient delivery to crops and minimize harmful losses to the environment. Recent strategies to address this problem are based on designing slow-release fertilizers or polymer-coating of conventional fertilizers. The significant loading and desirable release performances of GO-based carriers make them favourable for loading of any nutrient and could be used as generic carriers for creating of new generation of advanced SRFs. Graphene and Graphene oxide can be used as additives in fertilizer granules to significantly improve their physical properties. Graphene based composites proved to be a potential source of using in various applications.
Extrafloral nectaries on biological control agents
Extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) are specialized glands found outside of flowers in various plant species worldwide. They secrete sugar-rich nectar, attracting a diverse array of arthropods. EFNs are dispersed across different plant structures and play a crucial role in indirect plant defense by fostering mutualistic interactions with natural enemies of herbivores. The relationship between plants and biological control agents facilitated by EFNs enhances plant protection against herbivorous pests. Wasps, coccinellids, ants, spiders, and beetles are attracted to EFNs, offering varying degrees of pest protection. These natural enemies prey on herbivores, thereby reducing herbivore damage and improving plant fitness. EFNs serve as a consistent and reliable food source for arthropod predators and parasitoids, prolonging their longevity, enhancing fecundity, and increasing efficacy in pest control. This mutualistic interaction contributes to the overall health and resilience of plant populations. In agricultural settings, intercropping with EFN producing species can boosts natural pest control efforts and reducing the need for chemical pesticides and promoting sustainable farming practices.
Prospects for Family Farming
Agriculture is the main activity for human beings, both for subsistence and to develop a given region through a productive unit. Because it is a demanding and decisive job, it has gone through a process of giving up, initiating a predominant rural exodus among small producer families, in the face of poor working conditions, as well as a lack of incentives. Over the years, innovation and technology have affected agriculture, resulting in less manual and costly work in the production process. This scenario has made it easier to handle, but it has also created some discomfort for farmers who used to produce in a cultural way, giving the space to their children. The aim of this study is to analyze young people's prospects for succession in dairy farming, as well as the influence of innovation and technology, by interviewing families. Five properties were visited, presenting the prospects for family succession, along with the benefits that technology and innovation have made available to them.
Genotypic Variation in Plants for Micronutrient Stress
This book entitled 'Genotypic variation in plants for micronutrient stress' consists of varied features of plants concerned with genotypic adaptation to nutrient deficiency stress. An attempt has been made to present a concise account of both physiological and genetic bases responsible for micronutrient efficiency. The text also includes brief but valuable information on functions, deficiency symptoms and uptake of various micronutrients. The book includes critical evaluation of genotypic variation in plants for various micronutrients stresses in a sequential manner starting with iron which is often used as a model for study of mineral elements. Full colour illustrations depicting typical deficiency symptoms are provided to enable the reader to visualize the disorders at a glance. Among the salient features are the flowcharts and tables provided illustrating the text. A special chapter on enhancement in the nutritional status of crop plants through biofortification and nanotechnology is also given in the end.
Host Plant Resistance In Mustard Genotypes Against Aphid
This book has a focus on Insect host plant resistance in different mustard genotypes against aphid as a sap sucker of plants. It also explores the intricate interactions between mustard plants and their insect pests. It delves into the genetic, biochemical and morphological traits that contribute to insect resistance in various mustard genotypes by integrating classical breeding techniques with modern biotechnological approaches. At the end, it has an aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of how mustard plants can be bred for enhanced resistance against insect pests.
The Subtribe Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae), Brazil
Orchids are extremely charming plants because of their beauty, variety of shapes, scents, attraction to pollinators and colors. I am passionate about their flowers and varieties. There is an orchid for every taste, to decorate a room, for special moments and for having them by our side. Studying orchids in nature has made me even more enchanted, because they adorn the garden of life and it's the smallest details that make them unique and beautiful.
Kerala's Green Invaders
Kerala's Green Invaders: A Study of Invasive Plant Species in Kerala, explores the ecological impact and management strategies concerning ten major invasive plant species prevalent in Kerala. Among these, Camonea vitifolia, Chromolaena odorata, Hyptis suaveolens, Lantana camara, Mikania micrantha, Mimosa diplotricha Sauvalle, Mucuna bracteata, Parthenium hysterophorus, Pontederia crassipes, and Senna spectabilis, are identified as particularly aggressive invaders, altering ecosystems and threatening native flora and fauna. The study analyzes the spread, distribution, and ecological implications of these invasive species, shedding light on their mechanisms of proliferation and the challenges they pose to biodiversity conservation efforts in Kerala. Additionally, the study explores various control and management approaches, including mechanical, chemical, and biological methods, as well as community-based initiatives and policy interventions. Understanding the dynamics of these invasive species is crucial for developing effective management strategies to mitigate their negative impacts on Kerala's ecosystems, safeguarding its natural heritage for future generations.
Fertigation of sugar cane with vinasse
The use of vinasse through fertigation is one of the most important practices, since its rational use makes it possible to fertigate agricultural soils, thus giving a correct destination to this product that was previously discarded in surface waters, causing pollution of these and also of the water table through percolation. As soon as the waste was disposed of correctly, studies began to be carried out, making it possible to enumerate the benefits it brought to sugar cane cultivation. The aim of this study was to survey the application of liquid waste from sugar-alcohol production (vinasse) to sugarcane crops. A standard dosage, volume, application cycle, agricultural maintenance and continuous monitoring was adopted, which will take into account the climatic and geological variations that the crop covers in the region. It was concluded that the agricultural use of vinasse and its benefits for the soil are diverse, both from an agronomic, economic and social point of view. The rational use of this residue in sugarcane plantations promotes increased productivity in poor soils and drier regions.
Proposed measures to mitigate damages
Olive cultivation has demonstrated resistance to changes in some climatic variables, and is capable of obtaining satisfactory yields under relatively adverse soil and climatic, landscape and management conditions. The present research has the purpose of proposing measures for olive tree management under waterlogged conditions in "Olive Land Farms" located in the state of Florida. For data collection, a diagnosis of the area under study was applied in order to identify the current state of the olive grove in areas with waterlogging. A diagnosis was made to analyze the situation of the plantation taking into account the variables, variety, plant condition and height. To determine the relationship between variety and plant condition, a Chi2 analysis was performed, and a one-factor analysis of variance was performed for variety - plant height. Statistical differences between means were identified using Tukey's PostHoc test (p
Agriculture and Forests in Sumidouro (RJ)
Family farming in the Campinas watershed in Sumidouro is characterized by intensive land use and a strong relationship with industrial capital. Over the decades, this farming model has contributed to the reduction of a large part of the native vegetation areas in the watershed and even today puts the remaining forests at risk. In 2012, after major clashes in Congress, a new Forest Code (FC) was approved which brought significant changes to the rules on Permanent Preservation Areas and Legal Reserves. The new text implemented new instruments for monitoring and controlling deforestation: the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) and the Environmental Regularization Program (PRA), but divided opinion because it considerably reduced the mandatory protection strips on properties. In the midst of these controversies, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between family farmers in the Campinas watershed and the remaining forests on their properties, with a view to understanding the possible impacts of applying the new CF in the study area.
Using Sesame Waste
Due to its nutritional potential, sesame residue flour is an excellent alternative for partially replacing wheat flour in the formulation of food products, allowing for the nutritional enrichment of foods such as breads, cakes and cookies, among others. However, it is necessary to use techniques that add value to the sesame residue, identifying the maximum amount that can be incorporated by these residual flours in the substitution of traditional raw materials in food production, in order to enable the development of food products for practical consumption with added nutritional value.
