Two Dimensional Positioning and Heading Solution for Flying Vehicles Using a Line-Scanning Laser Radar (LADAR)
Emerging technology in small autonomous flying vehicles requires the systems to have a precise navigation solution in order to perform tasks. In many critical environments, such as indoors, GPS is unavailable necessitating the development of supplemental aiding sensors to determine precise position. This research investigates the use of a line scanning laser radar (LADAR) as a standalone two dimensional position and heading navigation solution and sets up the device for augmentation into existing navigation systems. A fast histogram correlation method is developed to operate in real-time on board the vehicle providing position and heading updates at a rate of 10 Hz. LADAR navigation methods are adapted to 3 dimensions with a simulation built to analyze performance loss due attitude changes during flight. These simulations are then compared to experimental results collected using SICK LD-OEM 1000 mounted a cart traversing. The histogram correlation algorithm applied in this work was shown to successfully navigate a realistic environment where a quadrotor in short flights of less than 5 min in larger rooms. Application in hallways show great promise providing a stable heading along with tracking movement perpendicular to the hallway.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Particle Image Velocimetry Using Novel, Non-Intrusive Particle Seeding
The purpose of this research effort was to study the use of non-intrusive particle seeding for Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Current seeding material and techniques involve the use of either solid particles or liquid mixtures which can contaminate or damage closed circuit wind tunnels, and in some cases can introduce a potential fire or explosive hazard. The proposed method is based on creating seed particles utilizing carbon dioxide (CO2). The CO2 would be dispensed into the flow as a liquid, immediately condensing to solid seed particles as they leave the spray nozzle. The advantage of using these particles is that they will sublimate from their solid state to harmless CO2 gas that would neither contaminate nor damage the tunnel and would not present a combustion hazard. The goal of this research is to determine if this technique is capable of yielding suitable CO2 seed particles, in an attempt to be able to ensure their suitability for Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Particle sizing data was acquired for a small-scale low-speed flow, and a size range on the order of 10 m was a common result for a variety of different nozzle and flow conditions. It was determined that with little modification, a commercial CO2 cleaning device created enough suitably sized seed tracer particles to execute PIV measurements and a proof-of-concept was successfully demonstrated in a supersonic flow using this technique.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Liquid Crystal on Silicon Non-Mechanical Steering of a Laser Vibrometer System
This research examined the possibility of using a non-mechanical beam steering device to steer the beam of a coherent laser radar system. Non-mechanical beam steering devices offer many advantages in size, weight, power requirements, and steering speeds. Additionally, non-mechanical beam steering devices present the capabilities of splitting a single beam into multiple beams as well as beam forming and expanding. The coherent laser radar system used was a Laser Vibrometer System. The beam of the laser vibrometer was steered from 0 mrad to 3 mrad at 1 mrad increments using the liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) device. The laser vibrometer was able to accurately measure a 2500 Hz vibration target on the steered vibrometry beam at all steered angles. A small LCOS noise signal was detected. The LCOS noise spectrum was determined to be consistent and predictable located at 60 Hz harmonics and was successfully subtracted from the signal. The LCOS device was used to split the vibrometry beam into 2 separate beams. The vibrometer was able to accurately measure two simultaneous independent target signals over the split beam.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Photogrammetry-Based Hybrid System for Dynamic Tracking and Measurement
Noncontact measurements of lightweight flexible aerospace structures present several challenges. Objects are usually mounted on a test stand because current noncontact measurement techniques require that the net motion of the object be zero. However, it is often desirable to take measurements of the object under operational conditions, and in the case of miniature aerial vehicles (MAVs) and deploying space structures, the test article will undergo significant translational motion. This thesis describes a hybrid noncontact measurement system which will enable measurement of structural kinematics of an object freely moving about a volume. By using a real-time videogrammetry system, a set of pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) cameras is coordinated to track large-scale net motion and produce high speed, high quality images for photogrammetric surface reconstruction. The design of the system is presented in detail. A method of generating the calibration parameters for the PTZ cameras is presented and evaluated and is shown to produce good results. The results of camera synchronization tests and tracking accuracy evaluation are presented as well. Finally, a demonstration of the hybrid system is presented in which all four PTZ cameras track an MAV in flight.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Cross-Connection Control Manual
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Evaluation of a Method for Kinematic GPS Carrier-Phase Ambiguity Resolution Using a Network of Reference Receivers
New applications for GPS have driven a demand for increased positioning accuracy. The emerging GPS technology particularly affects the test community. The testing equipment and method must provide a solution that is an order of magnitude more precise than the tested equipment to achieve the desired accuracy. Carrier-phase differential GPS methods using a network of reference receivers can provide the centimeter-level accuracy required over a large geographical area. This thesis evaluates the performance of a 5-receiver network over a 50 km x 120 km area of New Mexico, using a GPS network algorithm called Net Adjust. The percentage of time a fixed integer solution was available for a kinematic baseline was investigated for three types of measurements. Results showed that the virtual reference receiver method using Net Adjust-corrected measurements outperformed the raw and Net Adjust-corrected file results. However, these results were only obtained for the shortest baseline receivers. The receivers with longer baselines did not experience the same degree of success, but did lead to several important insights gained from the research. Most importantly, the accuracy of the reference receiver coordinates is critical to the performance of a reference receiver network. Further testing must be accomplished before a full implementation is recommended.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Separation of the Heavier Rare Earths by Fractional Solvent Extraction
The Office of Scientific & Technical Information (OSTI), is a part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) that houses research and development results from projects funded by the DOE. The information is generally an article, technical document, conference paper or dissertation. This is one of those publications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
TM 5-811-7
The United States Army Publishing Directorate is the Army's leader in publishing and delivering informational products worldwide. Their main mission is to supply official authenticated information to enhance the readiness of the total force. Some product topics include: Army Regulations, Engineering Technical Manuals, Administrative Publications, Circulars and Pamphlets. This is one of their documents.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Thermodynamic Modeling of the Meyer Nutating Engine
The purpose of this project was to develop a tool to model the performance of the Meyer nutating engine. A new type of internal combustion engine, this engine replaces the pistons with a nutating, or wobbling, disk. Contact between the disk and the engine walls create the chambers for compression and expansion. The disk's motion causes the volumes of these chambers to change, causing air intake, compression, expansion, and exhaust to take place. In the process of creating a program to do this, thermodynamic relationships were determined and incorporated into an Engineering Equation Solver computer model. This allows designers to see the performance of differently-sized engines at various engine speeds and altitudes. This model was verified against a MATLAB model, showing good agreement at mid range engine speeds and comparisons were made to current engines. The nutating engine showed significant weight savings over current engines of the same power.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Simulation of a Diode Pumped Alkali Laser
This paper develops a three level model for a continuous wave diode pumped alkali laser by creating rate equations based on a three level system. Differential equations for intra-gain pump attenuation and intra-gain laser growth are developed in the fashion done by Rigrod. Using Mathematica 7.0, these differential equations are solved numerically and a diode pumped alkali laser system is simulated. The results of the simulation are compared to previous experimental results and to previous computational results for similar systems. The absorption profile for the three level numerical model is shown to have excellent agreement with previous absorption models. The lineshapes of the three level numerical model are found to be nearly identical to previous developments excepting those models assumptions. The three level numerical model provides results closer to experimental results than previous systems and provides results which observe effects not previously modeled, such as the effects of lasing on pump attenuation.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Laser-Plasma Interactions Relevant to Inertial Confinement Fusion
The Office of Scientific & Technical Information (OSTI), is a part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) that houses research and development results from projects funded by the DOE. The information is generally an article, technical document, conference paper or dissertation. This is one of those publications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Finite Element Analysis of Lamb Waves Acting Within a Thin Aluminum Plate
Structural health monitoring (SHM) is an emerging technology that can be used to identify, locate and quantify structural damages before failure. Among SHM techniques, Lamb waves have become widely used since they can cover large areas from one single location. Due to the development of various structural simulation programs, there is increasing interest in whether SHM data obtained from the simulation can be verified by experimentation. The objective of this thesis is to determine Lamb wave responses using SHM models in ABAQUS CAE (a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) program). These results are then compared to experimental results and theoretical predictions under isothermal and thermal gradient conditions in order to assess the sensitivity of piezo-generated Lamb wave propagation. Simulations of isothermal tests are conducted over a temperature range of 0-190-F with 100kHz and 300kHz excitation signal frequencies. The changes in temperature-dependent material properties are correlated to measurable differences in the response signal's waveform and propagation speed.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Modification of Position and Attitude Determination of a Test Article Through Photogrammetry to Account for Structural Deformation
The Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) at Arnold AFB, TN currently has a computer program which, through a process known as photogrammetry, combines multiple 2D images of a wind tunnel test article, affixed with numerous registration markers, and the known 3D coordinates of those markers. It can then accurately determine the unknown position and attitude of the test article relative to the wind tunnel. The current algorithm has a problem in that it assumes the test article is a rigid body, when, in fact, the test article experiences deformation under aerodynamic loads. Due to this deformation, the 3D coordinates of the markers are not precisely known. This research looks at modifying the current program to account for this deformation and to improve the accuracy of the position and attitude determination of the test article. The current program uses the Levenberg-Marquardt method of multi-parameter optimization to solve for the unknown parameters of position and attitude. In this work, deformation is modeled in two modes, simple parabolic bending and linear twisting, and uses the L-M method to solve for these additional parameters. This work also determines the minimum number of targets and cameras required to obtain the maximum accuracy. It varies the model targets from about 20 to 200, and looks at using 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 cameras. The results are a great improvement in accuracy over the original program. The results also show that optimal accuracy is obtained with approximately 50 targets and 2 cameras. Any more than this produces an extremely small improvement in accuracy, with no real added benefit. It is clear that by adding simple bending and twisting parameters to the list of unknowns in the L-M solver, a much greater accuracy can be achieved in the determination of the position and attitude.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Comparison of Film Cooling Techniques in a High Speed, True Scale, Fully Colled Turbine Vane Ring
An effort was undertaken to understand the impact of different film cooling configurations in a true scale turbine vane for three proprietary airfoil designs. The measurements for this study were taken at the United States Air Force Turbine Research Facility (TRF). The TRF enabled heat transfer data to be obtained on full scale turbine hardware under realistic engine conditions. The surface heat flux of the turbine blades was analyzed using the impulse response method. The overall effectiveness was compared between airfoil types at 60% span over varying streamwise locations on both suction and pressure surfaces. Using an approximated massflow, a comparison of the overall effectiveness with respect to massflow rate could be made between airfoils at three different airfoil locations. The shaped hole and slot cooling configurations were found to have higher average overall effectiveness for lower massflow rates than the multiple hole configuration based on the conditions tested.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Analysis of the Application of a Triggered Isomer Heat Exchanger as a Replacement for the Combustion Chamber in an Off-the-Shelf Turbojet
The objective of this research was to determine the feasibility of using a nuclear reaction heat source, such as the electromagnetically triggered decay of an isomer, in a solid-state heat exchanger to power an off-the-shelf gas turbine engine. Two primary performance measures examined were the total pressure decrement across the heat exchanger and the total temperature capability leaving the heat exchanger. The analysis included the use of acommercialsoftware package, ANSYS// 5.6.1, running on a 700 MHz Pentium III PC. This package includes the FLOTRAN computational fluid dynamics program, a finite element program based on unstructured meshes, with multiple discretization schemes, turbulence models, and advection options. Boundary conditions on velocity, pressure, temperature, heat flux, and heat generation are available and were used in this research. Three basic geometries of heat exchanger were explored in this research: Concentric annular tubes, radial trapezoidal fins, and a dual, concentric annulus of rectangular fins. These were selected due to the simplicity of geometry and potential ease of manufacture. In addition, because the flow through all of these geometries could be reasonably approximated by a series of two dimensional flow fields, run times were on the order of 1 day, a significant reduction from 3-D flow calculations. All three configurations produced sufficient heat transfer. Pressure ratios across the heat exchangers varied in the range from 94.597O to 97.5%. Turbine inlet temperatures varied from 986 K to 1150 K (1775 R to 2070 R). In the J-57 engine, these conditions will produce a static, sea-level thrust of approximately 37,000 N (8,300 lb.) to 47,000 N (10,600 lb.), compared to 46,000 N (10,300 lb.) for the conventional engine.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Air Force Energy Security
The price of crude oil recently soared past $115 per barrel, resulting in the most expensive gasoline prices ever and renewing the debate over America's insatiable demand for energy. Airpower provided by the United States Air Force (USAF) uniquely depends on high density liquid fuels to deliver the flexible, asymmetric advantages of rapid mobility and global power. In fact, the USAF is the largest government consumer of energy and spends more than $5.8B annually on 2.6B gallons of aviation fuel, comprising 82% of its energy budget. Furthermore, every $10 increase per barrel of oil costs the Air Force an additional $600M annually, as reflected by the $2.1B growth of the FY09 budget to account for rising fuel costs. The eventual price for expensive energy in our budget constrained environment has been reduced flight training hours and fewer funds to invest in the recapitalization of an aging aircraft fleet, both of which degrade the service's combat capability. In short, our national and military dependence on oil is a strategic center of gravity which can be exploited by our adversaries and will continue to be a national problem as this increasingly limited resource becomes more expensive to discover, secure, and produce. As we move forward into the 21st century, the interdependence of energy, the economy, and national security will be intertwined and are a great cause for concern. Now is the time for investment in a diverse portfolio of renewable and domestic energy sources. The USAF recognized the vulnerability caused by its energy consumption and has established an aggressive energy strategy to reduce demand, increase supply, and develop a lasting culture of energy awareness. The Air Force is reducing unnecessary weight from daily air mobility training sorties and investing in revolutionary engine and aerodynamic technologies to improve fuel efficiency and reduce demand.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Comparative Study of the Fuel Economy Characteristics of Mazda Rotary Engine Vehicles Versus Conventional Reciprocating Engine Vehicles
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Ufgs 33 05 23.19
Unified Facilities Guide Specifications (UFGS) are a joint effort of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), the Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC), the Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency (HQ AFCESA), the Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment (HQ AFCEE) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). UFGS are for use in specifying construction for the military services. This is one of those documents.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Heat Transfer in Fluidized Beds
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Graphitized Carbon Foam With Phase Change Material
The transient heating and cooling responses of graphitized carbon foam infiltrated with phase change material (PCM) are studied, including thermal cycling, analytical modeling, contact resistance, and the temperature gradient through the infiltrated foam. Infiltrating carbon foam with PCM creates an effective thermal energy storage device (TESD). The high thermal conductivity of the graphite ligaments in the foam allows rapid transfer of heat throughout the PCM volume. The PCM, chosen for its high heat capacity and high heat of fusion, stores the heat for later removal. The PCM is able to absorb a significant amount of heat without a significant increase in temperature during phase change. Three different types of carbon foam were selected for this study, and a fully-refined paraffin wax was chosen for the PCM. Experimental samples of foam and PCM were heated on a temperature-controlled heater block from room temperature through phase change and to steady-state. Heat was then removed using a liquid-cooled cooling block. A data acquisition unit recorded temperatures throughout the experimental sample, the heater, and cooler every four seconds. The heating and cooling responses were modeled using an exponential function. The results show a decrease in the temperature rate of change during melting and solidifying of the PCM. Multiple cycles of heating and cooling the sample produced consistent responses.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Unearthing Hawaii璽€(TM)s Energy Goldmine
This research paper assesses the feasibility of installing a photovoltaic system at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii. The study begins with an analysis of the rooftop photovoltaic system installed in 2005 at Pearl Harbor Naval Station, Hawaii, which borders Hickam Air Force Base. The analysis identifies the feasibility criteria that Pearl Harbor's Energy Manager considered during project development, and reviews the performance of the array since its installation. Using the criteria and performance data from the Pearl Harbor project, the study then assesses the feasibility of implementing a similar system at Hickam. Hawaii's high electricity prices, sunny climate, and tax incentives for corporate investment in solar power combine to create one of the most favorable solar energy markets in the country.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Using Lasers in Space
Orbital debris in tow-Earth orbit ranging in size from 1 to 10 centimeters (cm) in diameter, poses a significant problem for space vehicles.1 While this debris can he detected, it cannot he tracked with sufficient reliability to permit spacecraft to avoid these objects. Such debris can cause catastrophic damage even to a shielded spacecraft. Given the technological advances associated with adaptive optics, a ground-based pulsed laser could ablate or vaporize the surface of orbital debris, thereby producing enough cumulative thrust to cause debris to reenter the atmosphere. One laser facility could remove all of the one-ten centimeter debris in three years or less. This study proposes that the United States develop a technology demonstration of this laser space propulsion in order to implement a system for removing debris from earth orbit. The cost of this proposed demonstration is favorable in comparison with the typical costs [or spacecraft operations.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Use of Space-Based Assets to Reduce the Effects of Natural Disasters
Natural disasters kill one million people around the world each decade, and leave millions homeless each year. As destructive as natural disasters are, there are means to reduce the effects of natural disasters. Reducing the effects of natural disasters requires volumes of data to improve preparation, response, and recovery efforts. By virtue of physical location and global access, satellites provide an ideal platform to collect and disseminate information related to natural disaster management. Specifically, imagery (multispectral, hyperspectral, synthetic aperture radar) and communication satellites are essential to the efforts of reducing the effects of natural disasters before, during, and after they occur. As capable as the individual satellites are in reducing the effects of natural disaster, new strategies of how to employ satellites are leveraging those capabilities even further.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Ufgs 01 35 26
Unified Facilities Guide Specifications (UFGS) are a joint effort of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), the Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC), the Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency (HQ AFCESA), the Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment (HQ AFCEE) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). UFGS are for use in specifying construction for the military services. This is one of those documents.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A New Flexible Global Positioning System (GPS) Constellation Sustainment Strategy
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is now a global utility. The United States Air Force is the steward responsible for sustaining and modernizing the constellation. The current launch-to-sustain strategy implemented by the Air Force is not flexible, does not effectively support GPS modernization, and it does not lend itself to a future responsive launch paradigm.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Lessons Learned From Early Implementation of The Maintenance Rule at Nine Nuclear Power Plants
This report summarizes the lessons learned from the nine pilot site visits that were performed to review early implementation of the maintenance rule using the draft NRC Maintenance Inspection Procedure. Licensees followed NUMARC 93-01, "Industry Guideline for Monitoring the Effectiveness of Maintenance at Nuclear Power Plants." In general, the licensees were thorough in determining which structures, systems, and components (SSCs) were within the scope of the maintenance rule at each site. The use of an expert panel was an appropriate and practical method of determining which SSCs are risk significant. When setting goals, all licensees considered safety but many licensees did not consider operating experience throughout the industry. Although required to do so, licensees were not monitoring at the system or train level the performance or condition for some systems used in standby service but not significant to risk. Most licensees had not established adequate monitoring of structures under the rule. Licensees established reasonable plans for doing periodic evaluations, balancing unavailability and reliability, and assessing the effect of taking equipment out of service for maintenance. However, these plans were not evaluated because they had not been fully implemented at the time of the site visits.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Pwtb 200-1-65
The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE, also sometimes shortened to CoE) is a U.S. federal agency under the Department of Defense and a major Army command made up of some 38,000 civilian and military personnel, making it the world's largest public engineering, design, and construction management agency. Although generally associated with dams, canals and flood protection in the United States, USACE is involved in a wide range of public works throughout the world. The Corps of Engineers provides outdoor recreation opportunities to the public, and provides 24% of U.S. Hydropower capacity. Public Works Technical Bulletins are published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. They are intended to provide information on specific topics in areas of Facilities Engineering and Public Works.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Pwtb 420-49-37
The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE, also sometimes shortened to CoE) is a U.S. federal agency under the Department of Defense and a major Army command made up of some 38,000 civilian and military personnel, making it the world's largest public engineering, design, and construction management agency. Although generally associated with dams, canals and flood protection in the United States, USACE is involved in a wide range of public works throughout the world. The Corps of Engineers provides outdoor recreation opportunities to the public, and provides 24% of U.S. Hydropower capacity. Public Works Technical Bulletins are published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. They are intended to provide information on specific topics in areas of Facilities Engineering and Public Works.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Modeling and Simulation in Support of Testing and Evaluation
Testing and Evaluating are key to the successful development of an acquisition program. Operational Testing during the development phases of the acquisition process is the most difficult to accomplish. This is so because it requires that a system be nearly complete before you can conduct testing. Computer Modeling and Simulation of a proposed program is one way to achieve early operational test requirements. In this project, I will show how modeling and simulations support test and evaluation. At the conclusion of this paper, I will have given the reader the following: 1) an explanation of how similar programs can benefit from modeling and simulation, 2) an explanation of the current methods of validating models, 3) a discussion on why we should standardize validation methods, and 4) an explanation of how to standardize validation methods.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Design Guide
This Design Guide provides the information and resources necessary to design and install cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) water supply systems in residential buildings. It includes comprehensive design concepts and installation guidelines to increase the acceptance and proper use of PEX. This document is targeted to meet the needs of home builders, designers, and trade contractors. Its purpose is to introduce potential users to PEX and to enable current users to optimize their PEX plumbing and minimize system costs. In addition, it will allow code inspectors and homeowners to become familiar with the applications, performance characteristics, and benefits of PEX water supply systems.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Constellation Design of Geosynchronous Navigation Satellites Which Maximizes Availability and Accuracy Over a Specified Region of the Earth
Currently, there are four Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) either being developed or in existence-GPS, GLONASS, Compass, and Galileo. Additionally, there are several Regional Navigation Satellite Systems (RNSS) planned or in existence, as well as numerous augmentation systems (which require a GNSS for operation). It can be anticipated that there will be interest in developing additional independent regional navigation satellite systems to cover areas of interest to particular countries or regions, who want to have their own system. In this paper, a genetic algorithm is used in an e ort to determine near-optimal RNSS constellations. First, a cost function is setup, which involves a weighted combination of dilution of precision (DOP) values and percentage availability for any number of receiver locations on the ground (which themselves can be weighted). E ectively, using this approach it is easy to quantify the quality of coverage, in terms of measurement geometry, over a speci c region of the earth. Next, a genetic algorithm is used in order to attempt to converge to the lowest-cost constellation possible.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Fault Tree Handbook
In accordance with the 1988 amendment to the Act, the NRC's Office of the Inspector General (OIG)was established on April 15, 1989, as an independent and objective unit to conduct and supervise auditsand conduct investigations relating to NRC's programs and operations. The purpose of OIG's audits andinvestigations is to prevent and detect fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement, and promote economy, efficiency, and effectiveness in NRC programs and operations. In addition, OIG reviews existing andproposed regulations, legislation, and directives, and provides comments, as appropriate, regarding anysignificant concerns. The NRC Staff and NRC Contractors create reports or brochures on regulatory decisions. Theseare results of research, results of incident investigations, and other technical and administrativeinformation. This is one of those documents.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Design and Validation of an Sccurate GPS Signal and Receiver Truth Model for Comparing Advanced Receiver Processing Techniques
Recent increases in the computational power of computers and digital signal processors have made possible new, novel signal tracking techniques in GPS receivers. One such technique is known as Direct Correlator Output Processing (DCOP). This technique replaces individual traditional tracking loops with a single Kalman Filter, which jointly processes the received signals while exploiting their correlated noises. DCOP is innovative in its potential to replace the tried and true classical signal tracking loops. It is also an enabling technology for ultra-tightly coupled GPS/INS (Global Positioning System/Inertial Navigation System). Potential benefits of these new tracking techniques include an order-of-magnitude improvement in positional accuracy in environments of jamming and high dynamics. However, such performance gains are typically based on software simulations of conceptual GPS receiver designs, not working prototypes. Simulating these new designs requires the modeling of GPS signals and receiver tracking loops, instead of the traditional pseudorange and carrier-phase measurements, which many proven GPS simulation software packages accurately model.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Improved Multinuclide Imaging of Special Nuclear Material Using a High Purity Germanium Double Sided Strip Detector
In the conduct of this research effort, neutron activated Sn sources and standard radioactive sources were used to simulate the gamma energy spectrum of a nuclear weapon pit. A converging hole collimator was designed, constructed, and mated with an HPGe Double Sided Strip Detector. A MATLAB image processing code was developed to produce a grayscale image of the sources. A variety of source configurations was examined to demonstrate the system's ability to obtain proper spatial distribution information for a multinuclide gamma emitting source. By replacing the converging hole collimator with a second detector array (as in a Compton camera) to improve detector efficiency, HPGe strip detectors may be used for the intended application of identifying the presence of a "spoof" weapon pit consisting of multiple nuclide sources meant to mimic a real weapon pit.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Integrated Synthetic Aperture Radar/Global Positioning System/Inertial Navigation System for Target Geolocation Improvement
A significant amount of military and civilian research has been aimed at the sensor fusion technology area. However, there has been little research into the fusion between synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors and navigation sensors like the inertial navigation sensor (INS) and the global positioning system (GPS). SAR is used in civilian and military applications to image ground based targets in reconnaissance and fighter targeting missions. The SAR range and range rate measurements are generally obtained and processed independently from the aircraft navigation system. This thesis explores a potential integration technique to fuse information from the navigation sensors with the SAR target measurements. Using Kalman filtering techniques, an INS/GPS/SAR integrated system was simulated in a single Kalman filter to analyze the SAR target geolocation accuracy benefits. Three different GPS receiver models were used in the integrated system: stand-alone, differential, and carrier-phase differential (using floating ambiguity resolution). Each of these GPS models were integrated with a common INS/SAR combination to determine the target geolocation accuracy improvements due only to GPS receiver type. Thesis results show that SAR targeting can be enhanced, through tight integration of an INS/GPS navigation system, without increasing the SAR resolution.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Slope Stability
This manual provides guidance and assistance to design engineers in the development of different types of equipment used by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). The manual should be used when preparing electrical designs for civil works facilities built, owned, or operated by the Corps of Engineers.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Gaussian Mixture Reduction for Bayesian Target Tracking in Clutter
The Bayesian solution for tracking a target in clutter results naturally in a target state Gaussian mixture probability density function (pdf) which is a sum of weighted Gaussian pdfs, or mixture components. As new tracking measurements are received, the number of mixture components increases without bound, and eventually a reduced-component approximation of the original Gaussian mixture pdf is necessary to evaluate the target state pdf efficiently while maintaining good tracking performance. Many approximation methods exist, but these methods are either ad hoc or use rather crude approximation techniques. Recent studies have shown that a measure-function-based mixture reduction algorithm (MRA) may be used to generate a high-quality reduced-component approximation to the original target state Gaussian mixture pdf. To date, the Integral Square Error (ISE) cost-function-based MRA has been shown to provide better tracking performance than any previously published Bayesian tracking in heavy clutter algorithm. Research conducted for this thesis has led to the development of a new measure function, the Correlation Measure (CM), which gauges the similarity between a full- and reduced-component Gaussian mixture pdf. This new measure function is implemented in an MRA and tested in a simulated scenario of a single target in heavy clutter. Results indicate that the CM MRA provides slightly better performance than the ISE cost-function-based MRA, but only by a small margin.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Laser-Induced Fluorescence and Performance Analysis of the Ultra-Compact Combuster
The AFIT Combustion Optimization and Analysis Laser (COAL) lab's modular design and precision diagnostic systems make it an important facility for analying combustion processes. The objectives of this research are to install lab enhancements, validate the laser diagnostic system, characterize the igniter for AFIT's Ultra-Compact Combustor (UCC) sections, and perform a laser diagnostic, performance, and video analysis of a flat-cavity UCC section. Laser system validation was accomplished using OH Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) in a laminar hydrogen-air flame produced by a Hencken burner. Results are compared to previous research. Ratios of intensities and excitation scans in the OH (A-X) (1-0) electronic transition system are used to measure temperature and species concentrations. Igniter characterization was accomplished using open-air flammability and flame height observations to select an operating condition and validated by attaching the igniter to the UCC section. An operating procedure is recommended.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Quality Assurance Representative's Guide
The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE, also sometimes shortened to CoE) is a U.S. federal agency under the Department of Defense and a major Army command made up of some 38,000 civilian and military personnel, making it the world's largest public engineering, design, and construction management agency. Although generally associated with dams, canals and flood protection in the United States, USACE is involved in a wide range of public works throughout the world. The Corps of Engineers provides outdoor recreation opportunities to the public, and provides 24% of U.S. Hydropower capacity. The Corps' mission is to provide vital public engineering services in peace and war to strengthen the nation's security, energize the economy, and reduce risks from disasters. This document was published by the members of the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE).This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Prototype Development and Dynamic Characterization of Deployable Cubesat Booms
The current barrier to CubeSat proliferation is their lack of utility depth. These small satellites are exceptionally well suited for specific space missions such as space weather observation and other scientific data gathering exploits, however, they are not suited for every mission. The 10cm-cube form factor that gives the CubeSat its unique advantage is also its greatest hindrance. A potential bridge over this gap is the successful integration of deployable booms onto the CubeSat structure. With this research, the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) explored the parameters of deployable tapespring booms using the triangular retractable and collapsible (TRAC) cross-sectional geometry developed by Air Force Research Labs (AFRL) and used on NASA's CubeSat, Nanosail-D These booms were augmented with reflective membranes and specifically designed to deploy on orbit for the purpose of ground observation, observations that could later be used to determine the deployed dynamics of the booms from optical data gained passively by solar illumination.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Flow Separation Prevention on a Turbine Blade in Cascade at Low Reynolds Number
The problem of flow separation from a low pressure turbine blade was investigated. The operating conditions under which the separation occurred were documented through measurement of surface pressure coefficients, boundary layer velocity and turbulence profiles, total pressure loss coefficient and wake velocity momentum deficit. Three different means for reducing the losses associated with the flow separation were also investigated. A boundary layer trip, dimples, and V -grooves were studied as passive means requiring no additional energy to reduce the separation losses. The boundary layer trip was only successful for an inlet and axial chord Reynolds number of 50k with a reduction in loss coefficient of 58.2%. Three sets of dimples were tested with the placement of each at axial chord locations of 50%, 55%, and 65%.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Structural Response of the Slotted Waveguide Antenna Stiffened Structure Components Under Compression
The Slotted Waveguide Antenna Stiffened Structure (SWASS) is an aircraft system that can provide the capabilities of a stiffened panel skin structure and a slotted waveguide radar antenna simultaneously. The system made from carbon fiber reinforced polymers is designed around a 10 GHz radar frequency in the X-band range and uses a WR- 90 waveguide as a baseline for design. The system is designed for integration into fuselage or wing sections of intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) aircraft and would increase the system performance through the availability of increased area and decreased system weight. Elemental parts of the SWASS structure were tested in compression after preliminary testing was completed for material characterization of a resin reinforced plain woven carbon fiber fabric made from Grafil 34-700 fibers and a Tencate RS-36 resin with a resin mass ratio of 30%. Testing included finite element stress and strain field characterization of seven single slot configurations, and results showed the longitudinal 90- slot was the best structural slot by about 30% in terms of maximum von Mises stress. Single waveguides were tested in the non-slotted configuration and a configuration including a five longitudinal slot array in one waveguide wall. Finite element results were compared with experimental results and showed good comparisons in all areas. The slot array was determined to have a decrease in nonlinear limit load of 8% from the finite element simulations and 12% from the experimental results. All waveguides showed the characteristics of local wall buckling as the initial failure mechanism and had significant buckling features before ultimate material failure occured.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Performance of a Small Internal Combustion Engine Using N-Heptane and Iso-Octane
With the sustained interest in Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) and Micro Air Vehicles (MAV), the military services have a real need for vehicles powered by an internal combustion (IC) engine that can run efficiently on heavy hydrocarbon fuels, especially JP-8 due to established logistics. This thesis concerns the results of running a two horsepower, 4-stroke, spark-ignition engine (FUJI BF34-EI) with both iso-Octane and n-Heptane. Results include the knocking characteristic of this engine with n-Heptane, a comparison of the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of the two fuels in a factory delivered engine configuration over a 17x10 APC propeller loading, a comparison of the heated fuel effects on BSFC and torque of the two fuels and the effects of varied spark timing with n-Heptane on BSFC and torque. It is shown with stock ignition timing and fuel at ambient temperature, n-Heptane exhibits on average less specific fuel consumption than iso-Octane; specifically, an average of 4.1% over the entire engine loading and 12.61% over the stock propeller engine loading.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Finite Element Analysis of Active and Sensory Thermopiezoelectric Composite Materials
Analytical formulations are developed to account for the coupled mechanical, electrical, and thermal response of piezoelectric composite materials. The coupled response is captured at the material level through the thermopiezoelectric constitutive equations and leads to the inherent capability to model both the sensory and active responses of piezoelectric materials. A layerwise laminate theory is incorporated to provide more accurate analysis of the displacements, strains, stresses, electric fields, and thermal fields through-the-thickness. Thermal effects which arise from coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch, pyroelectric effects, and temperature dependent material properties are explicitly accounted for in the formulation. Corresponding finite element formulations are developed for piezoelectric beam, plate, and shell elements to provide a more generalized capability for the analysis of arbitrary piezoelectric composite structures. The accuracy of the current formulation is verified with comparisons from published experimental data and other analytical models. Additional numerical studies are also conducted to demonstrate additional capabilities of the formulation to represent the sensory and active behaviors. A future plan of experimental studies is provided to characterize the high temperature dynamic response of piezoelectric composite materials.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Experimental Results for a High Swirl, Ultra Compact Combustor for Gas Turbine Engines
Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) experiments have been conducted within the cavity of an atmospheric pressure, small scale, Ultra Compact Combustor (UCC). The UCC uses highly swirled flow in a cavity around the outside periphery of the combustor to generate high centripetal acceleration in the fluid. This enhances mixing and leads to a very short axial flame length. Additionally, due to the circumferential velocity, much of the residence time required by the flame is provided by the circumference of the engine rather than axial length as in conventional combustors. These two effects combine to produce observed flame lengths less than half those of conventional swirl stabilized combustors. These short flame lengths lend themselves to reduced engine size and weight and open the possibility for inter-turbine burning (ITB) reheat cycles for aircraft engines.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Hardware Realization of a Transform Domain Communication System
The purpose of this research was to implement a Transform Domain Communication System (TDCS) in hardware and compare experimental bit error performance with results published in literature. The intent is to demonstrate the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of a TDCS in communicating binary data across a real channel. In this case, an acoustic channel that is laden with narrowband interference was considered. A TDCS user pair was constructed to validate the proposed design using Matlab to control a PC sound card. The proposed TDCS design used the Bartlett method of spectrum estimation, the spectral notching algorithm found in TDCS literature, quadrature phase shift keying, and minimum mean square error transverse equalization to mitigate the effects of noise and intersymbol interference. Water-filling was evaluated as an alternative to spectral notching for performing waveform design and is shown to perform equivalently. Validated software was migrated to code suitable for use onboard a Digital Signal Processor Starter Kit (DSK). Two DSK boards were used, one for transmission and reception, and bit error performance results were obtained. Bit error analysis reveals that the TDCS hardware performs approximately the same as literature suggests.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Vibration Suppression of a Rotationally Periodic Structure Using an Adaptive-PPF Control Law
For a compressor disk, effective vibration suppression requires broadband control, and the elimination of inter-blade coupling forces. Previous researchers achieved this using an active-passive piezoelectric shunt network. Unfortunately, optimal tuning of the shunt requires prior knowledge of the coupling strength, which is not well defined. This thesis uses an adaptive parameter estimator to eliminate the inter-blade coupling forces. In addition, the passive shunt is replaced with an analogous positive position feedback method. The resulting control law was used on a simulated four and eight bladed system.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
C-17 Airdrop Simulation
We develop an object-oriented simulation that models the airdrop mission of the newest U.S. transport aircraft, the C-17 Globemaster III. The simulation, written in MODSIM III, is based on three basic object types: a C-17, a wake vortex, and a paratrooper. The aircraft object provides the required aerodynamic constants for simulating the wake vortices generated off each wing tip; the vortex object includes velocity field and decay models as well as a position algorithm; and, the paratrooper object implements a 6-degree of freedom trajectory model. After considering two validation scenarios, we generate vortex encounter information for various formations and wind conditions, and quantify the associated risk of paratrooper/vortex encounters in a potential encounter rate. Time over the DZ is a primary concern in any airdrop operation, and the results of this analysis form a tool that allows the ground commander to assess the risk involved in decreasing that time. We also present a 3D visualization of the simulation output that may be used for mission planning and prototyping of new aircraft formations or tactics.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
