Evaluation of Air Force Aircraft Maintenance Metrics for Integration Into the Expeditionary Combat Support System
Implementation of an ERP is a large time and resources consuming endeavor, with many areas the require evaluation and planning. One of these critical areas are Legacy Systems Evaluation and Conversion. This study will explore the transition of 28 current legacy Air Force Maintenance metrics into the ECSS ERP system. Evaluation of these metrics by operational maintenance managers will provide insight into the importance and effectiveness of the current metrics as well as the clarity and success of the proposed new metrics for the ECSS program.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Evaluation of Automated Systems
The end of the 20th Century presented the United States Army a new technological and geopolitical environment. The Army has recognized this change and is adapting to operate in this new environment. The army has developed a number of new automated tools to assist leaders to command and control their organizations. One tool currently being developed, tested, and integrated into the Army is the Combined Arms Planning and Execution Monitoring System or CAPES. CAPES is designed to assist decision makers develop, coordinate, and produce operational plans. As this and other automation systems are developed, they must be evaluated. The Army uses evaluation to determine the merits of a system. The evaluation also reveals deficiencies a system must correct to become more useful. This monograph focuses on the evaluation process. Investigating the process identified a number of problems an evaluation might encounter during the assessment. These problems identified in the research for this paper are now documented. Assessors can now use this list to design aspects of future evaluations. Initially the research for this monograph attempted to evaluate the usefulness of CAPES. To determine whether CAPES was useful a test was organized to compare two planning efforts. Two military staffs planned operations based on a similar problem. The experiment defined one planning staff, using traditional planning tools, as the bases of comparison. The second group would have the benefit of CAPES. The early collection and analysis of observations from the two planning groups indicated the design of the experiment was inadequate to show either CAPES 19 benefits or faults. Initial scrutiny revealed significant problems with the experiment 's design. These problems prevented any comparison of the two planning efforts. Investigation of the difficulties discovered problems in the scenario selected, organization of the planning staff, and the exercise architecture. Analysis of the problems indicateThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
For Want of a Nail
The Global Positioning System (GPS) has become a vital component to both the military and civilian infrastructures. U.S. military forces have evolved from using its signal for routine navigation to depending on it for nearly every facet of combat operations. GPS is also seamlessly integrated into every major civil infrastructure, including transportation, communications, energy, commerce, banking, and emergency response services. In addition, the accuracy and worldwide availability of GPS has spawned a multi-billion dollar international market representing billions of dollars in annual tax revenue. Despite its vital importance, the GPS constellation is populated with numerous satellites operating well beyond their design life. These aging satellites are more likely to malfunction, which can reduce service coverage, degrade accuracy, and in some cases, transmit dangerously inaccurate data. The constellation is in a frail state with multiple satellite failures predicted each year for the next several years. The Air Force currently subscribes to the launch to sustain (LTS) satellite replenishment strategy. Under this strategy, new satellites are launched only after a satellite failure or just prior to a failure. The purpose of this monograph is to investigate whether the Air Force should forgo its current LTS replenishment strategy and adopt a more aggressive launch to augment (LTA) strategy in order to proactively eliminate high risk satellites and to accelerate modernization timelines. It will be shown that the explosive growth of GPS over the past fifteen years has outpaced the Air Force 's strategy on satellite replenishment. The growing importance of GPS must be matched with a progressive replenishment strategy that sustains the constellation 's reliability and improves its utility for military, commercial, and international users. Instead, LTS has placed a premium on maximizing individual satellite life in order to reduce constellation life cycle costs. This hasThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Cyber Power
Cyberspace is the newest warfighting domain, but heretofore it has been the nearly exclusive purview of technical experts, not warfighters. Consequently, much of the work on cyber power theory has eschewed the traditional concepts and lexicon of war in favor of language more familiar to technical experts in information communications technology. This convention stunts strategic thinking on cyber power and creates a barrier to cyber power's integration into joint military operations. For these reasons, this study advances the beginnings of a cyber power theory rooted in the lessons of war experience in the traditional warfighting domains of land, sea, and air. By examining cyber power through the lens of fundamental concepts like initiative, terrain, speed, and mobility cyberspace's similarities to the other warfighting domains emerge. Cyber power combines qualities inherent to land, sea, and air power -- making cyber power simultaneously distinct from, and analogous to, all three. This unique synergy is what separates cyber power from these other forms of military power. At the same time, similarities between cyberspace and the physical domains lets cyber power theory take lessons from past war experiences, as well as from the military theories of those like Carl von Clausewitz, Sir Julian Corbett, Sir John Slessor, and John Boyd. By rigorously observing when the analogies between cyberspace and the other domains apply and collapse, this study gleans some lessons from traditional experience and theory on how to seize the advantage on attack or defense in cyber power.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Enabling Design
Current operations indicate that improvements are warranted within our Battle Command (BC) planning method to support complex and ill-structured problems. Several modified approaches have been reviewed and synthesized into a general theoretical method currently addressed as Design. A practice of Design is necessary to facilitate the employment of Design theories. Design analysis so far has focused more upon the theory and less upon the actual practices of Design. Guidelines for conducting Design within Army forces do not exist within doctrine or SOP. There are no descriptive guidelines for the organization (team size, roles, and responsibilities), management (time, workflow, artifacts), or support environment (infrastructure and tools) of the design team. The Design practices identified within this paper address some of these gaps and can provide a baseline for additional guidelines or for tailoring by an operational force Design Team.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Airborne and Space-Based Lasers
The Air Force is simultaneously pursuing both the Airborne and Space Based Laser programs. Under the impression that these two systems are synergistic and even that the ABL represents a logical stepping stone to the SBL, the Air Force has begun the process of advocating both programs, defending their funds, developing the required technology, fielding the weapons, and drafting the doctrine that will make them useful to the operational commands.The purpose of this study is to assess the actual compatibility between the ABL and SBL by carefully examining both the technologies and operational strategies. Only by studying the similarities and differences between these technologies and the technical risks and challenges can the defense establishment gain a more detailed understanding of the compatibility of the ABL and SBL technologies. Only by examining the operational preferences revealed in each system's technical descriptions and concepts of operation will it be possible to understand the compatibility of the operational strategies for the employment of the A.BL and SBL. Once the facts about the actual compatibility between the ABL and SBL are known, the Air Force leadership will be better prepared to make the right decisions about the role of laser weapons in ballistic missile defense. This study hopes to stimulate further debate about how these technologies will influence the security of the United States in the twenty-first century.There is no debate with the propositions that the ABL and SBL are both laser weapons that are capable of performing the same mission of theater ballistic missile defense. But despite the fact that these weapons are based on similar configurations inside their respective aerospace vehicles, it is essential to understand that the ABL and SBL systems are not sufficiently compatible to justify the claim that the programs are synergistic.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Utility of Experimental Design in Automatic Target Recognition Performance Evaluation
This research investigates current practices in test and evaluation of classification algorithms, and recommends improvements. We scrutinize the evaluation of automatic target recognition algorithms and rationalize the potential for improvements in the accepted methodology. We propose improvements through the use of an experimental design approach to testing. We demonstrate the benefits of improvements by simulating algorithm performance data and using both methodologies to generate evaluation results. The simulated data is varied to test the sensitivity of the benefits to a broad set of outcomes.The opportunities for improvement are threefold. First, the current practice of "one-at-a-time" factor variation (only one factor is varied in each test condition) fails to capture the effect of multiple factors. Next, the coarse characterization of data misses the opportunity to reduce the estimate of noise in test through the observation of uncontrolled factors. Finally, the lack of advanced data reduction and analysis tools renders analysis and reporting tedious and inefficient. This research addresses these shortcomings and recommends specific remedies through factorial testing, detailed data characterization, and logistic regression. We show how these innovations improve the accuracy and efficiency of automatic target recognition performance evaluation.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
First Cut at Doctrine for Automation of Division Command and Control
This study analyzes past efforts to introduce automated systems into existing military and civilian organizations. Six fundamental principles for successful implementation of automated support to management are derived and then applied to the U.S. Army division command and control system. Finally, modifications to current division staff organizations and procedures, division command posts and the commander's modus operandi are recommended. The six principles for successful automation are: 1) Use information systems to improve internal communications and reduce analytical workload; 2) Minimize specialization of information workers; 3) Expand the jobs of information workers; 4) Simplify/modify organization structure before automating; 5) Encourage "agents of change"; and 6) Commanders and senior staff must provide a positive influence. Recommendations include: 1) reduce the size of the current G3 staff organization; 2) Simplify G3 staff procedures; 3) Adopt a new command post concept with two separate command posts operating on twelve hour, alternating periods; and 4) Increase information available to the commander throughout the division area of operations. The study concludes that the Combined Arms Center, as the lead proponent for automated support of command and control within the Army, should begin now to develop and test new doctrine for automated support of division command and control.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Evaluation and Analysis of EFX 98 Assessment Experiences and EFX 98 Assessment Evaluation
The Chief of Staff of the Air Force directed that the Air Force conduct five annual experiments beginning in fiscal year 1998 to explore advanced warfighting concepts relating to the Expeditionary Aerospace Force structure. The first of these experiments was conducted from 12-26 Sep 1998 and focused on technologies and processes related to a possible Air Operations Center of the future. This thesis explores two elements of EFX 98. First, the structure of the experiment was examined for ways in which to improve the process for future experiments. Second, the data collected with respect to the structure and systems of the proposed Air Operations Center were analyzed in order to make statistically sound decisions regarding the proposed Air Operations Center. The first part of the thesis looked at the EFX 98 structure and provided suggestions which encouraged a design of experiments approach to EFX scenarios. Additionally, recommendations for leadership were made to break the exercise paradigm and focus the participants toward data collection. The second part of the thesis examined the survey data collected. With respect to the structure/process survey, the mean responses were found to be neutral in almost every regard. Multivariate analysis was used to make recommendations about the construction of future surveys with regard to the survey measures. With respect to the systems/applications survey, several statistical inferences were made regarding the various systems and applications, and multivariate analysis gave support to the survey construction.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Command and Employment of Space Power
It is inevitable that mankind will weaponize space and likely this weaponization will take place in the next thirty years. The United States is in the early stages of a transition from using space assets to support combat operations on the surface of the earth to using space assets to conduct combat operations in space, from space, and through space. This paper discusses factors driving the United States to take its first steps to weaponize space. It is the time for the Air Force to start building the doctrinal framework for combat operations in, from, and through space to guide the technological development of space assets as the doctrine of strategic bombardment guided Air Force thought and aircraft development prior to World War II. This paper discusses the transition from an air to a space force by examining required changes to Air Force doctrine within the framework of its six core competencies if the Air Force is to organize, train, and equip aerospace forces to conduct combat operations in the space environment.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Is it Time to Give the U.S. Army Engineer Battalion (Combat) (Heavy) a Facelift?
This monograph focuses on a construction unit in the United States Army, the Engineer Battalion (Combat) (Heavy). The Engineer Battalion (Combat) (Heavy) is the main organization, providing the U.S. Army the bulk of its heavy construction capability. This monograph specifically examines the organization and capabilities of the battalion and determines if the U.S. Army should make changes to the battalion organizational structure to make it a more effective combat multiplier for full spectrum operations in the 21st century. The concept of modularity is defined from doctrinal sources and an assessment is made to determine if the battalion configurations affords the flexibility required to achieve this. There is a tendency to look to civilian models, which generally have functionalized companies, when recommending changes to military construction organizations. This monograph examines the differences between operating environments of civilian construction firms and military construction units and assesses how this might impact the organizational design of a U.S. Army troop construction organization. The monograph briefly covers the history, employment and reasoning for the present organization of the battalion. Case studies of the use of combat heavy engineer battalions in Operations Desert Shield/Desert Storm (1990-1991), and operations in Bosnia (1995-2000) are examined to determine the battalion's overall effectiveness in providing general engineering support to these operations. These case studies provides a basis for examining the use of the battalions in Major Theater War (MTW) operations of short duration in a relatively mature theater, and Stability and Support Operations (SASO) of long duration in an immature and battle damaged theater. Additionally, the present organizational structure of the troop heavy construction organizations in the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Air Force are analyzed to determine if there are any lessons the Army can apply to the organizationThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Cargo Aircraft Bombing System
From the early days of aviation, bombs typically have been carried by either fighter or bomber aircraft in the inventory. On the other hand, more and more longrange, precision-guided missiles are being produced with ranges that vary from tens to hundreds of miles. With such missiles, targets can be destroyed without placing personnel and equipment into close proximity to the targets. The mass delivery of standoff weapons could be especially advantageous during the early phases of an air campaign. This study considers the use of cargo aircraft for carrying and launching bombs and missiles. It has discussed many aspects of a Cargo Aircraft Bombing System (CABS) and provided an overall view. The intention of the study was not to complete design details about CABS, but rather to identify preliminary design concepts that need to be considered in a CABS. The study considered and provided background information on four carrying platforms including the C-17, C-141, C-130 and C-5, and four types of precision guided missiles including JSOW, JASSM, SLAM-ER and LOCAAS. Based on the four platforms and four missiles, particular issues were considered concerning systems and three preliminary carriage and release designs have been proposed.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Information Management Principles Applied to the Ballistic Missile Defense System
Information systems (IS) have evolved over the last 50 plus years from individual components with single functionality to grand architectures that integrate multiple individual business functions into global organizational enterprises. Similarly several military systems with the single mission of missile defense have evolved in service stovepipes, and are now being integrated into a national and global missile defense architecture. The Missile Defense Agency (MDA) is currently tasked with developing an integrated Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS) capable of defending against all ranges of ballistic missiles in all phases of flight in defense of the homeland, our deployed forces, and our allies. While this initiative has been proceeding since before Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, the full momentum has only recently been achieved through the withdrawal of the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and demonstrated threats from North Korea and Iran. This study draws parallels between the evolution of IS and the BMDS. Further it compiles information management (IM) principles, investigates if they apply to the BMDS, and investigates if they can be used to achieve a better integrated system. Initial indications are that IM principles do apply, but it is questionable if they are being applied.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
In Vitro Toxicity of Aluminum Nanoparticles in Human Keratinocytes
Nanotechnology promises to be the defining technology of the 21st century. At an annual investment of $1B, it provides significant contributions to manufacturing, medicine, energy conservation, and the environment. Nanoparticles are structures with at least one dimension in the 1 to 100 nanometer (nm) range. DoD and US Air Force interest in aluminum nanoparticles (AL NPs) stems from its ability to enhance combustion jet fuel, thus increasing fuel efficiency. The addition of AL NPs to JP-8 may pose a unique dermal hazard to aircraft maintenance workers. There is no published data on AL NP toxicity effects on human skin. This research used in vitro techniques to determine the cytotoxicity of AL NPs, sized 50, 80, and 120 nm, on human keratinocytes. AL NPs at concentrations 10 - 10,000 ?g/mL and 24-hour exposure did not have a negative effect on cell viability, as assessed by membrane leakage, metabolic function, and reactive oxygen species generation. Keratinocyte expression of proinflammatory interleukins-1? and -8 was quantified to determine if AL NPs induced precursor cytokines for irritant contact or sensitizer response dermatitis. After 24-hour exposure to AL NPs, keratinocytes expressed significant concentrations of IL-8, 24 - 100 times greater than IL-1?, indicating that AL NPs may induce sensitizer response dermatitis.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Effects of the New FM 3-0 Operations on Combat Service Support Planning Models
A gap exists between how logistics planners and operational planners see the military environment. This leads to asynchronous planning and flawed solutions. The central theme necessary to merge these two worlds is the common operational picture. By understanding the nature of the problem, efforts can be mutually applied to strengthen the impact of the solution while adequately protecting friendly vulnerabilities from threat influence. This common operational picture rarely forms without a common frame of reference. Nested doctrine tempered by operational art provides the foundation of that framework as it synchronizes planning models and illuminates the critical relationships between them prior to force application. The operational planner depends on clear, comprehensive doctrine to guide and inform the planning process. Shared understanding essential to collective staff work requires a common doctrinal base that is useful, relevant and nested with parent doctrine. Army CSS doctrine must parallel maturation of joint operations doctrine for the logistical focus to remain sharp. The perspectives from which operations and logistics planners respectively view military problems are fundamentally different, yet they have similarities and a mutual purpose. The purpose of logistics is to enable operations. The purpose of operations is to gain the advantage relative to the threat. Both focus on defeating the threat. Neither of these efforts can be successful without the other. In abstract terms both perspectives must merge to highlight relationships necessary to defeat the threat while perpetuating friendly strengths. This holistic approach to problem solving relies more on synthesis of comprehensive doctrine than on branch specific analysis. No single battlefield operating function (BOF) can expect to be successful alone. Nor can the sum of all functions achieve success operating in a stovepipe-like manner. Shared situational awareness is essential to combining individualThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Evaluating Air Force Civil Engineers' Current Automated Information Systems
Almost every organization has some form of information system where data is captured and stored for later use. The Air Force civil engineering organization is no exception and is in the process of transitioning from the Interim Work Information Management System (WIMS) to the Automated Civil Engineer System (ACES). This research focused on users' perceptions of both database and data importance to determine if significant differences existed between various user sub-groups. The research also attempted to identify the most frequently reported problems regarding system usage. The methods of analysis of variance and content analysis were used to answer the research questions using survey responses from a sample size of 814. The results indicate that civil engineers "slightly agree" that their database and the data it collects are important. However, significant differences in perception levels were found between men and women, between some major commands (MAJCOMs), between users of different systems, and between personnel of different rank. Content analysis of comments in response to open-ended questions found that users are generally satisfied with their current system. However, areas of concern included slow system speed, lack of a user-friendly report writing feature, and poor reliability.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Improving the Tanker Employment Model
This Graduate Research Project is an improvement to the Tanker Employment Model developed by Maj. Margaret Romero. Her model which uses Excel VBA is used to determine the tanker capacity requirements needed to perform specific user defined tanker employment missions. The output is useful for rough-cut analysis of the tanker employment mission. The improvement to the Tanker Employment Model is the capability to use multiple tanker types simultaneously. The model chooses the optimum order for the tanker types and number of tankers to support a specific tanker employment mission. It also provides additional information to compare the use of multiple tankers.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Environmental Monitoring
The effects of contamination of environmental pollutants on public health has garnered worldwide attention and research. To reduce the disease threat to human health, the monitoring and analysis of environmental contaminants are crucial. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) are proven to be a stepping stone in the fabrication of nanosensors for various food and environmental monitoring and analysis applications. This multidisciplinary book provides a comprehensive overview of the fabrication and development of molecularly imprinted polymer-based devices for various sensing applications. Overall, this book is intended to provide users with concise and well-framed information about molecularly imprinted polymer-based biosensors, which can be exploited by researchers and device manufacturers for the development of novel sensors and their commercialization for environmental monitoring.Key Features Covers the approaches to design novel, cost-effective molecularly imprinted polymer-based sensors for environmental monitoring and analysis Illustrates properties of nanomaterials with the specific recognition of molecularly imprinted polymers for sensitive and specific detection of environmental pollutants Includes a wide variety of environmental monitoring applications for molecularly imprinted polymer-based sensors
Elasticity of Materials
-It is a comprehensive resource that covers a range of topics related to elasticity, including theory, applications, and experimental techniques. -Provides an introductory chapter that covers analytical and numerical approaches used in engineering elasticity, making it a useful resource for students and professionals alike.-Offers a comprehensive overview of stress-strain analysis for elasticity equations, including the use of Hooke's Law, Young's Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio.-Covers the use of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and experimental techniques for determining the applied elasticity problem, with a focus on fabricating aspheric surfaces.-Discusses the concept of phase transition based on elastic systematics, exploring how changes in temperature and pressure can cause materials to undergo a transition from elastic to a non-elastic state.-Describes the repair inspection technique based on elastic-wave tomography, providing valuable insights into non-destructive testing methods for detecting damage in concrete structures.-The book is well-suited for students, researchers, and professionals in engineering and materials science, as well as anyone interested in understanding the behavior of materials under stress and strain.
East Asia's Grand Strategies
An in-depth exploration of the strategic dynamics shaping East Asia's future on the world stageEast Asia is the epicenter of twenty-first-century geopolitics, where military, economic, and diplomatic strategies intersect in complex and often unpredictable ways. As the region becomes increasingly central to global power dynamics, understanding the strategies that drive the actions of powers there is more critical than ever.East Asia's Grand Strategies offers the first comparative analysis of the grand strategies of twelve East Asian powers and reveals how they shape their foreign policies, balancing external pressures with domestic political realities. In this edited volume, experts from the region provide non-Western perspectives and fresh insights into the unique factors influencing each case's grand strategy. The chapters illuminate patterns that are critical for understanding East Asia's role in global politics today.Scholars, students, and policymakers interested in East Asia's international relations and the evolving dynamics of its grand strategy will be interested in this timely analysis of the strategic forces shaping the region and, by extension, the future of global power.
Cellulose - Biobased Solutions for Society
The use and recovery of lignocellulosic waste generated in the agri-food industry must constitute a pillar on which to advance in the sustainable development of society, enabling the replacement of linear economic models with circular bioeconomy models.
Composite Materials - Science and Engineering
Composite materials are essential for modern engineering, offering an optimal balance between lightweight properties, mechanical strength, and performance under extreme conditions. This book provides a clear and well-documented overview of these advanced materials, covering both theoretical aspects and practical applications. A wide range of composite types is presented, including thermoplastics and thermosets, as well as innovative materials such as shape-memory composites and highly deformable materials. Modern methods of structural testing and analysis, such as finite element simulation and non-destructive techniques, are also included. Aimed at researchers, engineers, and students, this book is a valuable resource for anyone seeking to understand the role of composites in future technologies.
Thin Films - Fundamentals, Deposition Techniques and Applications
Thin films are key components of modern technology. Ranging from a few nanometers to several micrometers in thickness and composed of a wide variety of materials, they play a crucial role in numerous applications. Their unique properties, related to the exciting physical phenomena that emerge in many materials when dimensions are reduced, make them a subject of intense research across various fields. This volume brings together contributions from experts in materials science and engineering, serving as a valuable resource for scientists, engineers, and students seeking to expand their knowledge of thin film fabrication and its practical applications. It is intended to serve as a helpful reference for both students and professionals seeking clear and detailed information on the fundamentals, technologies, and applications of thin films.
Surface Engineering - Foundational Concepts, Techniques and Applications
Surface Engineering - Foundational Concepts, Techniques and Applications provides a cutting-edge exploration of advanced surface modification technologies and their critical role in enhancing material performance across industries. As industrial demands grow for components that can withstand extreme conditions, such as high temperatures, corrosive environments, and heavy wear, surface engineering emerges as a vital solution to improve durability, efficiency, and sustainability. This book explores key methods, including laser surface treatment, plasma modification, and ion implantation, while addressing real-world challenges in the aerospace, automotive, energy, and manufacturing sectors. Bridging theory and practice, it offers insights into friction reduction, corrosion protection, and hybrid material joining, equipping researchers and engineers with actionable strategies to extend component lifespans and optimize industrial processes. A must-read for professionals in materials science, mechanical engineering, and tribology, this volume combines foundational knowledge with innovative applications, making it an essential reference for advancing surface technology in modern industry.
Recent Progress and Development in Nanostructures
Recent Progress and Development in Nanostructures is a comprehensive exploration of the latest advancements in the rapidly evolving field of nanotechnology. This book investigates nanostructure synthesis, characterization, and applications, showcasing their transformative potential in energy, environment, healthcare, and beyond. With contributions from leading experts, the book highlights the crucial role of nanostructures in addressing global challenges. Topics include innovative synthesis methods, advanced characterization techniques, and emerging applications in catalysis, sensors, drug delivery, and energy storage systems. It also explores hybrid nanostructures, self-assembled materials, and the integration of nanotechnology into sustainable and green solutions. Tailored for researchers, professionals, and students, the book balances theoretical insights and practical applications. Each chapter provides a detailed discussion of recent breakthroughs, supported by in-depth analysis and experimental findings. Special emphasis is placed on interdisciplinary approaches that bridge chemistry, physics, and material science, underscoring the collaborative nature of modern nanotechnology research. The book also addresses the challenges in scalability, cost-effectiveness, and environmental impact associated with nanostructures, offering solutions and future directions. With an engaging narrative and illustrative content, Recent Progress and Development in Nanostructures is an invaluable resource for advancing knowledge and fostering innovation in this dynamic field. Whether you are an academic, industry professional, or enthusiast, this book will inspire and guide your journey into the fascinating world of nanostructures.
Nanotechnology Weapons
Innovations from nanotechnology are starting to make their way into products on the commercial market as well as information and combat systems for the military. Improvements brought about by nanotechnology will be revolutionary, but, nanotechnology will also present entirely new threats. Steps must be taken now to address the asymmetrical menace posed by future nanotechnology weapons. Production rates of nanomaterials are also rising dramatically, yet there is a general lack of agreement and understanding about their dangers. Sometime within the next 5-10 years, development of a new type of chemical or biological weapon based on discoveries in nanotechnology could be a very real possibility, yet the Department of Defense (DOD) has not initiated programs to focus specifically on understanding or preventing this new type of threat. The DOD should take action now to solve the unknowns as it relates to the dangers of nanostructures, raise awareness on the dangers of nanotechnology within US research institutions and internationally alike, and introduce nanotechnology weapons into DOD educational environments and strategic planning.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Estimating the Effects of Radio Frequency Identification Tagging Technologies on the Army's War-Time Logistics Network
Some civilian business practices, such as radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, were used for the first time by the Army in a major conflict during Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). RFID tags were attached to every container and pallet in all sustainment shipments entering and exiting the area of operations (AOR). Although RFID tagging was somewhat successful during OIF, the logistics network still suffered significant problems, to include lack of asset visibility and ineffective theater distribution. Implementing business practices on the battlefield seems like an easy answer to these problems, but the implementation of RFID tags may or may not easily transition to a military of combat environment. The purpose of this research was to discover if the business practice of using RFID tags to track equipment and supplies could be effectively used in a war-time environment by the Army's logistics network.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Structure-Property Relationships of Bismaleimides
The purpose of this research was to control and systematically vary the network topology of bismaleimides through cure temperature and chemistry (addition of various coreactants) and subsequently attempt to determine structure-mechanical property relationships. Characterization of the bismaleimide structures by dielectric, rheological, and thermal analyses, and density measurements was subsequently correlated with mechanical properties such as modulus, yield strength, fracture energy, and stress relaxation. The model material used in this investigation was 4,4'-BismaleiMidodIphenyl methane (BMI). BMI was coreacted with either 4,4'-Methylene Dianiline (MDA), o, o'-diallyl bisphenol A (DABA) from Ciba Geigy, or Diamino Diphenyl Sulfone (DDS). Three cure paths were employed: a low- temperature cure of 140 C where chain extension should predominate, a high-temperature cure of 220 C where both chain extension and crosslinking should occur simultaneously, and a low-temperature (140 C) cure followed immediately by a high-temperature (220 C) cure where the chain extension reaction or amine addition precedes BMI homopolymerization or crosslinking. Samples of cured and postcured PMR-15 were also tested to determine the effects of postcuring on the mechanical properties. The low-temperature cure condition of BMI/MDA exhibited the highest modulus values for a given mole fraction of BMI with the modulus decreasing with decreasing concentration of BMI. The higher elastic modulus is the result of steric hindrance by unreacted BMI molecules in the glassy state. The moduli values for the high- and low/high-temperature cure conditions of BMI/MDA decreased as the amount of diamine increased. All the moduli values mimic the yield strength and density trends. For the high-temperature cure condition, the room- temperature modulus remained constant with decreasing mole fraction of BMT for the BMI/DABA and BMI/DDS systems. Postcuring PMR-15 increases the modulus over that of the cured mateThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Measuring the Operational Readiness of an Air Force Network Warfare Squadron
As part of its squadron activation, the 315th Network Warfare Squadron (NWS) requested assistance from the Air Force Institute of Technology in developing criteria for declaring Initial Operational Capability (IOC) and Full Operational Capability (FOC) to assess the unit's operational readiness. The research methodology included a review of current Department of Defense (DoD), Joint, and Air Force publications and instructions, as well as a review of three different unit activations: the new Air Force Cyberspace Command, an F/A-22 Fighter Squadron, and an Intelligence Squadron. By comparing the Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System (JCIDS) process and the Status of Resources and Training System (SORTS) process, it is clear that unit readiness is measured and reported by SORTS Category Levels (C-Level) to support wartime missions, not by IOC and FOC milestones. This paper reviews SORTS computations and provides a case study of a notional Air Force NWS to propose that any new cyber squadron should report operational readiness starting with C-5 for unit activation, then C-3 to declare initial operational readiness, and finally C-1 to declare full wartime mission readiness.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Tension-Compression Fatigue of Hi-Nicalon/SiC Ceramic Matrix Composite at 1200 C in Air and Steam
The tension-compression fatigue of a Hi-Nicalon /Silicon Carbide ceramic matrix composite (CMC) was studied at 1200?簞C in laboratory air and in steam environment. The CMC investigated in this effort consisted of an oxidation inhibited HyprSiC matrix reinforced with laminated woven Hi-Nicalon fibers. Fiber preforms had pyrolytic carbon fiber coating with boron carbide overlay applied were then densified with the HyprSiC oxidation inhibited matrix through chemical vapor infiltration (CVI). The tensile stressstrain behavior was evaluated and the tensile properties measured at 1200?簞C. Tension-compression fatigue tests were conducted at a frequency of 1.0 Hz with a ratio of minimum stress to maximum stress of R = -1.0. Tension-compression fatigue behavior was studied for fatigue stresses ranging from 80 to 300 MPa in air and in steam. Fatigue run-out was defined as 2x10璽 繕 cycles. Fatigue limit (based on a run-out condition of 2x10璽 繕 cycles) was 80 MPa in air and in steam. The presence of steam decreased the fatigue life of specimens tested above the fatigue limit. Specimens that achieved fatigue run-out were subjected to tensile tests to failure to characterize the retained tensile properties. The material retained 100% of its tensile strength. Reduction in tensile modulus was 68% while the change in compressive modulus was negligible.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Higher Eyes in the Sky
During the past few years, United States Air Force (USAF) leaders have begun to emphasize space operations. Global Engagement: A Vision for the 21st Century Air Force states that we will eventually transition from an air and space force into a space and air force and various leaders have opined that that air and space are seamless. Gen Ronald R. Fogleman, USAF chief of staff, introduced the concept that in the future, we will be able to "find, fix, target, track, and engage (F2T2E)" any target, anywhere on the earth. In order to accomplish F2T2E, the functions performed by the E-3 airborne warning and control system (AWACS) and the E-8 joint surveillance, target attack radar system (JSTARS) will need to migrate to space-based platforms. This study explores how such a migration would occur. Before examining space operations, the historical military need for moving tar-get indicators (MTI) is examined, tracing the evolution from hot air balloons to our current AWACS and JSTARS aircraft. Because space systems operate differ ently from airborne systems, those differences are explored. The organizations involved in space operations are also examined, along with their potential to effect the development of a space-based MTI system. The radar systems of both the AWACS and the JSTARS are described, as well as a few of the most promi nent of the proposed space-based systems. The planning for space-based MTI is in its early phases. A "Concept of Operations for Space-Based MTI" has been written, as has a "Space-Based MTI Roadmap." US Space Command has also written the Long Range Plan, which includes space-based MTI concepts in its plan for 2020. These plans are a good start but do not address several important issues, including satellite architec ture, whether satellite MTI systems should completely replace airborne systems, who should be responsible for the system, and how battle managers will operate in the new system.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Simulation Modeling and Analysis of TNMCS for the B-1 Strategic Bomber
Simulation provides a method of modeling complex systems which would otherwise be impractical for quantitative experimentation. While other analytic techniques have been used to explore Total Non-Mission Capable [due to] Supply (TNMCS) rates, simulation offers a novel approach to discovering what aspects of the supply chain impact this metric. This research develops a discrete event simulation to investigate factors which affect TNMCS rates for the B-1B by modeling the core processes within the Air Force (AF) supply chain. A notional fleet of 16 aircraft at a single air base (Ellsworth AFB, SD) is modeled based on historical supply and maintenance data. To identify and quantify the effects of various factors, an experimental design is used for analyzing the output of our high-level discrete event simulation. Additionally, two different approaches to reporting and modeling Air Logistics Center (ALC) stockage effectiveness (SE) are compared to our baseline simulation. This exploration shows several factors which significantly impact TNMCS rates and have the potential to reduce them to their current targets.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Microhardness and Strain Field Characterization of Self-Reacting Friction Stir and Plug Welds of Dissimilar Aluminum Alloys
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid state welding process with potential advantages for aerospace and automotive industries dealing with light alloys. Self-reacting friction stir welding (SR-FSW) is one variation of the FSW process being developed at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for use in the fabrication of propellant tanks. Friction plug welding is used to seal the exit hole that remains in a circumferential SR-FSW. This work reports on material properties and strain patterns developed in a SR-FSW with a friction plug weld. Specifically, this study examines the behavior of a SR-FSW formed between an AA 2014-T6 plate on the advancing side and an AA 2219-T87 plate on the retreating side and a SR-FSW (AA 2014-T6 to AA 2219-T87) with a 2219-T87 plug weld. This study presents the results of a characterization of the micro-hardness, joint strength, and strain field characterization of SR-FSW and FPW joints tested at room temperature and cryogenic temperatures.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
TM 5-698-4
The United States Army Publishing Directorate is the Army's leader in publishing and delivering informational products worldwide. Their main mission is to supply official authenticated information to enhance the readiness of the total force. Some product topics include: Army Regulations, Engineering Technical Manuals, Administrative Publications, Circulars and Pamphlets. This is one of their documents.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
An Analysis of the Potential for Using Over-The-Horizon Radar Systems for Space Surveillance
The Australian Defence Force is investigating the development of a space surveillance system. While several dedicated facilities for space surveillance are in operation around the world, Australia's Over-The-Horizon Radar (OTHR) network has some potential for this role. The OTHR operates in the HF band and is constrained by the propagation effects of the ionosphere. A spherically stratified ionospheric model and a model for a nominal OTHR antenna are developed that allow calculation of path propagation, power distribution, and clutter returns. A software-based radar receiver processing system is modeled to determine detection probabilities and the minimum detectable radar cross-section of targets in typical low earth orbit (LEO) trajectories. The high clutter power levels, coupled with long target ranges and high velocities, mean that range-Doppler tradeoffs have a great impact on the resulting detection capabilities. While the system as modeled has the potential to provide some coverage for LEO targets, operational constraints mean the necessary conditions for detection of space targets would rarely be met while the system is involved in traditional OTHR tasking. Further, the long wavelengths and large antenna beams mean the accuracy of any positioning information is low.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Thermomechanical Response of Shape Memory Alloy Hybrid Composites
This study examines the use of embedded shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators for adaptive control of the thermomechanical response of composite structures. A nonlinear thermomechanical model is presented for analyzing shape memory alloy hybrid composite (SMAHC) structures exposed to steady-state thermal and dynamic mechanical loads. Also presented are (1) fabrication procedures for SMAHC specimens, (2) characterization of the constituent materials for model quantification, (3) development of the test apparatus for conducting static and dynamic experiments on specimens with and without SMA, (4) discussion of the experimental results, and (5) validation of the analytical and numerical tools developed in the study. Excellent agreement is achieved between the predicted and measured SAMHC responses including thermal buckling, thermal post-buckling and dynamic response due to inertial loading. The validated model and thermomechanical analysis tools are used to demonstrate a variety of static and dynamic response behaviors including control of static (thermal buckling and post-buckling) and dynamic responses (vibration, sonic fatigue, and acoustic transmission). and SMAHC design considerations for these applications. SMAHCs are shown to have significant advantages over conventional response abatement approaches for vibration, sonic fatigue, and noise control.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Where's My GPS?
The United States possesses the most powerful military force in the world and the underpinning for that force is provided by the ubiquity of Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) systems; the United States Air Force's Global Positioning System (GPS) is by far the most prevalent. The vast majority of US combat systems and capabilities, including foundational capabilities such as global situational awareness and precision long-range strike, heavily leverage the capabilities provided by GPS. However, by integrating GPS into every significant combat system, it is argued that the USAF has inadvertently created a vulnerability that will be exploited by future foes. The USAF and our joint partners cannot afford to operate without GPS and PNT capability and therefore must learn to operate through GPS and PNT degradation. To do so, the USAF must develop and nurture across its core competencies two critical capabilities: the ability recognize a degraded PNT environment and the ability to successfully operate in said environs. The threat should not be over-stated but neither should decision-makers and leaders wish away the challenges presented by operations in PNT degraded environments. Rather, a combination of mitigations such as testing, exercises, training, policy changes, material solutions and operational tactics, techniques and procedures must all be synchronized in a manner that guarantees that US combat forces are equipped and trained to achieve mission success in all PNT environments.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Thermomechanical Response of Shape Memory Alloy Hybrid Composites
This study examines the use of embedded shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators for adaptive control of the thermomechanical response of composite structures. A nonlinear thermomechanical model is presented for analyzing shape memory alloy hybrid composite (SMAHC) structures exposed to steady-state thermal and dynamic mechanical loads. Also presented are (1) fabrication procedures for SMAHC specimens, (2) characterization of the constituent materials for model quantification, (3) development of the test apparatus for conducting static and dynamic experiments on specimens with and without SMA, (4) discussion of the experimental results, and (5) validation of the analytical and numerical tools developed in the study. Excellent agreement is achieved between the predicted and measured SAMHC responses including thermal buckling, thermal post-buckling and dynamic response due to inertial loading. The validated model and thermomechanical analysis tools are used to demonstrate a variety of static and dynamic response behaviors including control of static (thermal buckling and post-buckling) and dynamic responses (vibration, sonic fatigue, and acoustic transmission). and SMAHC design considerations for these applications. SMAHCs are shown to have significant advantages over conventional response abatement approaches for vibration, sonic fatigue, and noise control.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
High Temperature Degradation Mechanisms in Polymer Matrix Composites
Polymer matrix composites are increasingly used in demanding structural applications in which they may be exposed to harsh environments. The durability of such materials is a major concern, potentially limiting both the integrity of the structures and their useful lifetimes. The goal of the current investigation is to develop a mechanism-based model of the chemical degradation which occurs, such that given the external chemical environment and temperatures throughout the laminate, laminate geometry, and ply and/or constituent material properties, we can calculate the concentration of diffusing substances and extent of chemical degradation as functions of time and position throughout the laminate. This objective is met through the development and use of analytical models, coupled to an analysis-driven experimental program which offers both quantitative and qualitative information on the degradation mechanism. Preliminary analyses using a coupled diffusion/reaction model are used to gain insight into the physics of the degradation mechanisms and to identify crucial material parameters. An experimental program is defined based on the results of the preliminary analysis which allows the determination of the necessary material coefficients. Thermogravimetric analyses are carried out in nitrogen, air, and oxygen to provide quantitative information on thermal and oxidative reactions. Powdered samples are used to eliminate diffusion effects. Tests in both inert and oxidative environments allow the separation of thermal and oxidative contributions to specimen mass loss. The concentration dependency of the oxidative reactions is determined from the tests in pure oxygen. Short term isothermal tests at different temperatures are carried out on neat resin and unidirectional macroscopic specimens to identify diffusion effects. Mass loss, specimen shrinkage, the formation of degraded surface layers and surface cracking are recorded as functions of exposure time.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
EIA Technical Review Guidelines Non-Metal and Metal Mining
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Tests of Centrifugally Cast Steel
"Tests of Centrifugally Cast Steel" (1921) presents a detailed examination of the properties and performance of steel produced using the centrifugal casting method. Authored by G. K. Burgess, this work contributes to the field of metallurgy and mechanical engineering, providing valuable insights into the characteristics of centrifugally cast steel. The study likely includes comprehensive testing procedures, analysis of material properties, and comparisons to traditionally cast steel. This volume offers a historical perspective on early 20th-century steel manufacturing techniques and their impact on industrial applications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Hypersonic Global Strike Feasibility and Options
This paper explores the feasibility of hypersonic weapons and aircraft as global strike options in the 2035 timeframe. The paper proposes there are currently two limitations or gaps in U.S. prompt global strike capabilities; timeliness, and increasingly the ability to gain access to the highly-defended target area. Additionally, the USAF has a long history of using advanced technology to stay ahead of the threat defense systems and gaining access to target sets, and by 2035, anti-access and area denial (A2/AD) technologies will increasingly threaten the USAF ability to hold any target on the globe at risk. Therefore, given the fact that technologies will continue developing to diminish and deny the advantages of stealth and space assets, could speed once again allow access to denied, heavily defended targets and close the gap for prompt global strike by 2035? The analysis begins with a brief overview of past hypersonic programs and reveals the lack of coherent government policy or USAF confidence in future military utility for hypersonic weapons or aircraft.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Modeling and Simulation for Readiness and Capability Assessment
The ability to assess military readiness and capability has been a problem for the Department of Defense, the Congress and military commanders. As recently as the Gulf War readiness reported by some units deploying to the Gulf was, in the words of the General Accounting Office, inflated and unreliable. Inflated and unreliable readiness reporting is a problem for the Department of Defense because it affects budget decisions and long range planning. It is a problem for the Congress because cost versus capability trade-offs are not articulated well. It is a problem for commanders who must depend on these forces in time of war or contingency. The problem exists because there has been no satisfactory objective means of objectively measuring readiness and capability. Objective methods of assessment have relied primarily upon input or resource based measurement tools. Since these provided only partial measures, subjective input was also required and often contradicted the objective data. Even worse, actual capability was sometimes not reflected by either the objective or subjective assessment. Advances in information technology along with the accompanying information explosion have made the use of modeling and simulation for readiness and capability assessment a viable method of assessing not only individual units but entire theaters of operation. These advances will allow the Department of Defense to compare force capability between different units based upon outcome oriented analysis. The ability to compare assessment results from year to year will help the Congress to understand what is purchased with the defense dollar and will allow peacetime exploration of unit and force cost versus readiness and capability tradeoffs. These same advances will allow the commander to objectively explore alternative force mixtures and courses of action prior to committing them with the added advantage that the same information and technology can provide a further step towardachievingThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Put the Joint Back in the Joint Strike Fighter
Short Takeoff Vertical Land (STOVL) technology existed for high-performance aircraft since the late 1960s, but the United States Air Force (USAF) elected not to acquire a STOVL fighter despite the United States Marine Corp (USMC) and coalition partners such as Great Britain and Italy investing in such fighters. The former Chief of Staff of the Air Force (CSAF) stated the USAF is interested in acquiring a STOVL variant (designated as the F-35B) of the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) in addition to the F-35A, the USAF JSF variant.1 To date, the current CSAF has not reversed this decision but this may be due to the absence of a study that clearly states the advantages and disadvantages of the F-35B for the USAF. The USAF still needs a research project to examine this subject and clearly state the pros and cons.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
