For Want of a Nail
The Global Positioning System (GPS) has become a vital component to both the military and civilian infrastructures. U.S. military forces have evolved from using its signal for routine navigation to depending on it for nearly every facet of combat operations. GPS is also seamlessly integrated into every major civil infrastructure, including transportation, communications, energy, commerce, banking, and emergency response services. In addition, the accuracy and worldwide availability of GPS has spawned a multi-billion dollar international market representing billions of dollars in annual tax revenue. Despite its vital importance, the GPS constellation is populated with numerous satellites operating well beyond their design life. These aging satellites are more likely to malfunction, which can reduce service coverage, degrade accuracy, and in some cases, transmit dangerously inaccurate data. The constellation is in a frail state with multiple satellite failures predicted each year for the next several years. The Air Force currently subscribes to the launch to sustain (LTS) satellite replenishment strategy. Under this strategy, new satellites are launched only after a satellite failure or just prior to a failure. The purpose of this monograph is to investigate whether the Air Force should forgo its current LTS replenishment strategy and adopt a more aggressive launch to augment (LTA) strategy in order to proactively eliminate high risk satellites and to accelerate modernization timelines. It will be shown that the explosive growth of GPS over the past fifteen years has outpaced the Air Force 's strategy on satellite replenishment. The growing importance of GPS must be matched with a progressive replenishment strategy that sustains the constellation 's reliability and improves its utility for military, commercial, and international users. Instead, LTS has placed a premium on maximizing individual satellite life in order to reduce constellation life cycle costs. This hasThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Enabling Design
Current operations indicate that improvements are warranted within our Battle Command (BC) planning method to support complex and ill-structured problems. Several modified approaches have been reviewed and synthesized into a general theoretical method currently addressed as Design. A practice of Design is necessary to facilitate the employment of Design theories. Design analysis so far has focused more upon the theory and less upon the actual practices of Design. Guidelines for conducting Design within Army forces do not exist within doctrine or SOP. There are no descriptive guidelines for the organization (team size, roles, and responsibilities), management (time, workflow, artifacts), or support environment (infrastructure and tools) of the design team. The Design practices identified within this paper address some of these gaps and can provide a baseline for additional guidelines or for tailoring by an operational force Design Team.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Airborne and Space-Based Lasers
The Air Force is simultaneously pursuing both the Airborne and Space Based Laser programs. Under the impression that these two systems are synergistic and even that the ABL represents a logical stepping stone to the SBL, the Air Force has begun the process of advocating both programs, defending their funds, developing the required technology, fielding the weapons, and drafting the doctrine that will make them useful to the operational commands.The purpose of this study is to assess the actual compatibility between the ABL and SBL by carefully examining both the technologies and operational strategies. Only by studying the similarities and differences between these technologies and the technical risks and challenges can the defense establishment gain a more detailed understanding of the compatibility of the ABL and SBL technologies. Only by examining the operational preferences revealed in each system's technical descriptions and concepts of operation will it be possible to understand the compatibility of the operational strategies for the employment of the A.BL and SBL. Once the facts about the actual compatibility between the ABL and SBL are known, the Air Force leadership will be better prepared to make the right decisions about the role of laser weapons in ballistic missile defense. This study hopes to stimulate further debate about how these technologies will influence the security of the United States in the twenty-first century.There is no debate with the propositions that the ABL and SBL are both laser weapons that are capable of performing the same mission of theater ballistic missile defense. But despite the fact that these weapons are based on similar configurations inside their respective aerospace vehicles, it is essential to understand that the ABL and SBL systems are not sufficiently compatible to justify the claim that the programs are synergistic.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Effects of the New FM 3-0 Operations on Combat Service Support Planning Models
A gap exists between how logistics planners and operational planners see the military environment. This leads to asynchronous planning and flawed solutions. The central theme necessary to merge these two worlds is the common operational picture. By understanding the nature of the problem, efforts can be mutually applied to strengthen the impact of the solution while adequately protecting friendly vulnerabilities from threat influence. This common operational picture rarely forms without a common frame of reference. Nested doctrine tempered by operational art provides the foundation of that framework as it synchronizes planning models and illuminates the critical relationships between them prior to force application. The operational planner depends on clear, comprehensive doctrine to guide and inform the planning process. Shared understanding essential to collective staff work requires a common doctrinal base that is useful, relevant and nested with parent doctrine. Army CSS doctrine must parallel maturation of joint operations doctrine for the logistical focus to remain sharp. The perspectives from which operations and logistics planners respectively view military problems are fundamentally different, yet they have similarities and a mutual purpose. The purpose of logistics is to enable operations. The purpose of operations is to gain the advantage relative to the threat. Both focus on defeating the threat. Neither of these efforts can be successful without the other. In abstract terms both perspectives must merge to highlight relationships necessary to defeat the threat while perpetuating friendly strengths. This holistic approach to problem solving relies more on synthesis of comprehensive doctrine than on branch specific analysis. No single battlefield operating function (BOF) can expect to be successful alone. Nor can the sum of all functions achieve success operating in a stovepipe-like manner. Shared situational awareness is essential to combining individualThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
In Vitro Toxicity of Aluminum Nanoparticles in Human Keratinocytes
Nanotechnology promises to be the defining technology of the 21st century. At an annual investment of $1B, it provides significant contributions to manufacturing, medicine, energy conservation, and the environment. Nanoparticles are structures with at least one dimension in the 1 to 100 nanometer (nm) range. DoD and US Air Force interest in aluminum nanoparticles (AL NPs) stems from its ability to enhance combustion jet fuel, thus increasing fuel efficiency. The addition of AL NPs to JP-8 may pose a unique dermal hazard to aircraft maintenance workers. There is no published data on AL NP toxicity effects on human skin. This research used in vitro techniques to determine the cytotoxicity of AL NPs, sized 50, 80, and 120 nm, on human keratinocytes. AL NPs at concentrations 10 - 10,000 ?g/mL and 24-hour exposure did not have a negative effect on cell viability, as assessed by membrane leakage, metabolic function, and reactive oxygen species generation. Keratinocyte expression of proinflammatory interleukins-1? and -8 was quantified to determine if AL NPs induced precursor cytokines for irritant contact or sensitizer response dermatitis. After 24-hour exposure to AL NPs, keratinocytes expressed significant concentrations of IL-8, 24 - 100 times greater than IL-1?, indicating that AL NPs may induce sensitizer response dermatitis.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Evaluation of Automated Systems
The end of the 20th Century presented the United States Army a new technological and geopolitical environment. The Army has recognized this change and is adapting to operate in this new environment. The army has developed a number of new automated tools to assist leaders to command and control their organizations. One tool currently being developed, tested, and integrated into the Army is the Combined Arms Planning and Execution Monitoring System or CAPES. CAPES is designed to assist decision makers develop, coordinate, and produce operational plans. As this and other automation systems are developed, they must be evaluated. The Army uses evaluation to determine the merits of a system. The evaluation also reveals deficiencies a system must correct to become more useful. This monograph focuses on the evaluation process. Investigating the process identified a number of problems an evaluation might encounter during the assessment. These problems identified in the research for this paper are now documented. Assessors can now use this list to design aspects of future evaluations. Initially the research for this monograph attempted to evaluate the usefulness of CAPES. To determine whether CAPES was useful a test was organized to compare two planning efforts. Two military staffs planned operations based on a similar problem. The experiment defined one planning staff, using traditional planning tools, as the bases of comparison. The second group would have the benefit of CAPES. The early collection and analysis of observations from the two planning groups indicated the design of the experiment was inadequate to show either CAPES 19 benefits or faults. Initial scrutiny revealed significant problems with the experiment 's design. These problems prevented any comparison of the two planning efforts. Investigation of the difficulties discovered problems in the scenario selected, organization of the planning staff, and the exercise architecture. Analysis of the problems indicateThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Cyber Power
Cyberspace is the newest warfighting domain, but heretofore it has been the nearly exclusive purview of technical experts, not warfighters. Consequently, much of the work on cyber power theory has eschewed the traditional concepts and lexicon of war in favor of language more familiar to technical experts in information communications technology. This convention stunts strategic thinking on cyber power and creates a barrier to cyber power's integration into joint military operations. For these reasons, this study advances the beginnings of a cyber power theory rooted in the lessons of war experience in the traditional warfighting domains of land, sea, and air. By examining cyber power through the lens of fundamental concepts like initiative, terrain, speed, and mobility cyberspace's similarities to the other warfighting domains emerge. Cyber power combines qualities inherent to land, sea, and air power -- making cyber power simultaneously distinct from, and analogous to, all three. This unique synergy is what separates cyber power from these other forms of military power. At the same time, similarities between cyberspace and the physical domains lets cyber power theory take lessons from past war experiences, as well as from the military theories of those like Carl von Clausewitz, Sir Julian Corbett, Sir John Slessor, and John Boyd. By rigorously observing when the analogies between cyberspace and the other domains apply and collapse, this study gleans some lessons from traditional experience and theory on how to seize the advantage on attack or defense in cyber power.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Is it Time to Give the U.S. Army Engineer Battalion (Combat) (Heavy) a Facelift?
This monograph focuses on a construction unit in the United States Army, the Engineer Battalion (Combat) (Heavy). The Engineer Battalion (Combat) (Heavy) is the main organization, providing the U.S. Army the bulk of its heavy construction capability. This monograph specifically examines the organization and capabilities of the battalion and determines if the U.S. Army should make changes to the battalion organizational structure to make it a more effective combat multiplier for full spectrum operations in the 21st century. The concept of modularity is defined from doctrinal sources and an assessment is made to determine if the battalion configurations affords the flexibility required to achieve this. There is a tendency to look to civilian models, which generally have functionalized companies, when recommending changes to military construction organizations. This monograph examines the differences between operating environments of civilian construction firms and military construction units and assesses how this might impact the organizational design of a U.S. Army troop construction organization. The monograph briefly covers the history, employment and reasoning for the present organization of the battalion. Case studies of the use of combat heavy engineer battalions in Operations Desert Shield/Desert Storm (1990-1991), and operations in Bosnia (1995-2000) are examined to determine the battalion's overall effectiveness in providing general engineering support to these operations. These case studies provides a basis for examining the use of the battalions in Major Theater War (MTW) operations of short duration in a relatively mature theater, and Stability and Support Operations (SASO) of long duration in an immature and battle damaged theater. Additionally, the present organizational structure of the troop heavy construction organizations in the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Air Force are analyzed to determine if there are any lessons the Army can apply to the organizationThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Cargo Aircraft Bombing System
From the early days of aviation, bombs typically have been carried by either fighter or bomber aircraft in the inventory. On the other hand, more and more longrange, precision-guided missiles are being produced with ranges that vary from tens to hundreds of miles. With such missiles, targets can be destroyed without placing personnel and equipment into close proximity to the targets. The mass delivery of standoff weapons could be especially advantageous during the early phases of an air campaign. This study considers the use of cargo aircraft for carrying and launching bombs and missiles. It has discussed many aspects of a Cargo Aircraft Bombing System (CABS) and provided an overall view. The intention of the study was not to complete design details about CABS, but rather to identify preliminary design concepts that need to be considered in a CABS. The study considered and provided background information on four carrying platforms including the C-17, C-141, C-130 and C-5, and four types of precision guided missiles including JSOW, JASSM, SLAM-ER and LOCAAS. Based on the four platforms and four missiles, particular issues were considered concerning systems and three preliminary carriage and release designs have been proposed.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Information Management Principles Applied to the Ballistic Missile Defense System
Information systems (IS) have evolved over the last 50 plus years from individual components with single functionality to grand architectures that integrate multiple individual business functions into global organizational enterprises. Similarly several military systems with the single mission of missile defense have evolved in service stovepipes, and are now being integrated into a national and global missile defense architecture. The Missile Defense Agency (MDA) is currently tasked with developing an integrated Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS) capable of defending against all ranges of ballistic missiles in all phases of flight in defense of the homeland, our deployed forces, and our allies. While this initiative has been proceeding since before Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, the full momentum has only recently been achieved through the withdrawal of the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and demonstrated threats from North Korea and Iran. This study draws parallels between the evolution of IS and the BMDS. Further it compiles information management (IM) principles, investigates if they apply to the BMDS, and investigates if they can be used to achieve a better integrated system. Initial indications are that IM principles do apply, but it is questionable if they are being applied.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Imperatives of Tactical Level Maintenance
This study determines what the imperatives of tactical level tank-automotive maintenance should be. An examination of two historical examples, a brief examination of the tenets of AirLand Battle doctrine and current and emerging maintenance doctrine, and a determination of the tactical level maintenance requirements of the modern battle are presented in the monograph. The synthesis of these aspects reveals what the imperatives should be. The two historical examples utilized are the Yom Kippur War in 1973 and the great Soviet offensives on their western front in 1944-45. In both cases, maintenance at the tactical level exhibited similar traits despite the disparity in scope and duration of the operations. An analysis of the maintenance requirements of the current and future battlefields is presented, revealing an intensity, lethality and electronization never before experienced - although approximated in 1973. These requirements are compared to current and emerging doctrine, which stands up well. An implications section addresses issues which the Army must address if it to secure a responsive maintenance system, mainly force structure, command, control and communications, and electronization. The conclusions reached are the imperatives of tactical level tank-automotive maintenance. These are: Fix forward; Provide responsive repair parts supply support; Conduct responsive recovery and evacuation operations; Establish and maintain effective command, control and communications capability vertically and laterally; Secure a 100% mobility capability for forward maintenance operations; and Develop the capability to operate in an NBC environment and at night.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Improving Light Infantry Divisional Engineer Agility
This monograph examines the light infantry division engineer battalion's agility. The factors and organizational elements that affect agility are discussed. Organizational weaknesses in the light engineer battalion are examined and changes that will improve agility are recommended. The monograph first examines agility and develops an agility model used to assess the doctrinal capability of the light infantry division's engineer battalion. The monograph next examines historical experiences of infantry divisional engineers in World War II and selected reports and studies since then. Historical pitfalls in organizational design are mentioned. Then an analysis is made identifying common agility deficiencies and how they historically have been dealt with. From this analysis of historical experiences, conclusions are drawn that lead to a number of recommendations. Finally, thirteen recommendations are presented that increase the agility of the light infantry division engineer battalion. The recommendations address training, personnel, equipment, and organization. They are prioritized by their impact on agility and strategic deployability. High technology improvements such as night vision devices, remote firing devices, exotic explosives, and computers and increased firepower are not addressed. Instead, recommendations focus on more traditional means to enhance agility.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Engineer Force Structure Within the HBCT
The purpose of this monograph is to analyze the Heavy Brigade Combat Team's (HBCT) engineer force structure to answer the question: Does the HBCT have the necessary embedded engineer capabilities to conduct full spectrum operations, rapidly transitioning between stability and major combat operations. Operation Iraqi Freedom and the Hezbollah -- Israeli Conflict of 2006 illustrate the vast array of threats that the U.S. military faces in executing the Global War on Terror. These threats require the Army's primary tactical warfighting systems, the brigade combat teams (BCTs), to operate across the full spectrum of conflict. The Army constructed the HBCT for optimization in open and mixed terrain against conventional and irregular threats; however its embedded engineer forces have been reduced from a battalion to a single company. One engineer company does not provide the capabilities required for the HBCT to execute full spectrum operations; consequently the HBCT must rely on engineer augmentation from the engineer force pool to execute specific operations. Systems theory and systemic perspectives provide valuable insight into the interrelationship of the HBCT's embedded units. The HBCT is greater than the sum of its individual parts. Subsequently, if one of the interrelated variables is unable to perform its battlefield functions then the HBCT is also unable to perform its battlefield functions. Operations Desert Shield, Desert Storm, and Iraqi Freedom provide valuable insight into the importance of embedding engineer capabilities in order to conduct combat operations, particularly major combat operations. Interviews from senior engineer commanders further highlight the Engineer Regiment's concerns with the modular BCT force structure. The HBCT's reliance on external engineer forces has created several issues and areas of concern. These issues include the contradictions to systemic thinking and perspectives, reduction in HBCT engineer capabilities, availability andThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Utility of Experimental Design in Automatic Target Recognition Performance Evaluation
This research investigates current practices in test and evaluation of classification algorithms, and recommends improvements. We scrutinize the evaluation of automatic target recognition algorithms and rationalize the potential for improvements in the accepted methodology. We propose improvements through the use of an experimental design approach to testing. We demonstrate the benefits of improvements by simulating algorithm performance data and using both methodologies to generate evaluation results. The simulated data is varied to test the sensitivity of the benefits to a broad set of outcomes.The opportunities for improvement are threefold. First, the current practice of "one-at-a-time" factor variation (only one factor is varied in each test condition) fails to capture the effect of multiple factors. Next, the coarse characterization of data misses the opportunity to reduce the estimate of noise in test through the observation of uncontrolled factors. Finally, the lack of advanced data reduction and analysis tools renders analysis and reporting tedious and inefficient. This research addresses these shortcomings and recommends specific remedies through factorial testing, detailed data characterization, and logistic regression. We show how these innovations improve the accuracy and efficiency of automatic target recognition performance evaluation.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
First Cut at Doctrine for Automation of Division Command and Control
This study analyzes past efforts to introduce automated systems into existing military and civilian organizations. Six fundamental principles for successful implementation of automated support to management are derived and then applied to the U.S. Army division command and control system. Finally, modifications to current division staff organizations and procedures, division command posts and the commander's modus operandi are recommended. The six principles for successful automation are: 1) Use information systems to improve internal communications and reduce analytical workload; 2) Minimize specialization of information workers; 3) Expand the jobs of information workers; 4) Simplify/modify organization structure before automating; 5) Encourage "agents of change"; and 6) Commanders and senior staff must provide a positive influence. Recommendations include: 1) reduce the size of the current G3 staff organization; 2) Simplify G3 staff procedures; 3) Adopt a new command post concept with two separate command posts operating on twelve hour, alternating periods; and 4) Increase information available to the commander throughout the division area of operations. The study concludes that the Combined Arms Center, as the lead proponent for automated support of command and control within the Army, should begin now to develop and test new doctrine for automated support of division command and control.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Evaluation and Analysis of EFX 98 Assessment Experiences and EFX 98 Assessment Evaluation
The Chief of Staff of the Air Force directed that the Air Force conduct five annual experiments beginning in fiscal year 1998 to explore advanced warfighting concepts relating to the Expeditionary Aerospace Force structure. The first of these experiments was conducted from 12-26 Sep 1998 and focused on technologies and processes related to a possible Air Operations Center of the future. This thesis explores two elements of EFX 98. First, the structure of the experiment was examined for ways in which to improve the process for future experiments. Second, the data collected with respect to the structure and systems of the proposed Air Operations Center were analyzed in order to make statistically sound decisions regarding the proposed Air Operations Center. The first part of the thesis looked at the EFX 98 structure and provided suggestions which encouraged a design of experiments approach to EFX scenarios. Additionally, recommendations for leadership were made to break the exercise paradigm and focus the participants toward data collection. The second part of the thesis examined the survey data collected. With respect to the structure/process survey, the mean responses were found to be neutral in almost every regard. Multivariate analysis was used to make recommendations about the construction of future surveys with regard to the survey measures. With respect to the systems/applications survey, several statistical inferences were made regarding the various systems and applications, and multivariate analysis gave support to the survey construction.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Command and Employment of Space Power
It is inevitable that mankind will weaponize space and likely this weaponization will take place in the next thirty years. The United States is in the early stages of a transition from using space assets to support combat operations on the surface of the earth to using space assets to conduct combat operations in space, from space, and through space. This paper discusses factors driving the United States to take its first steps to weaponize space. It is the time for the Air Force to start building the doctrinal framework for combat operations in, from, and through space to guide the technological development of space assets as the doctrine of strategic bombardment guided Air Force thought and aircraft development prior to World War II. This paper discusses the transition from an air to a space force by examining required changes to Air Force doctrine within the framework of its six core competencies if the Air Force is to organize, train, and equip aerospace forces to conduct combat operations in the space environment.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Improving the Tanker Employment Model
This Graduate Research Project is an improvement to the Tanker Employment Model developed by Maj. Margaret Romero. Her model which uses Excel VBA is used to determine the tanker capacity requirements needed to perform specific user defined tanker employment missions. The output is useful for rough-cut analysis of the tanker employment mission. The improvement to the Tanker Employment Model is the capability to use multiple tanker types simultaneously. The model chooses the optimum order for the tanker types and number of tankers to support a specific tanker employment mission. It also provides additional information to compare the use of multiple tankers.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Environmental Monitoring
The effects of contamination of environmental pollutants on public health has garnered worldwide attention and research. To reduce the disease threat to human health, the monitoring and analysis of environmental contaminants are crucial. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) are proven to be a stepping stone in the fabrication of nanosensors for various food and environmental monitoring and analysis applications. This multidisciplinary book provides a comprehensive overview of the fabrication and development of molecularly imprinted polymer-based devices for various sensing applications. Overall, this book is intended to provide users with concise and well-framed information about molecularly imprinted polymer-based biosensors, which can be exploited by researchers and device manufacturers for the development of novel sensors and their commercialization for environmental monitoring.Key Features Covers the approaches to design novel, cost-effective molecularly imprinted polymer-based sensors for environmental monitoring and analysis Illustrates properties of nanomaterials with the specific recognition of molecularly imprinted polymers for sensitive and specific detection of environmental pollutants Includes a wide variety of environmental monitoring applications for molecularly imprinted polymer-based sensors
Elasticity of Materials
-It is a comprehensive resource that covers a range of topics related to elasticity, including theory, applications, and experimental techniques. -Provides an introductory chapter that covers analytical and numerical approaches used in engineering elasticity, making it a useful resource for students and professionals alike.-Offers a comprehensive overview of stress-strain analysis for elasticity equations, including the use of Hooke's Law, Young's Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio.-Covers the use of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and experimental techniques for determining the applied elasticity problem, with a focus on fabricating aspheric surfaces.-Discusses the concept of phase transition based on elastic systematics, exploring how changes in temperature and pressure can cause materials to undergo a transition from elastic to a non-elastic state.-Describes the repair inspection technique based on elastic-wave tomography, providing valuable insights into non-destructive testing methods for detecting damage in concrete structures.-The book is well-suited for students, researchers, and professionals in engineering and materials science, as well as anyone interested in understanding the behavior of materials under stress and strain.
Thin Films - Fundamentals, Deposition Techniques and Applications
Thin films are key components of modern technology. Ranging from a few nanometers to several micrometers in thickness and composed of a wide variety of materials, they play a crucial role in numerous applications. Their unique properties, related to the exciting physical phenomena that emerge in many materials when dimensions are reduced, make them a subject of intense research across various fields. This volume brings together contributions from experts in materials science and engineering, serving as a valuable resource for scientists, engineers, and students seeking to expand their knowledge of thin film fabrication and its practical applications. It is intended to serve as a helpful reference for both students and professionals seeking clear and detailed information on the fundamentals, technologies, and applications of thin films.
Surface Engineering - Foundational Concepts, Techniques and Applications
Surface Engineering - Foundational Concepts, Techniques and Applications provides a cutting-edge exploration of advanced surface modification technologies and their critical role in enhancing material performance across industries. As industrial demands grow for components that can withstand extreme conditions, such as high temperatures, corrosive environments, and heavy wear, surface engineering emerges as a vital solution to improve durability, efficiency, and sustainability. This book explores key methods, including laser surface treatment, plasma modification, and ion implantation, while addressing real-world challenges in the aerospace, automotive, energy, and manufacturing sectors. Bridging theory and practice, it offers insights into friction reduction, corrosion protection, and hybrid material joining, equipping researchers and engineers with actionable strategies to extend component lifespans and optimize industrial processes. A must-read for professionals in materials science, mechanical engineering, and tribology, this volume combines foundational knowledge with innovative applications, making it an essential reference for advancing surface technology in modern industry.
Composite Materials - Science and Engineering
Composite materials are essential for modern engineering, offering an optimal balance between lightweight properties, mechanical strength, and performance under extreme conditions. This book provides a clear and well-documented overview of these advanced materials, covering both theoretical aspects and practical applications. A wide range of composite types is presented, including thermoplastics and thermosets, as well as innovative materials such as shape-memory composites and highly deformable materials. Modern methods of structural testing and analysis, such as finite element simulation and non-destructive techniques, are also included. Aimed at researchers, engineers, and students, this book is a valuable resource for anyone seeking to understand the role of composites in future technologies.
Cellulose - Biobased Solutions for Society
The use and recovery of lignocellulosic waste generated in the agri-food industry must constitute a pillar on which to advance in the sustainable development of society, enabling the replacement of linear economic models with circular bioeconomy models.
East Asia's Grand Strategies
An in-depth exploration of the strategic dynamics shaping East Asia's future on the world stageEast Asia is the epicenter of twenty-first-century geopolitics, where military, economic, and diplomatic strategies intersect in complex and often unpredictable ways. As the region becomes increasingly central to global power dynamics, understanding the strategies that drive the actions of powers there is more critical than ever.East Asia's Grand Strategies offers the first comparative analysis of the grand strategies of twelve East Asian powers and reveals how they shape their foreign policies, balancing external pressures with domestic political realities. In this edited volume, experts from the region provide non-Western perspectives and fresh insights into the unique factors influencing each case's grand strategy. The chapters illuminate patterns that are critical for understanding East Asia's role in global politics today.Scholars, students, and policymakers interested in East Asia's international relations and the evolving dynamics of its grand strategy will be interested in this timely analysis of the strategic forces shaping the region and, by extension, the future of global power.
Thermomechanical Response of Shape Memory Alloy Hybrid Composites
This study examines the use of embedded shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators for adaptive control of the thermomechanical response of composite structures. A nonlinear thermomechanical model is presented for analyzing shape memory alloy hybrid composite (SMAHC) structures exposed to steady-state thermal and dynamic mechanical loads. Also presented are (1) fabrication procedures for SMAHC specimens, (2) characterization of the constituent materials for model quantification, (3) development of the test apparatus for conducting static and dynamic experiments on specimens with and without SMA, (4) discussion of the experimental results, and (5) validation of the analytical and numerical tools developed in the study. Excellent agreement is achieved between the predicted and measured SAMHC responses including thermal buckling, thermal post-buckling and dynamic response due to inertial loading. The validated model and thermomechanical analysis tools are used to demonstrate a variety of static and dynamic response behaviors including control of static (thermal buckling and post-buckling) and dynamic responses (vibration, sonic fatigue, and acoustic transmission). and SMAHC design considerations for these applications. SMAHCs are shown to have significant advantages over conventional response abatement approaches for vibration, sonic fatigue, and noise control.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Structure-Property Relationships of Bismaleimides
The purpose of this research was to control and systematically vary the network topology of bismaleimides through cure temperature and chemistry (addition of various coreactants) and subsequently attempt to determine structure-mechanical property relationships. Characterization of the bismaleimide structures by dielectric, rheological, and thermal analyses, and density measurements was subsequently correlated with mechanical properties such as modulus, yield strength, fracture energy, and stress relaxation. The model material used in this investigation was 4,4'-BismaleiMidodIphenyl methane (BMI). BMI was coreacted with either 4,4'-Methylene Dianiline (MDA), o, o'-diallyl bisphenol A (DABA) from Ciba Geigy, or Diamino Diphenyl Sulfone (DDS). Three cure paths were employed: a low- temperature cure of 140 C where chain extension should predominate, a high-temperature cure of 220 C where both chain extension and crosslinking should occur simultaneously, and a low-temperature (140 C) cure followed immediately by a high-temperature (220 C) cure where the chain extension reaction or amine addition precedes BMI homopolymerization or crosslinking. Samples of cured and postcured PMR-15 were also tested to determine the effects of postcuring on the mechanical properties. The low-temperature cure condition of BMI/MDA exhibited the highest modulus values for a given mole fraction of BMI with the modulus decreasing with decreasing concentration of BMI. The higher elastic modulus is the result of steric hindrance by unreacted BMI molecules in the glassy state. The moduli values for the high- and low/high-temperature cure conditions of BMI/MDA decreased as the amount of diamine increased. All the moduli values mimic the yield strength and density trends. For the high-temperature cure condition, the room- temperature modulus remained constant with decreasing mole fraction of BMT for the BMI/DABA and BMI/DDS systems. Postcuring PMR-15 increases the modulus over that of the cured mateThis work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Ufc 3-600-01
Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) documents provide planning, design, construction, sustainment, restoration, and modernization criteria. They also apply to the Military Departments, the Defense Agencies, and the DoD Field Activities in accordance with USD (AT&L) Memorandum dated 29 May 2002. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (HQUSACE), Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) and the Office of the Air Force Civil Engineer are responsible for administration of the UFC system. This is one of those documents.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Determination of Yield and Flow Surfaces for Inconel 718 Under Axial-Torsional Loading at Temperatures Up to 649 C
An experimental program to determine flow surfaces has been established and implemented for solution annealed and aged IN718. The procedure involved subjecting tubular specimens to various ratios of axial-torsional stress at temperatures between 23 and 649 C and measuring strain with a biaxial extensometer. Each stress probe corresponds to a different direction in stress space, and unloading occurs when a 30 microstrain (1 micro eplison = 10(exp -6) mm/mm) offset is detected. This technique was used to map out yield loci in axial-torsional stress space. Flow surfaces were determined by post-processing the experimental data to determine the inelastic strain rate components. Surfaces of constant inelastic strain rate (SCISRS) and surfaces of constant inelastic power (SCIPS) were mapped out in the axial-shear stress plane. The von Mises yield criterion appeared to closely fit the initial loci for solutioned IN718 at 23 C. However, the initial loci for solutioned IN718 at 371 and 454 C, and all of the initial loci for aged IN718 were offset in the compression direction. Subsequent loci showed translation, distortion, and for the case of solutioned IN718, a slight cross effect. Aged IN718 showed significantly more hardening behavior than solutioned IN718.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Improving the Estimation of the Military Worth of the Advanced Tactical Laser Through Simulation Aggregation
Fielding High Energy Laser (HEL) weapon systems presents technological challenges as well as employment and financial challenges. The risk associated with the challenges mandates the development process include computer simulation models capable of predicting weapon system performance from the engineering level to assessing the military worth of employing HEL systems in combat scenarios. This research effort focuses on developing laser performance data at a higher fidelity engagement model and integrating the performance data into a mission level model. The propagation of the laser from the transmitting aperture to the target is modeled at the engagement level through the employment of the High Energy Laser End-to-End Operational Simulation (HELEEOS), developed by the AFIT Center for Directed Energy (CDE).This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
High Temperature Degradation Mechanisms in Polymer Matrix Composites
Polymer matrix composites are increasingly used in demanding structural applications in which they may be exposed to harsh environments. The durability of such materials is a major concern, potentially limiting both the integrity of the structures and their useful lifetimes. The goal of the current investigation is to develop a mechanism-based model of the chemical degradation which occurs, such that given the external chemical environment and temperatures throughout the laminate, laminate geometry, and ply and/or constituent material properties, we can calculate the concentration of diffusing substances and extent of chemical degradation as functions of time and position throughout the laminate. This objective is met through the development and use of analytical models, coupled to an analysis-driven experimental program which offers both quantitative and qualitative information on the degradation mechanism. Preliminary analyses using a coupled diffusion/reaction model are used to gain insight into the physics of the degradation mechanisms and to identify crucial material parameters. An experimental program is defined based on the results of the preliminary analysis which allows the determination of the necessary material coefficients. Thermogravimetric analyses are carried out in nitrogen, air, and oxygen to provide quantitative information on thermal and oxidative reactions. Powdered samples are used to eliminate diffusion effects. Tests in both inert and oxidative environments allow the separation of thermal and oxidative contributions to specimen mass loss. The concentration dependency of the oxidative reactions is determined from the tests in pure oxygen. Short term isothermal tests at different temperatures are carried out on neat resin and unidirectional macroscopic specimens to identify diffusion effects. Mass loss, specimen shrinkage, the formation of degraded surface layers and surface cracking are recorded as functions of exposure time.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Exploitation of Self Organization in UAV Swarms for Optimization in Combat Environments
This investigation focuses primarily on the development of effective target engagement for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms using autonomous selforganized cooperative control. This development required the design of a new abstract UAV swarm control model which flows from an abstract Markov structure, a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process. Self-organization features, bio-inspired attack concepts, evolutionary computation (multi-objective genetic algorithms, differential evolution), and feedback from environmental awareness are instantiated within this model. The associated decomposition technique focuses on the iterative deconstruction of the problem domain state and dynamically building-up of self organizational rules as related to the problem domain environment. Resulting emergent behaviors provide the appropriate but different dynamic activity of each UAV agent for statistically accomplishing the required multi-agent temporal attack task. The current application implementing this architecture involves both UAV flight formation behaviors and UAVs attacking targets in hostile environments. This temporal application has been quite successful in computational simulation (animation) with supporting statistical analysis.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Evaluation of Operation and Maintenance Factors Limiting Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Performance
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Ventilation and Heating
Explore the principles of indoor climate control with "Ventilation and Heating" by John Shaw Billings. Originally published in 1893, this treatise offers a detailed examination of the methods and technologies employed for maintaining optimal environmental conditions in buildings during the late 19th century. Billings, a prominent figure in public health and hospital design, provides insights into the science and practical application of ventilation and heating systems. This book is invaluable for anyone interested in the history of engineering, architecture, and public health, as it showcases the state-of-the-art approaches to creating comfortable and healthy indoor spaces. Discover the historical context and evolution of modern HVAC systems through Billings' comprehensive study.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Basic Field Manual, Vol. IV
This text includes signal regulations and technical information needed by officers and enlisted men of arms other than the Signal Corps engaged in signal communication. It supplements the matter contained in chapter 7, Basic Field Manual, Volume VIII, and prescribes in detail the installation, maintenance, and operation of signal communication agencies which are employed at and forward of brigade headquarters. Chapters include topics on field wire systems, radio, visual signaling, dropped and pick-up airplane messages, message center, orders and instructions for signal communication troops, meteorological information, Signal supply, and a table of radio communication equipment.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Nanobiosensors for Crop Monitoring and Precision Agriculture
Nanobiotechnology has been intensively investigated for decades and is thus well-recognized as a promising approach for advancing sustainable agriculture, particularly proving precision and smart tools based on engineered nanoparticles/nanomaterials. Among them, nanosensors and nanobiosensors have the potential to revolutionize agricultural practices by sensing, detecting, and monitoring cellular processes such as signal transduction and plant hormone dynamics, crop performances, and soil/environmental conditions for precision and even real-time management of fertilizers, pesticides, plant growth/yield/quality, stress responses, and post-harvest processes. In the international book market, there is a gap in providing an updated comprehensive book resource for readers who are interested in materials science and nano-biotechnology particularly, the detailed part of nano-biosensors for agri-food applications. Therefore, this book bridges the knowledge gap by providing a complete guide to nano-biosensors from their fundamentals to current agricultural applications, which presents a series of review-type chapters organized by diverse experts. This book consists of 14 chapters, including subtopics such as optical nanobiosensors, calorimetric nanobiosensors, immuno-nanobiosensors, enzymatic nanobiosensors, and apta-nanobiosensors, for their synthesis, action, and applications. This book provides an updated overview of ethical considerations and regulations for nanotechnology in agri-food applications.
Recent Progress and Development in Nanostructures
Recent Progress and Development in Nanostructures is a comprehensive exploration of the latest advancements in the rapidly evolving field of nanotechnology. This book investigates nanostructure synthesis, characterization, and applications, showcasing their transformative potential in energy, environment, healthcare, and beyond. With contributions from leading experts, the book highlights the crucial role of nanostructures in addressing global challenges. Topics include innovative synthesis methods, advanced characterization techniques, and emerging applications in catalysis, sensors, drug delivery, and energy storage systems. It also explores hybrid nanostructures, self-assembled materials, and the integration of nanotechnology into sustainable and green solutions. Tailored for researchers, professionals, and students, the book balances theoretical insights and practical applications. Each chapter provides a detailed discussion of recent breakthroughs, supported by in-depth analysis and experimental findings. Special emphasis is placed on interdisciplinary approaches that bridge chemistry, physics, and material science, underscoring the collaborative nature of modern nanotechnology research. The book also addresses the challenges in scalability, cost-effectiveness, and environmental impact associated with nanostructures, offering solutions and future directions. With an engaging narrative and illustrative content, Recent Progress and Development in Nanostructures is an invaluable resource for advancing knowledge and fostering innovation in this dynamic field. Whether you are an academic, industry professional, or enthusiast, this book will inspire and guide your journey into the fascinating world of nanostructures.
Treatise on Process Metallurgy, Volume 2b
Treatise on Process Metallurgy, Volume 2B: Unit Processes, presents various unit processes with an emphasis on mineral processing, hydrometallurgy, and electrochemical materials and energy processes. The book highlights the roles of these processes in beneficiation, rare-earth extraction, utilization of lean resources, coal extraction, and biofuels, reflecting the shift toward green and electrochemical processes. Basic knowledge of thermodynamics and kinetics is provided for better understanding of metallurgical processes. The first section of the book covers mineral processing, providing insight on comminution, separation processes, dewatering, and tailings disposal. The second section focuses on hydrometallurgy, discussing leaching, separation-purification, metal recovery, and battery materials, and the book concludes with a section studying electrochemical material and energy, featuring coverage of molten oxide electrolysis, molten carbonate fuel cells, various sensors, and ionic liquids. Each section also includes various case studies, demonstrating the use of the concepts in real-world settings.
Data Science in Metal Forming
Data Science in Metal Forming provides readers with a framework to collect, visualize, analyze, and characterize metal forming metadata, thus enabling improved design, more efficient production, and more effective application of a range of metals. Chapters introduce concepts and discuss industry 4.0, digital manufacturing, and more. Other sections feature case studies of metal forming data collection spanning several essential procedures and outline methods for data processing when lacking essential information. The book also includes data visualization techniques, insights into how to analyze data from various metal forming processes (stamping, hydroforming, incremental, extrusion, and more) and details on how readers can setup, manage, and most effectively apply their own data repositories.
Black Silicon
This book explores the fundamentals, process-property relationships, and manufacturing techniques of Black Silicon. It details various surface morphing methods and compares the resulting structures. The thermal, electrical, electronic, and optical properties of Black Silicon are examined, along with its major applications. Future directions in research, development, and device manufacturing are discussed. The ability to tailor semiconductor morphology for desired properties adds a new dimension to the physics, materials science, and engineering of these materials. The book also includes a comprehensive summary of intellectual property related to Black Silicon, highlighting its technological evolution and potential.Key features: - Case Studies, Examples and End-of-Chapter Summaries will be contained in each chapter. - Describes black silicon fundamentals - Offers process-property-performance correlations as well as applications - Outlines future prospects and opportunities for black silicon
Hydrogel Tissue Analogues
Hydrogel Tissue Analogues provides an overview of the critical role of novel hydrogels in tissue engineering and biomedicine. Structured into three parts, this book guides readers through the latest advances in hydrogel technology. Part one offers an in-depth look at state-of-the-art hydrogel processing, including biomimetic strategies and ground-breaking bioprinting approaches. It also covers rheological characterization and its biomedical applications. Part two showcases the diverse applications of hydrogels in tissue regeneration, spanning bone, adipose, cartilage, cardiac, intervertebral disc, and skin tissues. Additionally, it explores hydrogels for hemostasis, vascularization enhancement, and infectious disease treatment, along with their bioadhesive properties. Part three delves into the regulatory aspects surrounding hydrogel products, addressing emerging developments and commercially available solutions. Hydrogel Tissue Analogues is an essential resource for researchers and academics in the fields of materials science, biomaterials, polymer science, and regenerative medicine, who have an interest in hydrogel-based biomedical solutions.
Fuels and Fuel Additives for Highway Vehicles and Their Combustion Products
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Nanotechnology Weapons
Innovations from nanotechnology are starting to make their way into products on the commercial market as well as information and combat systems for the military. Improvements brought about by nanotechnology will be revolutionary, but, nanotechnology will also present entirely new threats. Steps must be taken now to address the asymmetrical menace posed by future nanotechnology weapons. Production rates of nanomaterials are also rising dramatically, yet there is a general lack of agreement and understanding about their dangers. Sometime within the next 5-10 years, development of a new type of chemical or biological weapon based on discoveries in nanotechnology could be a very real possibility, yet the Department of Defense (DOD) has not initiated programs to focus specifically on understanding or preventing this new type of threat. The DOD should take action now to solve the unknowns as it relates to the dangers of nanostructures, raise awareness on the dangers of nanotechnology within US research institutions and internationally alike, and introduce nanotechnology weapons into DOD educational environments and strategic planning.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Airborne Laser and the Future of Theater Missile Defense
The theater ballistic missile (TBM) problem encountered in the Persian Gulf War revealed an alarming deficiency in US defenses. This paper takes a brief look at the major theater missile defense (TMD) systems in use and under development by the US today. Second, it focuses on the performance of the Army's Patriot defense system in the Gulf War. Finally, the paper offers an in-depth look at the development of the Airborne Laser (ABL) and how it should fit into an overall national structure for TMD. The paper concludes that Patriot performance in the Gulf war was unsatisfactory, not just because of system flaws, but because of the concept of point defense itself. The ABL provides a unique solution to collateral damage inherent in point defense concepts. In addition, the ABL can provide advanced warning to other theater defense systems in the event of a mass launch which could overtax the ABL's capabilities. The paper offers several recommendations for the future direction of TMD. First, phase out point defense completely and channel those funds into development of the other TMD systems which minimize collateral damage to the assets they are intended to protect. Second, expedite development of the ABL as the first line of TMD, backed up by long-range theater systems. Third, continue to develop true theater defense systems; that is, systems which have a range of hundreds of kilometers such as the Navy's Aegis and the Army's THAAD systems, preventing TBMs from getting close to their intended target.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
