Collections For An Essay Towards A Materia Medica Of The United-states, Volume 1, Parts 1-2
"Collections For An Essay Towards A Materia Medica Of The United-states, Volume 1, Parts 1-2" by Benjamin Smith Barton offers a detailed exploration of medicinal substances found in the early United States. This historical work delves into the natural resources utilized for medical treatments during the period. Barton meticulously documents and categorizes various plants and minerals, providing insights into their therapeutic properties and traditional uses. The book serves as a valuable resource for understanding the historical context of medicine in the United States, reflecting early scientific inquiry and the integration of indigenous knowledge. It remains relevant for historians of science and medicine, botanists, and anyone interested in the historical uses of natural remedies.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
The Eclectic Physiology for Use in Schools
"The Eclectic Physiology for Use in Schools" by Eli F. Brown is a comprehensive textbook designed for 19th-century students. This volume provides a detailed overview of human anatomy and physiology, tailored for classroom use. The book offers insights into the understanding of the human body, health, and scientific principles. It serves as a valuable historical resource, reflecting the educational standards and scientific knowledge of the era.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
A Multiobjective Approach Applied to the Protein Structure Prediction Problem
Interest in discovering a methodology for solving the Protein Structure Prediction (PSP) problem extends into many fields of study including biochemistry, medicine, biology, and numerous engineering and science disciplines. Experimental approaches, such as, x-ray crystallographic studies or solution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy, to mathematical modelling, such as minimum energy models are used to solve this problem. Recently, Evolutionary Algorithm studies at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) include the following: Simple GA, messy GA (mga), fast messy GA (fmGA), and Linkage Learning GA (LLGA), as approaches for potential protein energy minimization. Prepackaged software like GENOCOP, GENESIS, and mGA are in use to facilitate experimentation of these techniques. In addition to this software, a parallelized version of the fmGA, the so called parallel fast messy GA (pfmGA), is found to be good at finding semi-optimal answers in a reasonable time. The aim of this work is to apply a (Multiobjective MO) approach to solving this problem using a modified fast messy GA. By dividing the CHARMm energy model into separate objectives, it should be possible to find structural configurations of a protein that yield lower energy values and ultimately more correct conformations.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Suicide-Related Hospitalizations in Taiwan
The proportion of females hospitalized for attempted suicide (55.01%) was higher than that of males (44.99%). Hospitalizations were predominantly higher among individuals aged 20-39 years (46.63%). The three most common suicide methods were ingestion of solid or liquid substances (62.75%), jumping from buildings (19.13%), and burning charcoal (12.08%). Among these, females had higher rates of ingesting solid or liquid substances (11.32/100,000), cutting with tools (0.15/100,000), and jumping from buildings (3.2/100,000), whereas males had higher rates of burning charcoal (1.41/100,000), hanging (0.39/100,000), and firearm use. Regarding age, young adults aged 20-49 years were more likely to attempt suicide by jumping from buildings, burning charcoal, or using gas, while older adults aged 65 years and above predominantly used ingestion of solids, hanging, or cutting tools. Furthermore, suicide methods exhibited substantial regional variations.From 1998 to 2020, suicide-related hospitalizations, mortality, and morbidity rates increased in Taiwan, underscoring a pressing public health concern that warrants immediate attention.
Platelet Rich Plasma
This book provides a comprehensive overview of platelet rich plasma (PRP) its biological properties and therapeutic applications in various medical & dental fields.PRP is a concentrated platelet rich plasma derived from autologous blood, rich in growth factors and bioactive proteins that promote tissue repair and regeneration.PRP is used in various medical fields including orthopaedics, dermatology, dentistry and ophthalmology.This book overviews the current clinical evidence & emerging trends supporting PRP efficacy in various medical fields.PRP has shown promising therapeutic potential in promoting tissue repair & further research is needed to fully understand its mechanism to optimise its therapeutic use.
Manual of Legal Medicine
This book serves as a straightforward manual in legal medicine. It addresses common medicolegal topics via a simple approach, presenting clear and concise information derived from various international references while avoiding controversial materials. This book may be a beneficial guide for better dealing with medicolegal issues that medical students and forensic experts may face in the practical field.
Phytochemical Analysis of Gymnema Sylvestre
Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. is an important medicinal plant belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae is a perennial woody climber. The word "Gymnema" is derived from a Hindu word "Gurmar" meaning "destroyer of sugar" and it is believed that it might neutralize the excess of sugar present in the body in Diabetes mellitus (Keshavamurthy and Yoganarasimhan1990). An herb from India has enabled diabetics to lower or stop taking insulin. India is bulk exporter of Gymnema extract and Gymnema leaf powder. The medicinal activities of Gymnema are attributed to a group of oleanane type triterpenoidsaponins known as Gymnemic acids and dammarenesaponins called gymnemaside. The medicinal activities of Gymnema are attributed to a group of oleanane type triterpenoidsaponins known as Gymnemic acids and dammarenesaponins called gymnemaside. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers have proved to be a very useful tool to provide a convenient and rapid assessment of the genetic differen between genotypes. The analysis of population variation based on genetic and chemical markers is necessary for effective and efficient conservation practices and utilization of plant resources.
Endless Immunity
This book takes the reader on an inspiring journey into the immune system, challenging long-held beliefs about immunity. It examines the immune system under historical, philosophical and biological perspectives. It proposes a new way of understanding immunity that goes beyond the binary opposition between self and non-self. Indeed, we, the livings, are chimeras. Mammals, birds, reptiles or fish, insects, spiders or mollusks, plants or algae, we are all made up of a community of living beings who share their lives in the same 'meta-organism'. If we live together, it is because we need each other to live, and if we can live together, it is because an immune system makes it possible, by adapting us to them and by adapting them to us. From this mutual adaptation a new kind of immunity emerges, dynamic, relational, never acquired, an endless immunity. Immunity that this system makes possible is not perfect, far from it, it is a compromise which does not always prevent disease; sometimes it even causes it. Disease is the cost of immunity. Because what the immune system enables is much more essential than the defense of the organism, it is the very existence of the meta-organism that we are. Immunity is more than a protection; it is a condition of existence. With its didactic structure and accessible style, this book is an essential resource for anyone interested in understanding timmunity and the immune system. It offers different levels of complexity from which the reader can choose, depending on his or her background, without compromising the main message of the text. With a Foreword by Alfred I. Tauber
Assisted Reproduction and Childhood Neurodevelopment
Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART), such as IVF and ICSI, have revolutionized infertility treatment but may carry potential risks for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) in offspring. Studies suggest a slightly increased risk of conditions like autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and developmental delays, possibly due to factors like multiple births, prematurity, or underlying parental infertility. However, the overall risk remains low, and most ART-conceived children develop typically. Continued research is needed to fully understand the long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of ART.
Lighting the Path to Oral Healing
Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is emerging as a game-changer in the management of oral lichen planus. With its ability to reduce pain, calm inflammation, and accelerate healing-without the side effects of traditional drugs-PBMT offers a powerful, patient-friendly alternative to corticosteroids. Its non-invasive nature and consistent clinical results make it a promising frontline or adjunctive therapy, especially for chronic or treatment-resistant cases. As research continues to evolve, PBMT stands at the forefront of modern, evidence-based oral care.
A Novel Autism Facial Dysmorphism Syndrome
Autism disorders are a very complicated and multifarious group of chronic disorders that are characterized by early impairment in social interaction and communication. The diagnosis of autism is clinical and is based on the presence of characteristic diagnostic manifestations resulting from impaired social interaction and communication, which cause the two major diagnostic features of autism: the lack of appropriate responsiveness to one's own name and the lack of eye contact. This book describes a dysmorphic boy with autism whose phenotypic presentation does not align with any currently known genetic syndromes associated with autism, suggesting the possibility of a novel syndromic autism phenotype. This book highlights a unique clinical entity "Syndromic Autism with Distinct Craniofacial Dysmorphism".
Autism, Focal Cortical Atrophy, and Epilepsy
Autism disorders are a heterogeneous group of disorders that are typically considered a functional neurodevelopmental disorder without consistent radiological findings. Consequently, routine brain imaging is not widely recommended. For decades, autism disorders have been considered life-long disorders without curative therapies. Recently, a new therapeutic approach aiming primarily at improving and curing the two major diagnostic features of autism which are poor responsiveness to their name and poor eye contact, has been increasingly used. Injectable cerebrolysin is the main therapeutic component in this new therapeutic approach. This book highlights a unique clinical entity where early childhood autism is associated with focal cortical atrophy and later development of epilepsy. The initial response to cerebrolysin underscores the role of neurotrophic therapy in modulating neuroplasticity and improving functional outcomes even in patients with underlying structural abnormalities. The recurrence of symptoms and emergence of seizures following treatment cessation suggests a progressive or evolving neurological basis rather than a purely static neurodevelopmental disorder.
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
A new form of dialysis was developed in Austin, Texas through collaboration between a Nephrology physician and a Biomedical Engineer. The revolutionary self management procedure has spread throughout the world and freed thousands of patients with kidney failure from dependence on standard dialysis which is commonly painful and personally restrictive in food and water intake. This is the story of How-When-Where.
Acupressure in insomnia for patients with Alzheimer's disease
Sleep disorders are very common in elderly institutionalized people with dementia. We explored the effectiveness of acupressure for the treatment of insomnia and we want to show that the acupressure treatment is feasible also in elderly resident patients. We enrolled institutionalized patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease with mild cognitive impairment and insomnia. A daily acupressure on HT7 point was performed for a 8-week period. We administered the following scales: the mini mental state examination, the global deterioration scale, the neuropsychiatric inventory, the state-trait-anxiety inventory, the activity daily living and the instrumental activity daily living, the global health quality of life, and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index. After receiving the acupressure treatment, patients saw a significant decrease of sleep disorders. The number of hours of effective sleep was perceived as increased. The time necessary to fall asleep decreased significantly and also the quality of sleep increased. Additionally, also the quality of life was bettered. Sedative drugs have been reduced in all patients enrolled in the study.
Pelvic Floor Muscle Rehabilitation
This book provides a comprehensive overview of the anatomy, function, and dysfunction of the pelvic floor muscles, with a special focus on physiotherapeutic interventions. It explores the causes and impact of pelvic floor disorders such as urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and postpartum complications, particularly in women. The book emphasizes evidence-based physiotherapy techniques including pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT), biofeedback, electrical stimulation, and behavioral strategies. Designed for physiotherapists, healthcare professionals, and students, this text bridges the gap between theory and clinical practice, promoting holistic management for improved pelvic health and quality of life.
Radiological Patterns in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Pelvic radiology involves using imaging techniques like X-rays and MRI to study the anatomy of the pelvis, a basin-shaped structure at the base of the spine. It's crucial for diagnosing conditions like fractures, pelvic floor disorders, and certain cancers. Racial differences in pelvic anatomy have been observed, which can influence obstetrics and pelvic floor outcomes.
Nursing process in pediatrics
The methodological manual "Nursing Process in Pediatrics: A Manual for Trainees" is developed for nursing students, as well as students of medical universities studying in pediatric faculties. It aims to provide a structured and practice-oriented understanding of pediatric nursing care based on the five stages of the nursing process: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.Special attention is given to the ethical, legal, and cultural considerations relevant to pediatric care in Uzbekistan. Each chapter integrates theoretical foundations with practical applications, enabling learners to develop skills in child assessment, nursing diagnosis, care planning, family-centered communication, and evidence-based intervention. Emphasis is also placed on the importance of teamwork, accurate documentation, and parent education.The manual includes age-specific norms, immunization schedules, developmental milestones, and drug dosage tables tailored to pediatric needs. Clinical cases, questions for group discussions, and self-assessment exercises help reinforce knowledge and prepare students for real-world clinical practice.
Health care waste management in public sector of Tripura, India
This book contains evidence-based description of the knowledge and practice of health-care workers regarding health care waste management (HCWM) and taken an account of the existing HCWM facilities in public sector of Tripura, a northeastern state of India. It was carried out during November 2015 to October 2017 among 544 health-care workers working in 30 health institutions of Tripura, chosen by stratified random sampling. About 37.68% of the health-care workers had fair knowledge regarding HCWM, 90% knew segregation of waste at source, 83.63% knew disinfection of waste before disposal, proper HCWM was practiced by 39.15% and segregation of waste at source into coloured bins was followed by 23.3% of the workers. HCWM facilities at the health centres including display of waste management policy were poor. Technical qualification and in-service training were found to be statistically significant determinants of knowledge and practice of HCWM.
Dengue, Inequality & Climate
This book delves into the complex interplay between social inequality, environmental degradation, and the rising incidence of dengue fever. Focusing on rural and urban contexts, it examines how factors such as poor housing, inadequate sanitation, water storage practices, and climate variability create breeding grounds for the Aedes mosquito and increase community vulnerability. Drawing from empirical data and comparative field studies, the book highlights how marginalized populations bear a disproportionate burden of disease due to systemic inequities and lack of access to public health resources. It underscores the need for integrated, equity-based interventions that address both the biological and social determinants of dengue outbreaks. This work serves as a critical resource for public health researchers, policymakers, and development practitioners aiming to mitigate vector-borne diseases through a multidisciplinary and inclusive lens.
Oab
In the Urogynaecology Department at Birmingham Women's NHS Foundation Trust, we have long known that the impact of Overactive Bladder for women with the condition reaches far beyond physical symptoms alone. The condition can hugely affect everyday life in lots of different ways. This could be in your career, socially, within your family or in how you feel emotionally. For many years, the department have been extremely keen to support their patients with these issues from early in their treatment journey. We want our patients to feel empowered to make decisions about their treatment and be able to live life to the full alongside their symptoms. This book is a culmination of eight year's work addressing the psychological and social impact of bladder incontinence. The material in this book is based on the content of a group course offered at our hospital. This book is for women who experience bladder problems and incontinence. Although it is specifically aimed at those with urgency and frequency problems (commonly associated with an Overactive Bladder), much of the material is applicable to bladder problems more generally.
Thread lift
This book has been reviewed thread lift techniques for a specific area, type of threads, histopathology, complication and management. We divided our protocol into short and long techniques. We drew all of the techniques in 3D pictures for a better understanding and applications in clinical setting. There are also contain advantages and disadvantages in each techniques and how to choose the proper one for the BEST clinical result for your patients.
Antibiotics in Pediatric Dentistry
Antibiotics can be unanimously considered as drugs which have truly revolutionised healthcare by achieving adequate control of infections. The necessity for antimicrobial drug use in pediatric dentistry arises from a variety of circumstances, including odontogenic infections, oral wounds, periodontal disease, candidiasis, and primary herpetic gingivostomatitis. Antibiotic prophylaxis is an aid for pedodontic treatments in those situations where there's a risk of bacteremia. Successful management of infections relies on the practitioner's knowledge of the microbiology of odontogenic and intraoral infections and the spectrum of activity, pharmacology, and adverse effects of the antimicrobial agents being prescribed. In addition, patient specific factors such as overall health, concomitant medications, and the ability to afford or comply with the prescribed drug regimen must be considered. This book aims to provide an insight in the world of antibiotics.
Feeling Blue
Feeling blue is the first book-length history of colour in modern hospitals. It examines colour in relation to six key themes - hygiene, emotion, humanisation, homeliness, play, consumerism - which are tied together by the idea of the 'modern' hospital. The book does not simply describe changes to the appearance of hospitals over time, but instead thinks expansively about the role of colour in shaping how hospitals felt. It uses colour to understand the layered meanings of modernity in twentieth-century Britain, and its relationship to the 'mundane' or everyday life of hospitals.
Hypothyroidism In Childhood and Adulthood
The authors of this book are identical twin sisters who have both suffered from hypothyroidism during childhood and again during adulthood (due to a reduction in their treatment). They have therefore been able to describe experiences of hypothyroidism from a personal perspective. As they both have a Bachelor of Science degree, they were also able to document their experiences from a scientific standpoint.
The Dog's Medical Dictionary; An encyclop dia of the diseases, their diagnosis & treatment, and the physical development of the dog
Unlock the secrets to your dog's health with "The Dog's Medical Dictionary," a timeless encyclopaedia that has been out of print for decades and is now revitalized by Alpha Editions. This essential canine health encyclopedia offers a comprehensive guide to dog diseases, their diagnosis, and treatment, ensuring that pet owners have the knowledge they need to care for their beloved companions. Dive into the pages of this meticulously restored edition, which serves not only as a pet health reference but also as a cultural treasure for classic literature collectors. With its rich insights into the physical development of dogs and detailed explanations of canine medical terminology, this book is an invaluable resource for both seasoned veterinarians and passionate pet owners alike. Whether you're seeking to understand dog illness symptoms or looking for a reliable dog care manual, this edition transcends mere reprint; it is a collector's item that bridges the past and the present. Embrace the legacy of veterinary medicine for pet owners and empower yourself with the knowledge to enhance your dog's health and wellness. Rediscover the joy of caring for your furry friend with "The Dog's Medical Dictionary" a book that not only informs but inspires, ensuring that the bond between you and your dog remains strong and vibrant for generations to come.
The Tao Of NAD
Learn to manage your age like a pro, optimize your health, and extend your healthspan.The TAO of NAD is not another quick-fix promise built upon the latest social media trends. It's not a pseudo-scientific DIY based upon flimsy facts or trendy tips with little data behind them.This book combines ancient philosophy, proven through the ages, with real science and solid data. It reveals the 8 Pillars of TAO crafted by a renowned scientist/ philosopher. For anyone who wants to add life to their years and enjoy added vitality NOW and for decades, this book is a powerful resource.Utilize the concept of TAO combined with scientific fact and biomarker testing to bring energy, focus, and improved recovery times to your health regimen.Build a healthy foundation with improved sleep, reduced inflammation, and a balanced approach to life.Become an informed "influencer" of your own body, motivation, and wellness programIt's time to take dominion over your health. Discover how measuring your biomarkers, making informed lifestyle changes, and utilizing science-backed supplementation can significantly enhance your healthspan.
Deficiencies in the Oversight of the 340B Drug Pricing Program
The Office of the Inspector General (OIG) is an office that is part of the Cabinet departments and independent agencies of the United States federal government as well as some state and local governments. Each office includes an Inspector General and employees charged with identifying, auditing, and investigating, fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement within the parent agency. The Office of Evaluation and Inspections (OEI) conducts management and program evaluations that focus on issues of concern to HHS, the Congress and the public. OEI publishes reports, studies, research and books to better inform the people. Some of these documents include titles like: Dietary Supplement Labels: Key Elements, Electronic Media Claims and Contractors' For-Profit Subsidiaries, and Child Support and the Military. This document is an OEI publication.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Maryland Medical Journal, Volume 46, Issue 4
Explore the historical landscape of medicine with the 'Maryland Medical Journal, Volume 46, Issue 4.' This significant volume offers a snapshot of medical practices, research, and discussions from a specific period in Maryland's history. Compiled anonymously, it provides insights into the challenges and advancements faced by medical professionals of the time. Readers interested in the evolution of medical science, public health initiatives, and the daily realities of doctors in past eras will find this journal invaluable. It serves as a primary source for understanding the trajectory of healthcare and its impact on society. The journal is a must-read for historians, medical students, and anyone curious about the rich heritage of medicine.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Use of Emergency Rooms by Medicaid Recipients
The Office of the Inspector General (OIG) is an office that is part of the Cabinet departments and independent agencies of the United States federal government as well as some state and local governments. Each office includes an Inspector General and employees charged with identifying, auditing, and investigating, fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement within the parent agency. The Office of Evaluation and Inspections (OEI) conducts management and program evaluations that focus on issues of concern to HHS, the Congress and the public. OEI publishes reports, studies, research and books to better inform the people. Some of these documents include titles like: Dietary Supplement Labels: Key Elements, Electronic Media Claims and Contractors' For-Profit Subsidiaries, and Child Support and the Military. This document is an OEI publication.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Beneficiary Utilization of Albuterol and Levalbuterol Under Medicare Part B
The Office of the Inspector General (OIG) is an office that is part of the Cabinet departments and independent agencies of the United States federal government as well as some state and local governments. Each office includes an Inspector General and employees charged with identifying, auditing, and investigating, fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement within the parent agency. The Office of Evaluation and Inspections (OEI) conducts management and program evaluations that focus on issues of concern to HHS, the Congress and the public. OEI publishes reports, studies, research and books to better inform the people. Some of these documents include titles like: Dietary Supplement Labels: Key Elements, Electronic Media Claims and Contractors' For-Profit Subsidiaries, and Child Support and the Military. This document is an OEI publication.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Valedictory Address To The Class Of Medical Graduates Of The University Of Pennsylvania
This is the "Valedictory Address To The Class Of Medical Graduates Of The University Of Pennsylvania," delivered by Joseph Leidy at the public commencement on March 27th, 1858. Leidy's address offers insights into the state of medical education and practice in mid-19th century America. It provides a snapshot of the values, challenges, and aspirations of young physicians embarking on their careers during a transformative period in medical history. This historical document is valuable for anyone interested in the evolution of medical training and the social context of medicine in the United States.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Deficiencies in the Oversight of the 340B Drug Pricing Program
The Office of the Inspector General (OIG) is an office that is part of the Cabinet departments and independent agencies of the United States federal government as well as some state and local governments. Each office includes an Inspector General and employees charged with identifying, auditing, and investigating, fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement within the parent agency. The Office of Evaluation and Inspections (OEI) conducts management and program evaluations that focus on issues of concern to HHS, the Congress and the public. OEI publishes reports, studies, research and books to better inform the people. Some of these documents include titles like: Dietary Supplement Labels: Key Elements, Electronic Media Claims and Contractors' For-Profit Subsidiaries, and Child Support and the Military. This document is an OEI publication.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Use of Emergency Rooms by Medicaid Recipients
The Office of the Inspector General (OIG) is an office that is part of the Cabinet departments and independent agencies of the United States federal government as well as some state and local governments. Each office includes an Inspector General and employees charged with identifying, auditing, and investigating, fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement within the parent agency. The Office of Evaluation and Inspections (OEI) conducts management and program evaluations that focus on issues of concern to HHS, the Congress and the public. OEI publishes reports, studies, research and books to better inform the people. Some of these documents include titles like: Dietary Supplement Labels: Key Elements, Electronic Media Claims and Contractors' For-Profit Subsidiaries, and Child Support and the Military. This document is an OEI publication.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
AR 40-501
The United States Army Heritage and Education Center (USAHEC) is the U.S. Army's primary historical research facility. Formed in 1999, the center consists of the Military History Institute (MHI), the Army Heritage Museum (AHM), and the U.S. Army Conservation Center, and the Visitor and Education Services. The center aims to preserve and interpret the heritage of the U.S. Army. It acquires, preserves, and makes publicly available Army-related library and archival materials. This Army Heritage collection contains military history books, military technical and field manuals, Department of the Army pamphlets, and monographs. Some of the titles in the collection include: FM 7-40: Rifle Regiment, TM 95-200: Air Traffic Control Facility Operations, Japanese Field Artillery, and The German Squad in Combat.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Integrating Medical Surveillance Into the Mission of the Medical Detachment (Preventive Medicine)
Over the last decade, the United States Army has played an increased role in stability and support operations in which the Medical Detachment (Preventive Medicine) [MED DET (PM)] has taken on a new mission, medical surveillance. This research studies the impact of taking on the new mission and identifies the changes needed to integrate medical surveillance into the mission of the MED DET (PM) based upon the doctrine, training, leader development, organizational design, material, and soldier systems (DTLOMS) model. In order to address primary question, this research analyzes medical surveillance conducted by the MED DET (PM) in the Balkan theater of operations. The findings suggest that medical surveillance is not fully integrated into the mission of the MED DET (PM) and changes are required in all DTLOMS domains. The investigator makes the following recommendations: defining medical surveillance and its requirements (Doctrine), defining the training requirements for medical surveillance in training manuals (Training), providing training on medical surveillance in officer and non-commissioned officer development programs and schools (Leader Development), defining the technical chains of communication in the organizational structure (Organization), providing equipment specifically designed to conduct medical surveillance (Materiel), and including medical surveillance into military occupational specialty proficiency tasks (Soldier Systems).This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Evaluation of Health Services
Over the past decade, South Carolina State agencies employing healthcare workers have experienced ongoing challenges in recruiting and retaining employees in critical healthcare professions such as nurses, social workers, nutritionists, psychiatrists, and physicians. In 2004 the Budget and Control Board implemented guidelines for a Healthcare Employees Recruitment and Retention Pilot to assist agencies in recruitment and retention efforts. Through this project, the author will evaluate the results of the Healthcare Program to determine its effectiveness in recruiting and retaining employees in critical needs classifications.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
AR 40-501
The United States Army Heritage and Education Center (USAHEC) is the U.S. Army's primary historical research facility. Formed in 1999, the center consists of the Military History Institute (MHI), the Army Heritage Museum (AHM), and the U.S. Army Conservation Center, and the Visitor and Education Services. The center aims to preserve and interpret the heritage of the U.S. Army. It acquires, preserves, and makes publicly available Army-related library and archival materials. This Army Heritage collection contains military history books, military technical and field manuals, Department of the Army pamphlets, and monographs. Some of the titles in the collection include: FM 7-40: Rifle Regiment, TM 95-200: Air Traffic Control Facility Operations, Japanese Field Artillery, and The German Squad in Combat.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Integrating Medical Surveillance Into the Mission of the Medical Detachment (Preventive Medicine)
Over the last decade, the United States Army has played an increased role in stability and support operations in which the Medical Detachment (Preventive Medicine) [MED DET (PM)] has taken on a new mission, medical surveillance. This research studies the impact of taking on the new mission and identifies the changes needed to integrate medical surveillance into the mission of the MED DET (PM) based upon the doctrine, training, leader development, organizational design, material, and soldier systems (DTLOMS) model. In order to address primary question, this research analyzes medical surveillance conducted by the MED DET (PM) in the Balkan theater of operations. The findings suggest that medical surveillance is not fully integrated into the mission of the MED DET (PM) and changes are required in all DTLOMS domains. The investigator makes the following recommendations: defining medical surveillance and its requirements (Doctrine), defining the training requirements for medical surveillance in training manuals (Training), providing training on medical surveillance in officer and non-commissioned officer development programs and schools (Leader Development), defining the technical chains of communication in the organizational structure (Organization), providing equipment specifically designed to conduct medical surveillance (Materiel), and including medical surveillance into military occupational specialty proficiency tasks (Soldier Systems).This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Marma Chikitsa
Unlock the ancient secrets of Marma Chikitsa, a profound science of healing rooted in Ayurvedic traditions, expertly elucidated by Dr. Anthony B. James and Dr. Benoit Tano. 'MARMA CHIKITSA(TM) The Hidden Science of Ayurvedic Energy Healing for Pain Relief, Disease Reversal, and Vitality Restoration Across Asia' offers a comprehensive exploration into the rejuvenating world of Marma therapy, widely practiced across Asia for centuries. "Marma Therapy" is a hands-on, pressure- and energy-point-based therapy within Ayurveda. This seminal work meticulously outlines the physiological and esoteric dynamics of 107 classical Marma points, which are vital energy pathways that influence the body's ability to heal and maintain balance. Dr. Anthony B. James, an Indian-trained and degreed Ayurveda Vidya, Indian Naturopathic Physician, Licensed Thai Ayurveda Professor of Thai Traditional Medicine, and a Thai Ajahn (professor) of "Ryksaa Thang Nuad Phaan Boran Thai," brings over 40 years of hands-on experience in clinics and education to this conversation. Explore the fascinating intersection between the physical and spiritual, between the psychological and emotional, where tapping into these points can lead to remarkable improvements in the health and wellness of Spirit, Mind, and Body. Ayurveda is the traditional, indigenous, and sacred cultural heritage of functional medicine in much of Asia, spanning from India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Tibet to Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Billions of people worldwide rely on Ayurveda and its energy-balancing therapy, MarmaChikitsa, for their medical and wellness needs. Whether you are battling a chronic illness or seeking to enhance your well-being, this text provides practical, step-by-step guidance on harnessing the healing powers of Marma for therapeutic and preventive purposes. Each chapter explores various aspects of Marma Chikitsa, ranging from basic anatomy and physiological functions to advanced therapeutic sequences designed to address specific health issues. Beyond mere pain relief, the authors provide a thorough discussion on the integration of Marma with mental and emotional healing practices, revealing how these ancient techniques support holistic healing. The book enthusiastically expands its scope to encompass the integration of Marma Chikitsa with yoga, holistic health services, physical therapy, and other contemporary healing practices, underscoring its versatility and adaptability to modern wellness needs. Hence, this cornerstone volume is simultaneously a scholarly treatise and a practical guide, enriched with case studies that vividly demonstrate the profound impact of Marma therapy on real-life health scenarios. Drs. James and Tano extend an invitation to medical professionals, therapists, laypersons, and traditional and indigenous healers alike to deepen their understanding and practical knowledge of this age-old science, promising not only an enhancement of health and vitality but also a robust restoration of balance and energy. Embark on an inspirational journey across Asia, where you'll discover the spirit of an ancestral art poised to transform contemporary healing practices.
Obstacles to antiretroviral treatment among displaced persons living with HIV in armed conflict
The effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) depends on good adherence. Although treatment is increasingly available to the general population, refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) face many challenges in obtaining ARVs and maintaining optimal adherence. A mixed-method study (quantitative and qualitative) was conducted from April 2021 to June 2023 in the provinces of North Kivu and Ituri in Eastern DRC. Displaced PLHIV and those from the host population; service providers involved in the care of PLHIV; officials from the National HIV/AIDS Control Program and technical and financial partners in the fight against HIV were surveyed on the obstacles to ARV treatment for displaced people in eastern DRC. The main reasons for not taking ART were: forgetfulness, lack of food, occupation and travel, distance between camp and hospital of more than an hour, patient dissatisfaction, opportunistic infections, stigmatization, lack of money for transport, non-membership of a support group and lack of knowledge of supply points. With regard to ARV supply, the main difficulties mentioned were: the absence of an ARV supply circuit for displaced people in their respective areas. The strategy proposed to make ARV treatment available was to supply structures close to the camps with ARV drugs. Forced displacement of people living with HIV encourages non-adherence to antiretroviral treatment. Lack of money for transport, food insecurity, stigmatization, lack of knowledge of supply points, non-membership of a support group and the non-existence of an appropriate ARV supply circuit among displaced people, which cause ARV stock-outs, have been identified as obstacles to treatment compliance. The fight against food insecurity, the financial autonomy of PLHIV, the intensification of HIV awareness campaigns, membership of a support group, the establishment of an information circuit between health zones and the inclusion of ART among the drugs subject to rapid assessment for displaced people, and the supply of ART to structures close to the camps are all recommendations for improving ART adherence.
Utilization Of Male Targeted Short Message Service To Enhance Family Planning Uptake
Family planning helps in regulating the number of children and determine healthy spacing and timing of births between pregnancies. Approximately 190 million women of reproductive age worldwide are not using any family planning method. The global contraceptive prevalence stands at 49.0% with Sub-Saharan Africa accounting for 29.0 %. In Kenya the modern contraceptive prevalence rate stands at 56.9% while in Marsabit County stands at 5.6%. Male spouse involvement on matters of family planning deserves attention. Male spouses can be involved through providing culturally friendly health education with child spacing messages rather than family planning itself. This study aimed at evaluate the utilization of male targeted short message service in enhancing family planning uptake among their spouses in Marsabit County. This study adopted a pre-test and posttest quasi experimental study design involving randomly selected 220 couples from Laisamis (control group) and Moyale (intervention group) sub-counties. Intervention of male targeted short message service was offered to male spouses from Moyale sub-county while Laisamis subcounty was used as a control at a ratio of 1:1 for a period of 4 months. The data collection instruments used included a questionnaire and key informant interview guides. Quantitative data analysis was done using SPSS while qualitative were categorized and analyzed thematically. At evaluation, logistic regression analysis and McNemar test were used to measure the effectiveness of SMS intervention. . All the required ethical and logistical considerations were adhered to accordingly. The results revealed that at baseline level of uptake was 13.2% and 15.4%, high level of knowledge 14.0% and 12.0% and positive attitude 38.6% and 6.8% for control and intervention arms respectively. Uptake of family planning was increased by 3.6 times though use of short message service (OR 3.6, P
Coconut Oil and Epigallocatechin Gallate Against Multiple Sclerosis
Neurodegenerative diseases currently represent one of the main health challenges of the first world. The increase in life expectancy, as well as the growing exposure to environmental factors such as air pollution, make the prevalence of this type of pathologies grow exponentially. To this must be added the fact that there is currently no cure, which, together with the great dependence and emotional impact on patients, means that both patients and their families suffer an enormous loss in their quality of life, representing a significant public expense as well. Faced with this situation, it is essential to consider new non-pharmacological alternatives that can improve the clinical condition. Among these neurodegenerative diseases, multiple sclerosis (MS) stands out as the most disabling neurodegenerative disease in young adults. Its incidence is increasing worldwide, and the efficacy of pharmacological treatments is particularly limited, producing significant side effects in many cases. This is why we have tried to improve pathologically, all the aspects that have been described as particularly severe for this disease; MS stands out for being tremendously disabling, and for showing serious alterations both emotionally (with high rates of depression and anxiety), and functionally (mainly derived from progressive muscle loss) and biochemically (with high levels of oxidative stress and inflammation). For this, given the great benefits that have been described for ketone bodies, we proposed an intervention based on the administration of large amounts of coconut oil daily as the main source of ketone bodies in the blood. In addition, given the great benefits demonstrated in human and animal models of MS, we supplemented this intervention with the potent antioxidant epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG).
Medical Reports
This collection of "Medical Reports" offers a fascinating glimpse into the state of medical knowledge and public health in China. Compiled by the Hai guan zong shui wu si shu (Maritime Customs Service), these reports provide valuable insights into the diseases, treatments, and health conditions prevalent during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They offer a unique perspective on the challenges faced by both Chinese and foreign medical practitioners working in the region. These historical documents are an invaluable resource for researchers interested in the history of medicine, public health, and Sino-Western relations. This compilation sheds light on the medical practices and prevailing health concerns of a bygone era.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Primitive Psycho-therapy And Quakery
Explore the historical roots of psychotherapy and the pervasive presence of quackery in "Primitive Psycho-therapy And Quakery" by Robert Means Lawrence. This illuminating work delves into the early forms of healing practices, examining the intersection of primitive medicine, folklore, and nascent psychological treatments. Lawrence investigates the historical context in which these practices emerged, shedding light on the beliefs and cultural influences that shaped them. From ancient rituals to early therapeutic approaches, this book offers a comprehensive look at the origins of psychological healing and the persistent phenomenon of quackery. A valuable resource for anyone interested in the history of medicine, psychology, and the enduring human quest for well-being.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Neurotransmission, Pain, and Neurological Disorders
Neurotransmission, Pain, and Neurological Disorders: The Role of Glial Cells and Neurotransmitters provides a comprehensive examination of the pivotal roles that glial cells and neurotransmitters play in the central nervous system. Co-authored by Si-Yuan Song and Hui-Xian Zhou, this book delves into the multifaceted functions of glial cells, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. It explores how these cells support neural structures, regulate neurotransmitter metabolism, and participate in immune responses, while also highlighting their involvement in conditions like pain, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis. The book further presents an extensive overview of neurotransmitters and their receptors, detailing major classes such as acetylcholine, monoamines, amino acids, neuropeptides, purines, and gaseous neurotransmitters. It explains the processes of neurotransmitter synthesis, release, receptor binding, and regulation, emphasizing their critical roles in neural communication and various neurological disorders. This scholarly work integrates recent advancements in techniques like immunohistochemistry, cell culture, electron microscopy, and laser confocal microscopy, offering new insights into the morphological characteristics and functional activities of neuroglia. It serves as an essential resource for neuroscientists, clinicians, and students, providing a deep understanding of the intricate relationships between glial cells, neurotransmitters, and brain functionality in both health and disease.
Maryland Medical Journal, Volume 57, Issue 4
Explore the historical landscape of medical practice with Volume 57, Issue 4 of the "Maryland Medical Journal." This vintage issue provides a unique glimpse into the medical challenges, innovations, and perspectives of its time. A valuable resource for historians, medical professionals, and anyone interested in the evolution of healthcare, this journal offers insights into past medical practices and the ongoing quest for medical advancement.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
