Pharmakogenetik. Das individuelle Genom bei der MedikamentenvergabeWelche Chancen ergeben
Einsendeaufgabe aus dem Jahr 2018 im Fachbereich Medizin - Pharmakologie, Arzneimittelwesen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit瓣t Erlangen-N羹rnberg, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Die Pharmakogenetik untersucht den Einfluss des Erbguts auf den Stoffwechsel und somit die Wirksamkeit von Medikamenten. Dies erlaubt eine personalisierte Dosierung der Arzneimittel zur Vermeidung von Unter- oder ?berdosierungen. Der Zusammenhang der genetischen Ausstattung von Patienten mit der Wirksamkeit einiger Medikamente ist dabei schon l瓣nger bekannt. Aktuelle Forschung hat die Aufschl羹sselung der genetischen Variabilit瓣t der Arzneimittelwirksamkeit auf breiter Basis zum Inhalt. Erkenntnisse flie?en dabei in die Medikamentenentwicklung und die Individualisierung der Pharmakotherapie ein. ?bersicht zur Entwicklung der Pharmakotherapie. Welche Chancen ergeben sich durch die pharmakogenetische Forschung? Was sind m繹gliche Risiken? Muss zuk羹nftig das individuelle Genom entschl羹sselt werden, bevor Medikamente verordnet werden k繹nnen?
Pharmacist 101
If you want to learn how to become a pharmacist, then get this "Pharmacist 101" guide today! In Pharmacist 101, you will learn these top lessons from a real pharmacist. - Evaluation of the real pharmacy lifestyle - Broken down into sections for before pharmacy school, during pharmacy school, during rotations, and after graduation - Additional chapters on finance and extra reading suggestions - Expanded lesson on surprising areas within the field of pharmacy that pharmacists can be found o Open discussion of benefits and struggles within each subcategory o A day in the life of a hospital pharmacist - Step-by-step description of application process for getting into pharmacy school - Step-by-step description of process for taking pharmacy board exams and obtaining licensure after graduation - The real value of experience before and during pharmacy school - General guidelines for conducting yourself on rotations - Tips to establish solid professional relationships - Discussion of critical classes within the pharmacy curriculum - Considerations for elective courses in pharmacy school - Information about continuing education requirements after graduation - How to handle and prevent mistakes within healthcare - Balancing life and professional obligations - Writing and updating your Curriculum Vitae - Resources for determining your school of choice - Suggestions for dual degree programs - How to establish a specialty, if you so choose - Brief overview of sciences required for entry into pharmacy school - Differences between residencies and fellowships and when each may be applicable o Application and information for success in each - Establishing connections within the field - Conducting yourself professionally Read "Pharmacist 101" today and all the best in your journey towards becoming a pharmacist! About the Expert Ann Klemz, PharmD, is a hospital pharmacist from Minnesota. She graduated from the University of Minnesota, Duluth campus in 2012. She has worked in the field of pharmacy as a technician, intern, and pharmacist for over twenty years. She's worked in retail, hospital, minor clinical roles, home infusion, and hospice. Her perspective is inclusive and unique. Her strengths include Harmony, Adaptability, Developer, Empathy, and Positivity, with a punch of Activator and Intellection for good measure. When she's not at work, she can be found drinking coffee, cross-stitching, and mitigating the craziness of her three-child household with her loving partner, Tim. HowExpert.com publishes quick 'how to' guides in all topics from A to Z by everyday experts.
Apis Mellifica
Apis Mellifica: Or, The Poison Of The Honey-Bee, Considered As A Therapeutic Agent This book is a result of an effort made by us towards making a contribution to the preservation and repair of original classic literature. In an attempt to preserve, improve and recreate the original content, we have worked towards: 1. Type-setting & Reformatting: The complete work has been re-designed via professional layout, formatting and type-setting tools to re-create the same edition with rich typography, graphics, high quality images, and table elements, giving our readers the feel of holding a 'fresh and newly' reprinted and/or revised edition, as opposed to other scanned & printed (Optical Character Recognition - OCR) reproductions. 2. Correction of imperfections: As the work was re-created from the scratch, therefore, it was vetted to rectify certain conventional norms with regard to typographical mistakes, hyphenations, punctuations, blurred images, missing content/pages, and/or other related subject matters, upon our consideration. Every attempt was made to rectify the imperfections related to omitted constructs in the original edition via other references. However, a few of such imperfections which could not be rectified due to intentional\unintentional omission of content in the original edition, were inherited and preserved from the original work to maintain the authenticity and construct, relevant to the work. We believe that this work holds historical, cultural and/or intellectual importance in the literary works community, therefore despite the oddities, we accounted the work for print as a part of our continuing effort towards preservation of literary work and our contribution towards the development of the society as a whole, driven by our beliefs. We are grateful to our readers for putting their faith in us and accepting our imperfections with regard to preservation of the historical content. HAPPY READING!
I profumi che curano corpo, mente e spirito
"Questa opera rappresenta un excursus Storico-Religioso-Filosofico-Mitologico-Antropologico e Medico-Scientifico, al fine di portare per mano il lettore a metabolizzare i principi secondo cui l'Aromaterapia al pari di tutte le conoscenze sulla Medicina Naturale sono stati parte integrante delle terapie di ogni tempo e possono esserlo anche nei tempi moderni e attuali Il lavoro dell'autrice ha destato il mio interesse e gradimento perch矇 rappresenta un documento non solo rivolto ad una classe specifica di Professionisti del settore Medico-Scientifico, ma per la semplicit? con cui 癡 scritto risulta facilmente comprensibile a tutti coloro che desiderano estendere le proprie conoscenze riguardo gli oli essenziali ed il loro utilizzo nella quotidianit? e nella prevenzione primaria". Dr. Maurizio Maresca
Optimal Men’s Health
Optimal Men's Health is a comprehensive yet easy-to-understand guide to everything men (and the women who care about them) need to know about health. Taking an integrative approach, Dr. Myles Spar shows you how to feel young and powerful at any age while minimizing the risk of disease, showing that prevention is just as important as treatment. Using real patient experience, Dr. Spar explains the usefulness of advanced testing; the usefulness of integrative medicine approaches such as mindfulness, an anti-inflammatory diet, how to optimize sleep, and the use of supplements for all of the conditions; and uses various complementary treatments and therapies that can be useful in preventing and treating diseases through acupuncture, yoga, exercise, and more. Dr. Spar provides you with lists of questions to ask your healthcare professional, sidebars of key information, checklists and action plans, lists of resources and suggested further reading for you to take your health journey into your own hands.
Designing Hydrogels for Controlled Drug Delivery
The aim of this book is to provide an analysis of the main characteristics and applications of hydrogels. Hydrogels are frequently used for manufacturing contact lenses, hygiene products, tissue engineering scaffolds, drug delivery systems, and wound dressings. These materials are useful in everyday life, so publicizing them in both academic and pharmaceutical fields is essential.
DMSO - Um Manual
DMSO n瓊o 矇 permut獺vel e apresenta impressionante gama de efeitos harm繫nicos. Constantemente pesquisas m矇dicas e farmac礙uticas evidenciam que DMSO oferece o maior n繳mero e espectro de efeitos jamais comprovados para uma 繳nica subst璽ncia. Ao longo de mais de sessenta anos foram publicados mais de quarenta mil artigos cient穩ficos a seu respeito. Geralmente s瓊o de completo desconhecimento do p繳blico leigo - ou foram mesmo retidos intencionalmente. Agora todos os interessados t礙m ? sua disposi癟瓊o um livro de primeira qualidade sobre esse rem矇dio universal e sua aplica癟瓊o pr獺tica, de autoria de Dr. Hartmut Fischer, cientista em ci礙ncias naturais e naturopata, que investigou esse fascinante l穩quido e dele faz uso bem-sucedido no consult籀rio e em seu meio familiar. Agora esse livro compreende todo seu conhecimento a respeito. Aprox. 300 p獺ginas, com 44 imagens. Atualmente DMSO experimenta um revival enquanto sust璽ncia terap礙utica de livre acesso, ap籀s anos de oculta癟瓊o por peritos e m矇dicos alternativos. Sempre bem tolerado, entrementes obteve fama como recurso de r獺pido efeito no tratamento de enfermidades traum獺ticas e de inflama癟繭es agudas. Tem efeito anti-inflamat籀rio e analg矇sico imediato, acarreta r獺pida reabsor癟瓊o de incha癟os ou hemorragias cut璽neas, e favorece a cicatriza癟瓊o. Por isso mesmo 矇 muito usada quando de les繭es desportivas, s穩ndromes dos ombros, enfermidades reum獺ticas e degenerativas em juntas (incluindo altera癟繭es nos discos intervertebrais), e neuralgias. Mas DMSO faz muito mais, o que n瓊o descobriram apenas cirurgi繭es pl獺sticos, m矇dicos cir繳rgicos, veterin獺rios e do desporto, sen瓊o tamb矇m in繳meras pessoas ? procura de curas alternativas para seus males cr繫nicos. No caso do DMSO trata-se, pois, de um componente extremamente vers獺til para a independ礙ncia terap礙utica e de um bocado de independ礙ncia m矇dica dos vastos efeitos colaterais da medicina padr瓊o. Muitos dos interessados, contudo, desconheciam o manejo seguro dessa subst璽ncia e as possibilidades de seu emprego. Em s穩ntese: faltava um manual concreto para o emprego pr獺tico de DMSO. Com este livro apresenta-se, portanto, uma obra cl獺ssica, voltada primeiramente a sua aplica癟瓊o, tanto para usu獺rios quanto m矇dicos, naturopatas e demais terapeutas. Por isso mesmo a presente obra pretende antes transmitir o emprego pr獺tico e manejo seguro de DMSO. Para al矇m disso, o leitor pode muito bem aproveitar esse texto para uma leitura prazerosa, pois v獺rios trechos transcendem o estrito campo do DMSO, fornecendo-lhe aleatoriamente avultados conhecimentos Cr穩ticas.Uma obra-mestra cuja virtude consiste na explana癟瓊o simples de processos complexos, tornados intelig穩veis, permitindo a muitos um proveito de conhecimentos de muitos anos. Dra da medicina Antje Oswald
Dancing to the Light
"Dancing is Life" "This is a quote that is a direct parallel to life.It rejuvenates us, keeps us sound, keeps us creating, instead of dying."Quote Tony Dovolani of "Dancing with the Stars" World Rhythm Champion CELEBRATING LIVING 20 YEARS DIAGNOSED WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE CELEBRATING A DECADE OF DANCE FOR DEMENTIA Diagnosed in 1999 with Alzheimer's Disease at age 53, every day I fight a battle to still be me. A Battle wages within a silent predator the Thief of my Mind, Memory, and Me. Traveling through the Valley of the Shadow of Death When you hear you are dying, you feel yourself disappearing just fading away "There is a Time to Dance!" "God Changed My Mourning into Dancing!" Ballroom Dance the Missing Link in Rehabilitation of my Mind and Body Creating a Voice for the Message of HOPE for the Disease of Alzheimer's . . . sharing my Story and my Interpretative Dance. HAZEL MINNICK "REMEMBER ME!" I am a Voice that needs to be heard A Mind that needs to be understood A Disease that needs Explanation A Cure! I Am "The Unlikely Dancer"I Am "Dancing to Live!"I Am "Dancing to the Light!" I invite you to read my book series Learn how I tamed the monster living within my Brain to the tune of music. From Walker/Wheelchair to Waltzing "I Am Dancing to Live!" "LIVING IN MY SHADOW My Journey with Alzheimer's" promoting early Diagnosis, Meds to Reverse the Symptoms, and Ballroom Dance the missing link to Rejuvenate the Mind and Body. Then continue to follow my journey as "The Unlikely Dancer" and join me as I take the final steps of my journey with Alzheimer's Disease in "Dancing to the Light." My future writings will be memoirs to my Children and Grandchildren leading them to follow the Path of Light to Heaven, also featuring Alzheimer's "funnies" experienced together. Blessings Always Hazel Minnick URElderDancing Princess xoxox
Seaweeds Secondary Metabolites
Seaweeds are recognized as highly nutritious, and their use in gastronomy is increasing. Their health benefits and their potential to prevent several diseases have also been established. In this Special Issue several health effects are discussed, with more emphasis on their antitumor activity and potential use to treat Alzheimer's disease. The key bioactive metabolites, from which phlorotannins can be highlighted, are presented, as well as some important in vivo studies. Altogether, the chapters provide in-depth information about the biological activities of seaweed metabolites, contributing to elucidate the health effects of seaweed.
Field Hospitals
Field hospitals are deployed in a wide range of scenarios including natural disasters, epidemic outbreaks, armed conflicts and refugee crises. Operation in these conditions requires adaptation to disaster medicine principles and operation in an austere environment and unfamiliar cultural milieu, whilst maintaining acceptable standards of care. For many of those involved it may be their first encounter. This book, which is the first to address the preparation and operation of field hospitals, brings together the experience of world leaders in the field. Coming from a wide variety of organizations and backgrounds, all have extensive experience in field hospital deployment in multiple scenarios. The text - containing both background information and practical guidelines - will serve all those involved in field hospital deployment, including policy makers and planners, physicians and nurses, paramedical professionals and logisticians. It will help them deliver optimal care to people around the globe in difficult times of need.
Cell－Free Nucleic Acids
The deficits of mammography and the potential of noninvasive diagnostic testing using circulating miRNA profiles are presented in our first review article. Exosomes are important in the transfer of genetic information. The current knowledge on exosome-associated DNAs and on vesicle-associated DNAs and their role in pregnancy-related complications is presented in the next article. The major obstacle is the lack of a standardized technique for the isolation and measurement of exosomes. One review has summarized the latest results on cell-free nucleic acids in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Despite the extensive research, the etiology and exact pathogenesis are still unclear, although similarity to the cell-free ribonucleic acids (cfRNAs) observed in other autoimmune diseases seems to be relevant in IBD. Liquid biopsy is a useful tool for the differentiation of leiomyomas and sarcomas in the corpus uteri. One manuscript has collected the most important knowledge of mesenchymal uterine tumors and shows the benefits of noninvasive sampling. Microchimerism has also recently become a hot topic. It is discussed in the context of various forms of transplantation and transplantation-related advanced therapies, the available cell-free nucleic acid (cfNA) markers, and the detection platforms that have been introduced. Ovarian cancer is one of the leading serious malignancies among women, with a high incidence of mortality; the introduction of new noninvasive diagnostic markers could help in its early detection and treatment monitoring. Epigenetic regulation is very important during the development of diseases and drug resistance. Methylation changes are important signs during ovarian cancer development, and it seems that the CDH1 gene is a potential candidate for being a noninvasive biomarker in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Preeclampsia is a mysterious disease--despite intensive research, the exact details of its development are unknown. It seems that cell-free nucleic acids could serve as biomarkers for the early detection of this disease. Three research papers deal with the prenatal application of cfDNA. Copy number variants (CNVs) are important subjects for the study of human genome variations, as CNVs can contribute to population diversity and human genetic diseases. These are useful in NIPT as a source of population specific data. The reliability of NIPT depends on the accurate estimation of fetal fraction. Improvement in the success rate of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer (ET) is an important goal. The measurement of embryo-specific small noncoding RNAs in culture media could improve the efficiency of ET.
Transmucosal Absorption Enhancers in the Drug Delivery Field
Development of strategies to assist the movement of poorly permeable molecules across biological barriers has long been the goal of drug delivery science. In the last three decades, there has been an exponential increase in advanced drug delivery systems that aim to address this issue. However, most proprietary delivery technologies that have progressed to clinical development are based on permeation enhancers (PEs) that have a history of safe use in man. This Special Issue entitled "Transmucosal Absorption Enhancers in the Drug Delivery Field" aims to present the current state-of-the-art in the application of PEs to improve drug absorption. Emphasis is placed on identification of novel permeation enhancers, mechanisms of barrier alteration, physicochemical properties of PEs that contribute to optimal enhancement action, new delivery models to assess PEs, studies assessing safety of PEs, approaches to assist translation of PEs into effective oral, nasal, ocular and vaginal dosage forms and combining PEs with other delivery strategies.
Ethiopian Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (RMNCH) Medicines Formulary
Document from the year 2016 in the subject Medicine - Pharmacology, language: English, abstract: To provide basic information on the management and appropriate prescribing, dispensing and use of RMNCH medicines will familiarize with the terminologies used in drug management, the medicines used, including their generic names, uses, doses, precautions, side effects, storage and handling, advising/counselling patients. It thereby addresses the scope of knowledge which will fill those information gaps on how best use RMNCH medicines by healthcare providers and clients. The formulary apart from being used as desk reference by Health care providers can also be used as a resource material during the basic training of Health care providers who specifically deal with RMNCH services.
Secrets of a Healer - Magic of Muscle Testing
Secrets of a Healer - Magic of Muscle Testing combines the technique of muscle testing with the genius knowledge of Eastern's Medicine meridians and chakras. Not only will you learn how to ask a specific question, but you will also understand what needs to be balanced and how to balance it.Many alternative, integrated, and natural health practitioners believe that your subconscious mind knows all that is needed to be able to heal your body. When you are searching for answers. Answers that will enable you to change your Emotional, Mental, Spiritual, or Physical state from dis-ease to wellbeing, Muscle Testing is considered a paradigm shift in the healing world. As a bonus, at the back of the book, I have created charts showing specific muscles that correlate with the body's organs and meridians.Enjoy balancing your body!
Frcem Intermediate
A new updated edition of the FRCEM Intermediate SAQ. This 2020 edition of the revised material has been updated to include new and revised guidelines, correct typographical errors and reference all chapters as recommended by readers. It replaces the 2019 edition.The Royal University Emergency examinations are no easy task. Anyone who has been through the process knows the extensive knowledge one needs to accumulate for these exams. The new edition of SAQ intermediate comes at a crucial time in preparation for these exams.This is a constantly and rapidly evolving branch of medicine. Emergency medicine practitioners need to make quick and efficient decisions and take carefully calculated risks, but this can only be done with a solid knowledge base. And that is precisely what the University emphasises: whether we, as emergency physicians, can make the right decision when it matters.The new edition of this book seeks to do just that, to prepare you on that journey to the exam by providing concise and specific points on all the topics covered in the Royal University syllabus. With new guidelines being published all the time and treatment and drug therapy constantly evolving, it has been my constant endeavour to keep up with these changes.Volume 1 contains: Section I: Acute & Major PresentationsSection II: UltrasoundVolume 2 Contains: Section III: Trauma PresentationsSection IV: Paediatric PresentationsSection V: Anaesthetic CompetencesSection VI: Procedure CompetencesSection VII: Common Competences
Diagnosis of Dementia and Cognitive Impairment
In this special issue of Diagnostics, expert contributors have produced up-to-date research studies and reviews on various topics related to the diagnosis of dementia and cognitive impairment. The methods of the assessments discussed extend from simple neurological signs, which may be elicited in the clinical encounter, through cognitive screening instruments, to sophisticated analyses of neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of disease. It is hoped that these various methods may facilitate earlier diagnosis of dementia and its subtypes, and provide differential diagnosis of depression and functional cognitive disorders, as a prelude to meaningful interventions.
Marine Glycobiology, Glycomics and Lectins
Glycans (carbohydrate chains) of marine creatures are rich and diverse in polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. The chains that are metabolized by glycan-related enzymes (glycosyltransferases and glycosidases) are recognized by glycan-binding proteins (lectins) which regulate cellular processes such as growth, differentiation, and death. Marine glycomics that involves the genome and transcriptome accelerates our understanding of the evolution of glycans, glycan-related enzymes, and lectins.From 2017 to 2019, the Special Issue "Marine Glycobiology, Glycomics and Lectins" of the journal Marine Drugs published scientific articles and reviews, on the background of "glycobiology"--that is, glycan-based biosciences. The aim was to promote the discovery of novel biomolecules that contribute to drug development and clinical studies. This has great potential for establishing connections between the fields of both human health and marine life sciences.This book contains 11 scientific papers representing current topics in comprehensive glycosciences related to therapeutic agents from marine natural products, as outlined.
Pheochromocytoma (PHEO) and Paraganglioma (PGL)
This book outlines some new advances in genetics, clinical evaluation, localization, therapy (newly including immunotherapy) of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma including their metastatic counterparts. Well-known and experienced clinicians and scientists contributed to this book to include some novel approaches to these tumors. This book will serve to various health care professionals from different subspecialties, but mainly oncologists, endocrinologists, endocrine surgeons, pediatricians, and radiologists. This book shows that the field of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma is evolving and a significant progress has been made in last 5 years requiring that health care professionals and scientists will learns new information and implement it in their clinical practice or scientific work, respectively. This book should not be missed by anybody who is focusing on neuroendocrine tumors, their newest evaluation and treatment.
Application of Bioinformatics in Cancers
This collection of 25 research papers comprised of 22 original articles and 3 reviews is brought together from international leaders in bioinformatics and biostatistics. The collection highlights recent computational advances that improve the ability to analyze highly complex data sets to identify factors critical to cancer biology. Novel deep learning algorithms represent an emerging and highly valuable approach for collecting, characterizing and predicting clinical outcomes data. The collection highlights several of these approaches that are likely to become the foundation of research and clinical practice in the future. In fact, many of these technologies reveal new insights about basic cancer mechanisms by integrating data sets and structures that were previously immiscible. Accordingly, the series presented here bring forward a wide range of artificial intelligence approaches and statistical methods that can be applied to imaging and genomics data sets to identify previously unrecognized features that are critical for cancer. Our hope is that these articles will serve as a foundation for future research as the field of cancer biology transitions to integrating electronic health record, imaging, genomics and other complex datasets in order to develop new strategies that improve the overall health of individual patients.
The Mountain Path
About The Mountain Path"The Mountain Path" by Caryn Boyd Diel is a history lesson and a guided lecture On the art and science of Chi Nei Tsang, Taoist abdominal massage. In our quickly Changing environment gut health is the canary in the mine; the first messenger From the gut to the brain of the challenges we face in digesting modern life. The author provides up to date information on what is affecting our gut biome and provides basic hands on healing options to restore balance. Students of Chi Nei Tsang will appreciate the inclusion of various treatment protocol. Lay persons Will enjoy trying out the basic Chi Nei Tsang self care treatment and simple Taoist meditations.
Hemp Oil and CBD
Can herbs work better than drugs? The $450 billion a year pharmaceutical industry says they can't. But, a growing number of clinical studies suggest otherwise. If you're looking for an alternative way to treat chronic pain, asperger's or relieve nasty side effects of chemotherapy, then your answer could be in the form of Hemp Oil & CBD. This information was once a closely guarded secret, unavailable to the majority of people. However, thanks to the rise in alternative health research - we can put medicine back into the hands of everyday working Americans From diabetes to schizophernia, millions of people are reaping the benefits of this natural, hundred year old medicine derived from marijuana plants. In Hemp Oil and CBD: Your Guide to Using Natural Oils for Physical Injuries, Mental Health & General Wellbeing you will learn: The real reason why Big Pharma hates Hemp Oil & CBD - Page 16 How Bill Clinton set the alternative medicine industry back 15 years - Page 20 Hemp's relationship with the US public (it didn't always used to have this stigma) - Page 22 The fundamental differences between Marijuana and Hemp (the pharmaceutical industry spend millions every year trying to keep this a secret) - Page 27 The real answer to the question "Will I get high from Hemp or CBD oil?" - Page 31 How this Michigan Mom used CBD oil to curb her son's anxiety attacks (she too, used to mistakingly believe CBD was the same as marijuana) - Page 69 Why Rick Simpson isn't the only person to use CBD oil to cure their cancer - Page 71
Pharmacist Services
The overall goal of this book is to give the reader a state-of-the-art synopsis of the pharmacist services domain. To accomplish this goal, the authors have addressed the social, psychosocial, political, legal, historic, clinical, and economic factors that are associated with pharmacist services. In this book, you will gain cutting-edge insights from learning about the research of experts throughout the world. The findings have relevance for enhancing pharmacist professionalism, pharmacist practice, and the progression of pharmacist services in the future.
The Homoeopathic Medical Doctrine - Or, Organon of the Healing Art - A New System of Physic
"The Homoeopathic Medical Doctrine" is an 1810 work by Samuel Hahnemann on the subject of Homeopathy. Created in 1796 by Hahnemann, Homeopathy refers to an alternative medicine system stemming from his theory that something that causes the symptoms of a disease in healthy people will actually cure similar symptoms in people who are ill. Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843) was a German chemist and physician famous for developing homeopathy. This vintage book is highly recommended for those with an interest in homeopathy, and it would make for a must-have addition to collections of allied literature. Many vintage books such as this are becoming increasingly scarce and expensive. It is with this in mind that we are republishing this volume now in an affordable, modern, high-quality edition complete with an introductory essay from Frederick Hiller's "Allopathy and Homoeopathy Before Judgement of Common Sense".
The Emergency Medicine Trauma Handbook
Trauma is a leading cause of death and disability around the world, and the leading cause of death in those aged under forty-five years. Conditions such as airway obstruction, hemorrhage, pneumothorax, tamponade, bowel rupture, vascular injury, and pelvic fracture can cause death if not appropriately diagnosed and managed. This essential book provides emergency physicians with an easy-to-use reference and source for traumatic injury evaluation and management in the emergency department. It covers approaches to common, life-threatening, and traumatic diseases in the emergency department, for use on shift and as a reference for further learning. Each chapter includes a succinct overview of common traumatic injuries, with evaluation and management pearls and pitfalls. Highly illustrated with images from one of the busiest trauma centers in the US, and featuring expert contributions from a diverse set of attending physicians, this is an essential text for all emergency medicine practitioners.
Marine Bioactive Peptides
This Special Issue Book, "Marine Bioactive Peptides: Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Potential" includes up-to-date information regarding bioactive peptides isolated from marine organisms. Marine peptides have been found in various phyla, and their numbers have grown in recent years. These peptides are diverse in structure and possess broad-spectrum activities that have great potential for medical applications. Various marine peptides are evolutionary ancient molecular factors of innate immunity that play a key role in host defense. A plethora of biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, anticoagulant, endotoxin-binding, immune-modulating, etc., make marine peptides an attractive molecular basis for drug design. This Special Issue Book presents new results in the isolation, structural elucidation, functional characterization, and therapeutic potential evaluation of peptides found in marine organisms. Chemical synthesis and biotechnological production of marine peptides and their mimetics is also a focus of this Special Issue Book.
Frcem Intermediate
A new updated edition of the FRCEM Intermediate SAQ. This 2020 edition of the revised material has been updated to include new and revised guidelines, correct typographical errors and reference all chapters as recommended by readers. It replaces the 2019 edition.The Royal University Emergency examinations are no easy task. Anyone who has been through the process knows the extensive knowledge one needs to accumulate for these exams. The new edition of SAQ intermediate comes at a crucial time in preparation for these exams.This is a constantly and rapidly evolving branch of medicine. Emergency medicine practitioners need to make quick and efficient decisions and take carefully calculated risks, but this can only be done with a solid knowledge base. And that is precisely what the University emphasises: whether we, as emergency physicians, can make the right decision when it matters.The new edition of this book seeks to do just that, to prepare you on that journey to the exam by providing concise and specific points on all the topics covered in the Royal University syllabus. With new guidelines being published all the time and treatment and drug therapy constantly evolving, it has been my constant endeavour to keep up with these changes.Volume 1 contains: Section I: Acute & Major PresentationsSection II: UltrasoundVolume 2 Contains: Section III: Trauma PresentationsSection IV: Paediatric PresentationsSection V: Anaesthetic CompetencesSection VI: Procedure CompetencesSection VII: Common Competences
Hope & Healing, The Case for Cannabis
"Insightful and thought-provoking." --DIANE D. RODRIGUEZ"I've researched and written about this topic several times before and never have I seen this explained so well!" --CHRISTINA DEBUSKIn Hope & Healing, Dr. Joseph Rosado lays out the plant's surprising history and controversy, the challenges physicians face when recommending it, and the benefits his thousands of patients have enjoyed from its proper use. With case studies and personal experiences, Hope & Healing has as much science as personal charm. If you've wondered if cannabis might offer hope for you or a loved one this book is for you. In it you'll discover: - The original source of attacks on cannabis, - What is cannabis? - Why it works so well with the human body, - What discoveries are being made today? - How to safely use cannabis, - What is the probable future of cannabis both for medicine and recreation?With a foreword by legendary Professor Lum穩r Ondřej Hanus and quotes by a surprising array of leaders who support its use, Hope & Healing is the book that could change your path to health and happiness, especially if you've ever wondered if there was a better approach than surgery or powerful and expensive prescription drugs laden with side effects. Read the book that is changing minds in surprising places. Buy, read, and share Hope & Healing today!
Dinophysis Toxins
Several species of Dinophysis produce one or two groups of lipophilic toxins: okadaic acid (OA) and its derivatives; or the dinophysistoxins (DTXs) (also known as diarrhetic shellfish poisons or DSP toxins) and pectenotoxins (PTXs). DSP toxins are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases, causing gastrointestinal intoxication in consumers of contaminated seafood. Forty years after the identification of Dinophysis as the causative agent of DSP in Japan, contamination of filter feeding shellfish exposed to Dinophysis blooms is recognized as a problem worldwide. DSP events affect public health and cause considerable losses to the shellfish industry. Costly monitoring programs are implemented in regions with relevant shellfish production to prevent these socioeconomic impacts. Harvest closures are enforced whenever toxin levels exceed regulatory limits (RLs). Dinophysis species are kleptoplastidic dinoflagellates; they feed on ciliates (Mesodinium genus) that have previously acquired plastids from cryptophycean (genera Teleaulax, Plagioselmis, and Geminigera) nanoflagellates. The interactions of Dinophysis with different prey regulate their growth and toxin production. When Dinophysis cells are ingested by shellfish, their toxins are partially biotransformed and bioaccumulated, rendering the shellfish unsuitable for human consumption. DSP toxins may also affect shellfish metabolism. This book covers diverse aspects of the abovementioned topics--from the laboratory culture of Dinophysis and the kinetics of uptake, transformation, and depuration of DSP toxins in shellfish to Dinophysis population dynamics, the monitoring and regulation of DSP toxins, and their impact on the shellfish industry in some of the aquaculture regions that are traditionally most affected, namely, northeastern Japan, western Europe, southern Chile, and New Zealand.
Targets, Tracers and Translation - Novel Radiopharmaceuticals Boost Nuclear Medicine
This is the fourth Special Issue in Pharmaceuticals within the last six years dealing with aspects of radiopharmaceutical sciences. It demonstrates the significant interest and increasing relevance to ameliorate nuclear medicine imaging with PET or SPECT, and also radiotherapeutical procedures.Numerous targets and mechanisms have been identified and have been under investigation over the previous years, covering many fields of medical and clinical research. This development is well illustrated by the articles in the present issue, including 13 original research papers and one review, covering a broad range of actual research topics in the field of radiopharmaceutical sciences.
A Century of Naturopathy
The entire history of organized natural medicine in the United States, from its primitive beginnings in Europe through its development into a distinct health care specialty, and up to its present status as it joins hands with conventional medicine. Every major event, chronicled year by year, and authored by a naturopathic doctor and historian. Profusely illustrated with many historic photos never before seen.
The Enchantment of Western Herbal Medicine
A thought-provoking selection of interviews with British herbalist, illuminating the the importance of our relationship with plants, alongside how such 'enchantment' has influenced the narrative of their lives. Some herbalists have visible entryways into studying, such as personal experience of taking herbal medicine, a search for a new career or a love of nature. Other entryways are more hidden, with many noting 'crossings' and 'callings' with plants at a young age. The Enchantment of Western Herbal Medicine, addresses tje sensual ability of herbs to raise questions about the agency of living plants and of herbal medicines. It discusses in depth how the relationship between herbalists and plants may be reconceived. Meetings with plants and herbal medicines allow herbalists to draw easily from a diverse range of influences that others may see as incommensurable. "This fascinating, original and challenging book convincingly explores modern-day herbalists understanding of their place in the complementary health world, against the backdrop of encroaching professionalisation, legitimacy and scientism. In his case study interviews with herbalists, Guy Waddell draws our attention to the enchanting power of plants and their agentic qualities.
Pharmacy Technician Certified Board Comprehensive Pharmacy Math
The Ultimate Pharmacy Math Book is primarily designed to assist students to reinforce and strengthen their skills in pharmacy math in order to pass the nationally Certified Pharmacy Technician Board exam, but this may also serve as an excellent refresher guide for new or experience pharmacists. Comprised of sixteen, short chapters, covering all different areas of pharmacy math, this textbook provides instruction and information for all the possible pharmacy math questions found on the Certified Pharmacy Technician Board exam. The material in this textbook provides a comprehensive review that instructs and covers all aspects of pharmaceutical related mathematical calculations and formulas, such as the conversion of medications from adult to children's dosages, understanding and utilizing the alligation method to determine ratio and percentage strength for prescriptions, determining the IV flow rate calculations for solutions administered over a period of time, and appropriate temperature conversion for both Fahrenheit and Celsius. In addition to the more direct aspects, this comprehensive guide also includes other practical pharmacy related information such as how to recognize a valid DEA number and calculate a health care provider's DEA check digit, or calculating the percentage for markup when selling a prescription drug and monitoring profit for a pharmacy business. To supplement their study opportunity, students buying this textbook should also plan on attending the corresponding Certified Pharmacy Technician Board preparation classes sponsored by the author (see class schedules through our web site at www.ptcbprep.com). In these classes, our certified instructor(s) will thoroughly review all material in this textbook, as well as providing one-on-one interaction and answering any questions.
Pharmacy Technician Certified Board Comprehensive Pharmacy Math
The Ultimate Pharmacy Math Book is primarily designed to assist students to reinforce and strengthen their skills in pharmacy math in order to pass the nationally Certified Pharmacy Technician Board exam, but this may also serve as an excellent refresher guide for new or experience pharmacists. Comprised of sixteen, short chapters, covering all different areas of pharmacy math, this textbook provides instruction and information for all the possible pharmacy math questions found on the Certified Pharmacy Technician Board exam. The material in this textbook provides a comprehensive review that instructs and covers all aspects of pharmaceutical related mathematical calculations and formulas, such as the conversion of medications from adult to children's dosages, understanding and utilizing the alligation method to determine ratio and percentage strength for prescriptions, determining the IV flow rate calculations for solutions administered over a period of time, and appropriate temperature conversion for both Fahrenheit and Celsius. In addition to the more direct aspects, this comprehensive guide also includes other practical pharmacy related information such as how to recognize a valid DEA number and calculate a health care provider's DEA check digit, or calculating the percentage for markup when selling a prescription drug and monitoring profit for a pharmacy business. To supplement their study opportunity, students buying this textbook should also plan on attending the corresponding Certified Pharmacy Technician Board preparation classes sponsored by the author (see class schedules through our web site at www.ptcbprep.com). In these classes, our certified instructor(s) will thoroughly review all material in this textbook, as well as providing one-on-one interaction and answering any questions.
Buzzed
Fully updated, this matter-of-fact handbook includes the most recent discoveries about drug use, including new information on electronic smoking devices, abuse of prescription stimulants, and the opioid crisis. "Lively, highly informative, unbiased, [and] thorough" (Addiction Research & Theory), Buzzed surveys drugs from caffeine to heroin to reveal how these drugs affect the body, the different "highs" they produce, and the circumstances in which they can be deadly.Neither a "Just Say No" treatise nor a "How to" manual, Buzzed is based on the conviction that people make better decisions with accurate information at hand.
Manifesto for a New Medicine
For the last twenty-five years, Dr. James Gordon has pioneered an approach to healing that synthesizes the best of modern scientific medicine with the best of the alternative techniques. Here he leads us step by step through convincing and absorbing case studies of the successful use of these alternatives, presenting clearly and simply the scientific basis for them. He also shows us how each of us can incorporate alternative therapies as an integral part of our health care and our daily lives.
Physical Activity and Health
Physical Activity and Health explains clearly, systematically and in detail the relationship between physical activity, health and disease, and examines the role of exercise in the prevention and management of a wide range of important conditions.Now in a fully updated and expanded third edition, this is the most complete and engaging textbook on the subject. It offers a balanced examination of the latest evidence linking levels of physical activity with the risk of mortality, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, cancer, osteoporosis and dementia. Designed to help the reader evaluate the quality of the evidence, the book includes an invaluable discussion of common study designs and the inherent difficulties of measuring physical activity. It examines the evidence in relation to child and adolescent health, older adults, hazards of exercise, sedentary behaviour, public health policy and, in a new chapter, mental health, and an epilogue considers the emerging evidence regarding the significance of physical activity and COVID-19.Containing chapter summaries, study tasks, guides to supplementary reading, a glossary of key terms and an abundance of figures and tables, Physical Activity and Health is an essential course text, and important reading for undergraduate, masters and postgraduate research students of sport and exercise science, public health, physical therapy, medicine and nursing.This third edition is supported by an updated companion website featuring self-test questions, PowerPoint slides, learning activities and website links.
Electrospun and Electrosprayed Formulations for Drug Delivery
This book is comprised of important reviews and cutting-edge original research papers concerning electrospun and electrosprayed formulations in drug delivery. Electrospinning and electrospraying have, in recent years, attracted increasing attention in the pharmaceutical sector, with research in the area advancing rapidly. It is now possible to prepare extremely complex systems using multi-fluid processes, and to increase production rates to an industrial scale. Electrospun formulations can be produced under GMP conditions and are in clinical trials.In this volume, we explore a range of topics around electrospinning and electrospraying in controlled drug delivery. Four reviews cover the exciting potential of cyclodextrin-containing fibers and the many potential biomedical applications of electrospun fibers. The use of electrospinning to prepare amorphous systems and improve the dissolution rate and solubility of poorly soluble active ingredients is addressed, and the possibilities of such materials in tissue engineering are comprehensively covered.The six original research papers cover the effect of molecular properties on API release from Eudragit-based electrospun fibers; ferulic acid solid dispersions; electrospun medicines to treat psoriasis; scale up of electrospinning and its use to produce low-dose tablets; transepithelial permeation of drugs released from electrospun fibers, and the possibilities for the synergistic chemophotothermal treatment of cancer.
Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis
Drug metabolism/pharmacokinetics and drug interaction studies have been extensively carried out in order to secure the druggability and safety of new chemical entities throughout the development of new drugs. Recently, drug metabolism and transport by phase II drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters, respectively, as well as phase I drug metabolizing enzymes, have been studied. A combination of biochemical advances in the function and regulation of drug metabolizing enzymes and automated analytical technologies are revolutionizing drug metabolism research. There are also potential drug-drug interactions with co-administered drugs due to inhibition and/or induction of drug metabolic enzymes and drug transporters. In addition, drug interaction studies have been actively performed to develop substrate cocktails that do not interfere with each other and a simultaneous analytical method of substrate drugs and their metabolites using a tandem mass spectrometer. This Special Issue has the aim of highlighting current progress in drug metabolism/pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and bioanalysis.
Biological Efficacy of Natural and Chemically Modified Products against Oral Inflammatory Lesions
Oral health is general health. If the oral cavity is kept healthy, the whole body is always healthy. Bacteria in the oral cavity do not stay in the oral cavity, but rather they travel throughout the body and can induce various diseases. Periodontal pathogens are involved in tooth loss. The number of remaining teeth decreases with age. People with more residual teeth can bite food well and live longer with lower incidence of dementia. There are many viruses in the oral cavity that also cause various diseases. Bacteria and viruses induce and aggravate inflammation, and therefore should be removed from the oral cavity. In the natural world, there are are many as yet undiscovered antiviral, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory substances. These natural substances, as well as chemically modified derivatives, help our oral health and lead us to more fulfilling, high quality lives. This Special Issue, entitled "Biological Efficacy of Natural and Chemically Modified Products against Oral Inflammatory Lesions", was written by specialists from a diverse variety of fields. It serves to provide readers with up-to-date information on incidence rates in each age group, etiology and treatment of stomatitis, and to investigate the application of such treatments as oral care and cosmetic materials.
Research of Pathogenesis and Novel Therapeutics in Arthritis
Arthritis has a high prevalence globally and includes over 100 different types, the most common of which are rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and inflammatory arthritis. The exact etiology of arthritis remains unclear and no cure exists. Anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used in the treatment of arthritis but are associated with significant side effects. Novel modes of therapy and additional prognostic biomarkers are urgently needed for arthritis patients. This book summarizes and discusses the global picture of the current understanding of arthritis.
Special Issue Dedicated to Late Professor Takuo Okuda
Antioxidative polyphenols represented by tannins and flavonoids are rich in numerous food sources and traditional natural medicines and currently attracting increased attention in health care and food industries because of their multiple biological activities that are favorable to human health. Commemorating the outstanding achievements on tannins by Dr. Takuo Okuda on the occasion of his passing away in December 2016, his colleagues, friends, and worldwide experts of polyphenol research have contributed 18 papers on their recent study to the Special Issue of Molecules. This book is its reprinted form. This covers reviews of structural features, historical usages, and biological activities of unique class of ellagitannins and condensed tannins, and original articles on the most up-to-date findings on the anticancer effect of green tea catechins, the antivirus effect of tannins comparing with the clinically used drugs, the analytical method of ellagitannins using quantitative NMR, the chemical structures of Hydrangea-blue complex (pigment) and condensed tannins in Ephedra sinica and purple prairie clover, and the relationship of condensed tannins in legumes and grape-marc with methane production in the in vitro ruminant system, and others. This book will be useful to natural product chemists and also to researchers in pharmaceutical and/or food industry.
Smart Nanovesicles for Drug Targeting and Delivery
We can use the short text on the SI page for the description, or you make slight modifications on it. The description/summary is only for promotion (flyer, distribution channels), and will not be included in the book You can use the short text on the SI page for the description Nanovesicles are highly-promising systems for the delivery and/or targeting of drugs, biomolecules and contrast agents. Despite the fact that initial studies in this area were performed on phospholipid vesicles, there is an ever-increasing interest in the use of other molecules to obtain smart vesicular carriers focusing on strategies for targeted delivery. These systems can be obtained using newly synthesized smart molecules, or by intelligent design of opportune carriers to achieve specific delivery to the site of action. The drug/contrast agent-containing vesicles need to be directed to precise locations within the body to obtain desired magnitude and duration of the therapeutic or diagnostic effect. This spatial control in the delivery might open new avenues to modulate drug activity while avoiding side-effects and to optimize contrast agent properties while avoiding a broad distribution in the organism. However, delivering and targeting active substances into specific tissues and cells is still a challenge in designing novel therapeutic approaches against untreatable disorders, such as tumors and degenerative diseases.
Marine Glycosides
In recent years, there has been a steady increase in the publication of papers on the chemistry, biology, and potential clinical uses of marine glycosides. Indeed, more than half of the papers published in this field are less than a decade old. Glycosides have been isolated from species as diverse as algae, fungi, anthozoans, and echinoderms. Even fish of the genus Pardachirus produce glycosides, which they use as shark repellents.The major interest in these compounds as potential drugs stems from their broad spectrum of biological effects. They have been shown to have antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, immune modulatory, and anticancer effects. The anticancer effects of marine glycosides include cell cycle suppression, the induction of apoptosis, and the inhibition of migration, invasion, and metastasis, as well as antiangiogenesis. Marine glycosides influence membrane permeability and have been shown to influence membrane transport at the molecular level through effects on transport carriers and pumps, as well as effects on ligand-gated and voltage-gated channels. Various marine glycosides have been shown to activate sphingomyelinase and ceramide synthesis, to inhibit topoisomerase activity, receptor tyrosine kinase activity, and multidrug resistance protein activity, and to antagonize eicosanoid receptors.This Special Issue covers the entire scope of marine organism-derived glycosides that are of potential value as pharmaceutical agents or leads. These include, but are not limited to, tetracyclic triterpene glycosides, other triterpene glycosides, steroid glycosides, and glycosides of non-isoprenoid aglycones.
Medical Cannabis
Can Medical Cannabis help you? Forty-four states and the District of Columbia have legalized some form of Medical Cannabis for treatment of serious conditions. Pain, cancer, sleep disturbance, mood disorders, epilepsy, osteoporosis, anxiety disorders, and many others are all conditions that may be helped by this treatment. Author Dr. Michael Moskowitz reviews the science of our own built in cannabinoid system, then launches into practical topics, including medical cannabis treatment, dispensary management, paraphernalia, embodiments, routes of administration, and DIY treatment. He covers the complexities of state laws, learning the phases of treatment, working with dispensaries, understanding the different embodiments and routes of administration, knowing how to avoid undesirable psychotropic effects, and combining this approach with both traditional and alternative medical care. The book details many ways of using this treatment without being cognitively altered. It is meticulously documented, and scientifically grounded to both help physicians with recommendations and treatment planning and in delivering highly relevant and useful treatment choices for patients. Whether you are a patient, practitioner, caregiver or lawmaker, Medical Cannabis: A Guide for Patients, Practitioners, and Caregivers separates myth from reality and proves itself invaluable to your own decision making about this therapeutic approach.
Medical Cannabis
Can Medical Cannabis help you? Forty-four states and the District of Columbia have legalized some form of Medical Cannabis for treatment of serious conditions. Pain, cancer, sleep disturbance, mood disorders, epilepsy, osteoporosis, anxiety disorders, and many others are all conditions that may be helped by this treatment. Author Dr. Michael Moskowitz reviews the science of our own built in cannabinoid system, then launches into practical topics, including medical cannabis treatment, dispensary management, paraphernalia, embodiments, routes of administration, and DIY treatment. He covers the complexities of state laws, learning the phases of treatment, working with dispensaries, understanding the different embodiments and routes of administration, knowing how to avoid undesirable psychotropic effects, and combining this approach with both traditional and alternative medical care. The book details many ways of using this treatment without being cognitively altered. It is meticulously documented, and scientifically grounded to both help physicians with recommendations and treatment planning and in delivering highly relevant and useful treatment choices for patients. Whether you are a patient, practitioner, caregiver or lawmaker, Medical Cannabis: A Guide for Patients, Practitioners, and Caregivers separates myth from reality and proves itself invaluable to your own decision making about this therapeutic approach.
Effects of Mycotoxins on the Intestine
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by several fungal species. They can contaminate human food and animal feed, and have been a threat for thousands of years. The gastrointestinal tract is the first target when ingesting mycotoxin-contaminated food or feed. As unlikely as it sounds, the investigations concerning the effects of mycotoxins on the intestine are still in their early stages. This book gathers the most recent advances related to the characterization of the intestinal toxicity of mycotoxins. Substantial data assembled on the damage caused to a number of histological structures and functions of the intestine remove any remaining doubt about this organ being a primary target for the toxicity of mycotoxins. An interesting overview of the detrimental effects of mycotoxins on the gut-hosted microbiota--now regarded as a fully-fledged organ associated with the gut--is also given. Finally, outstanding contributions in this book address questions relating to the suitability of current regulations to protect against alterations of the intestine, and to the efficacy assessment of new detoxification strategies using the intestinal toxicity of mycotoxins as a relevant endpoint.
Cannabis for Dummies
Make informed decisions about the benefits of using cannabis Pot is hot--for good reason. To date, 30 states have legalized medical marijuana to the tune of nearly $11B in consumer spending. Whether it's to help alleviate symptoms of an illness or for adults to use recreationally, more people every day are turning to marijuana. Cannabis For Dummies presents the science behind the use of this amazingly therapeutic plant. Inside, you'll find the hands-on knowledge and education you need to make an informed decision about your cannabis purchase, as a patient and a consumer. Decide for yourself if marijuana is right for you Manage aches and pains Gain insight on the effects and possible symptom relief Enjoy both sweet and savory edibles Navigate the legal requirements If you're curious about cannabis, everything you need to discover its many benefits is a page away!
Essentials of Experimental Pharmacology
The Pharmacology, being a subject involving drugs needs precision, perfection and application. Therefore meticulous planning is required. This book emphasizes on various facets- the experimenter should know before actual start of experiment. It introduces to regulatory aspects- CPCSEA, IAEC and part B to be submitted. The knowledge of basic pharmacological concepts, making PSS, drug solution making and dilutions are important for beginners. The world and CPCSEA are stressing for Humane Approach in use of experimental animals and worthwhile to go through the same. Computer Assisted Learning (CAL) or simulation is one of the best ways to explain experiments in reinforcing manner in addition to following humane approach. Experimentation demands several skills before actual experiments and description + pictures can help in learning necessary techniques. Same is the importance of instruments and knowledge of instruments and their operations prior to study always pay off. The knowledge about bioassay is must. The new approach is applied for explaining biostatistics i.e. performing calculations using softwares. Most of the text information is supported with pictures / diagrams to make it easy for understanding. Once the basic is learned well the experimenter can move to actual experiments and accordingly forthcoming volumes will be devoted to in vivo and in vitro experiments.
