Two Way Relationship Between Systemic Health and Periodontal Disease
One of the most prevalent diseases that affects people is periodontitis, an infected illness that can cause the inflammatory destruction of the alveolar bone and periodontal ligament. The activity of numerous toxic compounds generated from certain pathogenic subgingival plaque bacteria, as well as the host reactions evoked against plaque bacteria and their products, are likely the causes of periodontal damage. A gingival ulceration caused by the inflammatory response may develop around the tooth, allowing intact bacterial cells or their byproducts, such as lipopolysaccharides, pieces of peptidoglycan, and hydrolytic enzymes, to enter the bloodstream. Furthermore, it is understood that the host's defense against periodontal infections includes local production of cytokines, biological mediators including prostaglandins and interleukins, as well as systemic reactions such as the generation of serum antibodies.
Facial types and their tomographic characteristics
The characteristics of soft tissues and facial patterns play an important role in the diagnosis and planning of orthodontic or orthodontic/surgical treatment. This book introduces professionals who work transforming smiles and faces to the characteristics of facial soft tissues both at rest and when smiling, and evaluates the dynamic behavior of these tissues in the transition from a serious face to a smile, in the different facial types. These characteristics are presented under the analysis of the most modern diagnostic method, Cone Beam CT scans, and supported by traditional anthropometric analyses. This book has been specially developed for dental and medical professionals interested in craniofacial shape and how it can be improved. Happy reading!
Pediatric Minor Oral Surgery
This book is a comprehensive guide that delves into the nuances of minor procedures tailored specifically for young patients. From supernumerary tooth extractions to soft tissue lesions, each chapter offers insightful techniques and holistic approaches crucial for navigating the unique challenges of pediatric oral surgery. With a blend of expert insights and practical advice, this book serves as an indispensable resource for dental professionals seeking to provide optimal care and comfort to children undergoing minor oral surgeries.
Prosthodontic Pre-Prosthetic Surgery
Pre-prosthetic surgery is done to provide a better anatomic environment and to create proper supporting structures for prosthesis fabrication. Ultimate goal should be rehabilitation of the patient with restoration of the best possible masticatory function, combined with restoration or improvement of dental and facial esthetics. To achieve this goal, maximum preservation of hard and soft tissues of the denture base is of utmost importance. Wearing dentures for prolonged period manifests adverse changes in the denture-bearing areas due to change in the size of the jaw bones resulting in ill-fitting and painful dentures.
Artificial Intelligence in Orthodontics
Artificial intelligence technology has been a game-changer in the healthcare industry in recent years, and its use in orthodontics has increased dramatically as well. AI is a fantastic diagnostic and treatment planning tool for orthodontists. It can be applied from the very beginning. Automation not only expedites diagnosis and treatment procedures but also eliminates labour costs.In addition to helping identify landmarks, a well-trained artificial intelligence (AI) model can assist with various linear, angular, and volumetric measurements. This can greatly reduce measurement time, allowing researchers to concentrate on finding new clinical insights.
Cbct in Endodontics
Cone beam computed tomography(CBCT) is an evolving 3d imaging technique that uses computed xray beam to create a 3d image of the object under scan. Introduced first to dentistry in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery has now gained popularity in other specialities of dentistry too. This compiled literature presents a comprehensive overview of classification, advantages, limitations and clinical applications of cone beam computed tomography as a diagnostic tool in the field of conservative dentistry, particularly in endodontics.
Endodontic treatment
Bioceramic cements have revolutionized endodontics, offering significant advantages such as biocompatibility, bioactivity and mechanical stability. However, their reprocessing remains a persistent challenge due to their robust adhesion and solvent resistance.The aim of this work is to examine, through an analytical review of the literature, the various bioceramic cement removal protocols and to propose recommendations for effectively removing these materials.According to current data, practitioners are faced with the need to adopt a multidimensional approach, combining different techniques and calling on a variety of specialized instruments to maximize the effectiveness of disobturation, particularly innovative means of activating irrigation solutions.The use of bioceramic endodontic cements may be considered in the future, but more clinical experience and improved reusability are needed to make them the reference standard for obturation.
Indirect Composites
This easy-to-digest book offers expert guidance in each of the procedures involved in preparing for and placing indirect composites. The book Indirect composites comprehensively deals with clinical and theoretical needs of all types of indirect restorations. The book shows only the inherent ideas and the vision of the author. Author's emphasis on the originality and the language of the subject matter is clearly evident in the book. I believe that the contents of the book represent a significant contribution to the original thoughts and deserve our attention where we may not comprehend all the details. Modem ideas on types of indirect composites are excellently presented and the subject matter in other chapters is also critically analyzed. It is hoped that the dental students will find an accurate presentation of the subject and get benefited from the same. I have great faith that in this and subsequent editions, all students, teachers and practitioners will be kept current in the field of restorative dentistry.
Preventive Dentistry
Preventive dentistry is a branch of dentistry focused on maintaining oral health and preventing dental issues before they occur. It encompasses various strategies and practices aimed at promoting good oral hygiene and reducing the risk of dental diseases such as cavities, gum disease, and enamel wear.One of the fundamental aspects of preventive dentistry is regular dental check-ups and cleanings. Dentists recommend biannual visits for most patients to monitor oral health, identify any potential issues early on, and provide professional cleanings to remove plaque and tartar buildup.Overall, preventive dentistry emphasizes the importance of proactive oral care to maintain a healthy smile and avoid costly and painful dental problems in the future. By adopting good oral hygiene habits, attending regular dental check-ups, and following dentist recommendations, individuals can significantly reduce their risk of dental diseases and enjoy better oral health throughout their lives.
Prevalence of RSI/WMSD in different dental specialties
Scientific literature shows that dental surgeons are predisposed to developing repetitive strain injuries/work-related musculoskeletal disorders (RSI/WMSDs), due to their positions while working in the profession. However, there are few and controversial studies that indicate which specialty is the most predisposing. Therefore, this study set out to identify the prevalence of RSI/WMSD in different specialties among dentists in Porto Velho - RO. To this end, the international DASH (Disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand) questionnaire was applied to 100 dentists distributed proportionally across the North, South, East and West zones of the city of Porto Velho - RO. The results of the DASH dysfunction measures showed a statistical association with the shortest time since graduation (up to ten years) and the specialties of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology, Implant Dentistry and Stomatology. We therefore conclude that it is necessary for dental surgeons specializing in these areas and recent graduates to carry out a self-assessment and check whether they are neglecting ergonomic standards in order to adapt to them.
Recent Advances in Implant Biomaterials
For an implant to be successful in the long run, the biomaterial must be chosen carefully. Implant selection should minimize adverse biologic response while preserving appropriate function, as the human body does not fully accept all materials. Therefore a thorough knowledge of the various biomaterials used in dental implants is imperative. A humble effort has been made to summarize the various dental biomaterials that have been utilized in the past and the most recent materials that are now in use.
Clinical and epidemiological profile of injuries to the maxillofacial complex
Injuries to the maxillofacial complex are a major challenge in the daily lives of clinicians and CTBMFs. Repair and reconstruction of the soft tissues are of great importance in the care of patients with facial trauma. The soft tissues are frequently injured as a result of the forces dissipated through the bony framework of the face. The main etiological factors related to these injuries are: accidents involving land transport, interpersonal violence, accidents at work and sports-related accidents. These injuries can be associated with facial bone fractures, haemorrhages, nerve damage and damage to noble structures in the maxillofacial region. Once the more serious conditions have been stabilised, these injuries should be treated to minimise the risk of aesthetic and functional sequelae. The vast majority of injuries can be repaired using sutures, however, knowledge of facial anatomy, synthesis materials and reconstruction techniques are fundamental in the management of these injuries.
Fluid and Electrolytes Imbalances in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Fluid and Electrolyte imbalances can arise as a result of various factors, including preexisting health conditions, injury, or surgical interventions, these imbalances can lead to serious complications such as dehydration, electrolyte disturbances, and impaired wound healing. In Oral and Maxillofacial surgical procedures, maintaining proper fluid and electrolyte balance is crucial for optimal patient outcomes. The management of fluid and electrolyte imbalances requires a comprehensive approach. Surgeon's, nursing staff and other team members need to carefully assess the patient's fluid status and monitor electrolyte levels before, during and after surgery. this includes monitoring vital signs, laboratory tests, and clinical indicators of imbalances. Understanding and effectively managing fluid and electrolyte imbalances in Oral and Maxillofacial surgery are essential for ensuring patient safety and successful surgical outcomes. Through careful assessment, monitoring and appropriate interventions, surgeons can mitigate the risks associated with these imbalances and promote optimal patient care.
Interpositional Grafts in TMJ Surgeries
Over the last half century, many interpositional grafts have been used in TMJ Surgeries. They can be broadly divided into soft and hard tissues. This book is an indispensable resource for oral and maxillofacial surgeons, residents, and allied healthcare professionals seeking to enhance their understanding and proficiency in TMJ surgical procedures. Combining evidence-based insights with practical clinical wisdom, this book serves as a definitive reference for navigating the complexities of interpositional grafts in TMJ surgeries, ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of life.
Dimensional Innovations
Technological advancements are propelling humanity towards a future ripe with innovation and boundless potential. This is notably evident within the realm of dentistry, where the introduction of 3D printing has instigated a profound transformation. The incorporation of intricate details, spanning from minuscule to large scales, into dental procedures has gained tremendous significance. Conventional methods of creating prosthetics have undergone a complete metamorphosis, offering numerous advantages such as heightened customization, precision & productivity. Whether it pertains to the intricate crafting of dental implants or the precise modeling of dental structures, 3D printing has emerged as a disruptive influence in dentistry, opening up fresh avenues for enhancing patient care and advancing treatment modalities. However, the journey of progress doesn't halt there. The advent of 4D printing, facilitating materials to dynamically change their form based on external triggers, presents even more prospects for innovation. This dissertation focuses on recent advancements, potential applications as well as delves into the challenges & opportunities of 3D and 4D printing in dentistry.
Gingival and Periodontal Conditions in Children
Gingival and periodontal conditions in children are crucial aspects of pediatric dental health that require attention and care. While commonly associated with adults, these conditions can also affect children, albeit with unique characteristics and considerations. In children, gingival and periodontal health are essential for overall oral health and development. Gingivitis, the inflammation of the gums, is one of the most common conditions observed in children. It often results from poor oral hygiene habits, leading to plaque buildup along the gumline. Periodontal diseases, such as periodontitis, are less common in children but can still occur, particularly in cases of advanced gingivitis or underlying systemic conditions. Periodontitis involves the destruction of the tissues supporting the teeth, including the gums and bone. Early detection and intervention are crucial to prevent further progression and maintain optimal periodontal health in children. Several factors can contribute to gingival and periodontal conditions in children, including genetics, systemic health is and lifestyle factors. Pediatric dentists play a vital role in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Mini-screw Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (MARPE)
Expansion of the arches has seen its ups and downs in the past. More and more documentation of the effects and stability of this procedure has thrown a new light on its clinical application. Whether it is slow, rapid or semi rapid expansion, proper diagnosis and case assessment is very essential to ensure consistent results. The early correction of posterior cross-bites may offer the advantages of redirecting the developing teeth into more normal positions, correcting asymmetries of condylar position, and allowing normal vertical closure of the mandible without functional shifts to avoid occlusal interference. As more and more cases are being treated without extractions due to profile considerations, expansion of the arches forms a valuable adjunct to treat a wide variety of clinical presentations. Mini-screw anchorage-supported rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) devices are associated with a high success rate in maxillary skeletal expansion in late adolescents and young adults. In addition to increased chances of midpalatal suture opening, lesser dental side effects and more pronounced orthopaedic response have already clarified the scope of maxillary skeletal expansion.
Guided Endodontics
Breathtaking technological advancements over the last few decades have significantly impacted our lives. The digital revolution is changing the world, and dentistry is no exception. Quest for safer, less invasive, and predictable treatments has transformed dentistry as well. In this view, the concept of guided endodontics in treatment of root canals is no far. The root canal anatomy complexity represents one of the eminent challenges faced by endodontist in clinical practice. Various conditions in which root canal is obstructed by calcific metamorphosis or pulp canal obliteration due to dental trauma, dental procedures, age, periodontal disease and various systemic disorder the need for root canal treatment while preserving the tooth structure becomes the need of hour. Guided approach is beneficial in this view. It can be static or dynamic. "Static guided Endodontics" is a way to use CBCT merged with an optical impression, creating the platform for the design of a virtual drill path subsequent to the clinical procedure of drilling using a guide. "Dynamic navigation" is a promising technology designed to guide the placement of drills/implants in real time by a computer.
Resin Bonded Post Endodontic Restoration
The book focuses on the integral relationship between successful endodontic treatment and the quality of final restoration, emphasizing that the process isn't complete until an appropriate coronal restoration is in place. It discusses how various factors such as dental caries, access preparation, and root canal procedures can affect tooth resilience and fracture resistance after endodontic treatment. Contrary to common belief, endodontic treatment doesn't inherently weaken teeth but rather the structural integrity loss due to various treatments that contribute to higher fracture risk. Ultimately, the book underscores the critical role of high-quality resin based restorative treatment for endodontically treated teeth in view of ensuring the long-term success of root canal therapy.
Environmentally Sustainable Primary Care
This practical guide for primary care provides a context-specific introduction to the sustainability challenges associated with good health-care delivery and provides easy-to-implement yet impactful actions that can be taken to reduce and mitigate the impact of primary care on the living world while also looking at the impact of the changing planet on health care that people will encounter.The chapters address the following key questions: What is the issue? What can I do/what can my practice do? How do my actions help patients, practice, and planet? Included throughout are case studies, vignettes, and anecdotes of previous successful interventions, while a checklist of the most impactful actions for others to follow, as supported by the current evidence base, provides a convenient summary. References and additional resource recommendations give directions for further guidance. The book looks at the four pillars of primary care - dentistry, General Practice, optometry, and pharmacy - and includes international contributions.Providing invaluable direction to turn good intentions into meaningful action, this book will be invaluable to health professionals and practice managers across all primary care disciplines and to students preparing to enter practice in those fields. It will also be of interest to integrated care system administrators and to health policymakers.
CAD CAM in orthodontics
The objective of this book is to give an insight into the CAD CAM in orthodontics. Computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacture (CAM) is a process where non-digital data is captured, converted into a digital format, edited as necessary, and subsequently converted back into a physical form with the exact dimensions and materials specified during the digital design process, usually by either 3D printing or miling. This set of stages is known as a "digital workflow". With changing times dentistry is also evolving towards digital use. In orthodontics CAD CAM can be used for various processes such as intraoral scanning, indirect bonding, for planning of orthognathic surgery, aligners, etc.
Overcoming the Challenges of Fibered Corono-Radicular Reconstructions
Fibrated coronal-radicular restorations remain an attractive option for restoring a pulpless tooth showing some degree of decay. However, as with any treatment, complications can arise, sometimes necessitating the removal of these reconstructions to carry out a new endodontic treatment. This procedure is often dreaded by practitioners due to its complexity and the need for careful evaluation to assess feasibility, benefits, challenges and associated risks.Today, a range of techniques is available to carry out this procedure. Although ultrasonic inserts are widely used and reproducible, successful removal is not always guaranteed, which may necessitate the use of other complementary devices.Thanks to their expertise and experience, dentists can combine different techniques to remove coronal-radicular restorations while preserving tooth tissue as far as possible and ensuring tooth longevity.
Bleeding Control Methods in Dentoalveolar Surgeries
Local hemostatic agents are useful in the management of post-operative bleeding in oral surgery patients with congenital hematologic disorders. Local hemostatic agents are beneficial in controlling bleeding during oral surgical procedures in patients with congenital and acquired bleeding disorders and also in patients who are on antithrombotic `medications for their systemic conditions.No current hemostatic agents meet all the requirements. There are continuous efforts to develop new hemostatic agents with various delivery mechanisms for treating severe hemorrhage. These include self-propelling particles, hydrophobically modified chitosan gauze, injectable and in situ forming gels, and self-expanding foams. Given the safety concerns with some currently used hemostatic materials, more efficient and safer hemostatic agents are still needed.
Implant Failures
The introduction of implants in dentistry has reduced the limitations of conventional prosthetic modalities. The field of implantology has been transformed from an unpredictable art to a well-grounded clinical science as a hyper specialized treatment modality1. The predictability of this modality of treatment has transformed restorative options of the edentulous patients. As a result of continued research in treatment planning, implant designs, materials and techniques predictable success are now a reality for many challenging clinical situations.1 Patients who are facing a therapeutic procedure more often ask questions regarding the success rate of a particular medical, surgical, or dental intervention. In other words, they are concerned about the guarantee of the procedure and are interested in long-term results.2 Therefore, before deciding to proceed on implant therapy the patient should be informed with the risk of failures involved in the treatment.2 Implants are available in many shapes, sizes and lengths, using a variety of materials with different surface properties.
The Role of Nanotechnology in Medicine and Dentistry
Medicine and dentistry are poised for a significant transformation thanks to nanotechnology. Tiny sensors can be crafted to detect disease biomarkers, yielding early and precise diagnoses. Drugs can be delivered directly to affected cells or tissues using nanoparticles, minimizing side effects and maximizing efficiency. Stronger, longer-lasting dental fillings and implants can be created with nanotechnology, along with novel teeth-whitening and cavity-prevention techniques. Bacteria responsible for tooth decay and gum disease can be specifically targeted and eliminated using nanoparticles, resulting in improved oral wellness. Custom-made dental implants and prosthetics designed to fit each patient's specific requirements are now feasible thanks to advances in nanotechnology. Ultimately, incorporating nanotechnology into medicine and dentistry holds great promise for enhancing patient outcomes and overall quality of life.
Biofilm in Endodontics
Endodontic disease is a biofilm-mediated infection, and the rationale for endodontic treatment is the elimination of biofilm i.e. to eradicate the infection, prevent microorganisms from infecting or re-infecting the root and/or periradicular tissues. Understanding the virulence of these endodontic microbiota within biofilm is essential for the development of novel therapeutic procedures for intracanal disinfection. Accordingly, a review of endodontic biofilm types, antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, and current and future therapeutic procedures for endodontic biofilm is provided. The aim of this book is to provide a contemporary overview of endodontic microbiology and biofilm polymicrobiality, provide an understanding of the host response, and how together these impact upon clinical treatment. Ultimately, it is intended to provide insight into novel opportunities and strategies for the future diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of endodontic disease.
Management of Temporomandibular joint disorders
THE MASTICATORY SYSTEM, a functional unit of the body, is primarily responsible for chewing, speaking, and swallowing. Its components also play a major role in tasting and breathing. The system is made up of bones, joints, ligaments, teeth, and muscles. In addition, an intricate neurologic controlling system regulates and coordinates all these structural components. The masticatory system is a complex and highly refined unit. A sound understanding of its functional anatomy and biomechanics is essential to the study of occlusion. The area where the mandible articulates with the temporal bone of the cranium is called the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), certainly one of the most complex joints in the body. It provides for hinging movement in one plane and therefore can be considered a ginglymoid joint. However, at the same time it also provides for gliding movements, which classifies it as an arthrodial joint. Thus it has been technically considered a ginglymoarthrodial joint. THE ALIGNMENT AND OCCLUSION of the dentition are extremely important in masticatory function.
Hard tissue augmentation in periodontal practice
Hard tissue augmentation plays a vital role in periodontal practice, offering solutions for preserving tooth stability, enhancing aesthetics, and facilitating successful periodontal and implant therapy. Guided bone regeneration, bone grafting techniques, and ridge augmentation procedures are essential tools in the periodontist's armamentarium for restoring lost bone volume and supporting periodontal tissue regeneration. Recent advancements in tissue engineering, 3D printing, and regenerative medicine hold promise for further improving the outcomes of hard tissue augmentation in periodontal practice, paving the way for enhanced periodontal and implant treatment outcomes in the future.
Critical Issues In Periodontal Research
Periodontal disease has plagued mankind since his first appearance on the earth. Bone lesions typical of periodontitis in fossils from the Paleolithic culture of Neanderthal man. Periodontitis appears to have been one of the most common diseases of the Egyptians more than 4000 years ago. Periodontal diseases prevalent both in developed and developing countries and affects about 20-50% of global population. High prevalence of periodontal disease in adolescents, adults, and older individuals makes it a public health concern. Periodontal diseases have been studied aggressively for several decades and enormous advancement has been carried out. In the decade of 1990's there has been one development that overshadows all other. Basic research and clinical research in periodontology have been converged resulting in logarithmic increase in the rate of progress. Since its beginning investigation of periodontal disease has developed along two related but separate pathway.
Smile Designing
Aesthetic dentistry performs a service many people want, and some social benefits of an attractive smile can be empirically documented. But the value of an attractive smile should not be overestimated or oversold. The dentist's desire to do good in aesthetics should not overrule the patient's right to make clear, informed decisions. Aesthetics is also subjective. It has also been shown that differences exist between patients' and dentists' evaluations of dental appearances. Therefore, the practicing dentist should examine the patient's motives for seeking aesthetic treatment and offer treatment only if the patient clearly indicates that he or she has aesthetic concerns. Practitioners should fully explain the advantages and disadvantages of aesthetic services and obtain informed consent for all procedures.An ideal aesthetic treatment plan should be minimally invasive, preserving as much of the natural structures as possible. It should also realign the ideal form and function of the teeth and tissues while enhancing the aesthetics and should never compromise the patient's oral health or the stability of his or her teeth.
Controversies in Periodontology
Our understanding of the periodontal disease has changed considerably over the past 50 years, influenced not only by our evolving knowledge of the natural history and distribution of the disease but by changing measurement methodologies. Even though controversies arise side by side and in controversy, one often ends up where one started, they facilitate our better understanding of periodontal diseases and developing targeted interventions.By means of this book, we have attempted to address few of these relevant subjects.
Periodontal disease and its interrelationship with cardiovascular disease
Periodontal disease is an infection that occurs along the protective periodontium and/or insertion, due to the accumulation of biofilm that adheres to the tooth surface. In addition, various genetic, environmental and socio-economic factors aggravate the disease. The inflammatory process is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease, where it starts with bacterial pathogens that enter the bloodstream until they reach the endothelium, initiating a series of problems such as endothelial dysfunction and ultimately atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial, slowly progressive disease that generally consists of obstruction of the coronary arteries. The aim of this study was to review the literature on periodontal disease and its interrelationship with cardiovascular disease, associating its aetiology and risk factors.
Peri-Implantitis
The inflammatory lesions that develop in the tissues around implants are collectively recognized as peri-implant diseases. Peri-implant diseases may affect the peri-implant mucosa or also involve the supporting bone . There are a number of factors which may contribute to the development and progression of peri-implantitis. These include patient factors such as periodontally susceptible individuals, smokers, diabetics, alcohol consumption, oral hygiene, presence of keratinized mucosa, genetic traits and implant related factor.
Exploring Guided Surgery in Implantology
Implantology guided surgery, a groundbreaking innovation introduced over 15 years ago, has transformed the landscape of dental practice. Initially focusing on anatomical precision, it has evolved to prioritize prosthetic outcomes. With the advent of advanced imaging technologies like scanners and cone beam, practitioners gained unprecedented three-dimensional insight into bone structures and anatomical nuances. This led to the birth of implant simulation software in 1993, enabling precise computerized planning for optimal implant placement. This book delves into the dynamic stages of static guided surgery in implantology, exploring its remarkable advantages and practical challenges. Through engaging clinical case studies, it offers a captivating journey into the world of digital dentistry, promising insights that will revolutionize dental practice.
Osteolytic Lesions of Maxilla and Mandible
Hypercalcemia has been reported upto 4.2% to 25% of patients who have malignancy related to head and neck cancer. Hypercalcemia is most common who have late stage malignancies which predicts poor prognosis and primary hyperparathyroidism or granulomatous diseases serve as an additional etiology for hypercalcemia.Hypercalcemia is also associated with soft tissue calcification, tubulointerstitia nephropathy, anorexia, nausea and a spectrum of changes from headache to coma. In Health and Diseases, alkaline phosphatase refers to the activity of serum liver and bone alkaline phosphatases that has been widely applied in routine diagnosis.
Mastering Bonded Ceramic Veneers
Thanks to significant advancements over the past two decades, ceramic bonding and technologies have revolutionized veneers. This aesthetic solution offers minimal invasiveness with substantial clinical backing. Today, every dentist is compelled to master ceramic veneers. This comprehensive guide reveals the exact clinical protocol, guiding practitioners through every step from initial consultation to final bonding. With expert detail, it ensures mastery of this transformative dental technique. Tailored for practitioners, this invaluable resource offers insights into enhancing smiles with confidence and precision.
Immunotherpy in Head and Neck Cancer
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment landscape for head and neck cancer, offering new hope and improved outcomes for patients. This approach harnesses the power of the immune system to target and destroy cancer cells, providing a more targeted and potentially less toxic alternative to traditional treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Key immunotherapy strategies in head and neck cancer include immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapies, cancer vaccines, and combination therapies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab, block the inhibitory signals that cancer cells use to evade detection by the immune system, allowing immune cells to recognize and attack the tumor.Adoptive cell therapies, like CAR-T cell therapy, involve engineering a patient's own immune cells to specifically target cancer cells. Cancer vaccines aim to stimulate the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells, either by using tumor antigens or dendritic cells to boost immune responses. Overall, immunotherapy represents a promising approach for head and neck cancer, offering personalized and targeted treatments that can improve survival rates.
Surgical Approaches in Implant Dentistry
With the increase in demand to restore the function of missing teeth due to various factors dental implants were introduced. Currently implant supported restorations are the ideal replacements in situations varying from near to ideal missing teeth to complex bone availability sites in the oral cavity with good predictable results in terms of stability and function. For success of implant, integration between the implant surface and the bone is required. So, it is important to be familiar with the anatomic structures pertaining to dental implantology as it helps to review and preplan the surgical procedures beforehand to avoid any problems. Appropriate selection of the implant by accurate diagnosis and treatment planning must be closely followed to provide an ideal platform to restore esthetics and function. Each step of implant therapy, may it be surgical and/or prosthetic protocols should be thoroughly planned and executed by the professional. The road to success is always under construction and requires patience, persistence and perspiration.
Clear Aligners in Orthodontics
Clear aligners are one of the orthodontic appliances to align teeth. They provide an aesthetic and comfortable treatment experience, facilitate oral hygiene, cause less pain as compared to fixed orthodontic appliances, reduce the number and duration of appointments, and require less emergency visits. They work on the same principle work as traditional orthodontic appliances work by applying carefully controlled forces to teeth which are determined by software to move them into a better position except instead of metal, they are made of clear, flexible plastic. It uses the Computer-Aided Design & Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD-CAM) technology, combined with advanced imaging and 3-D printing technology like stereolithography for fabricating a series of custom made appliances that are both esthetic and removable, that could affect various types of tooth movements.
Oral Hamartoma
Hamartomas are non-neoplastic lesions and they can be noted in any part of the body. Hamartomas involving head-neck region are relatively rare. They usually depict the overgrowth of tissue indigenous to the native area. There are also several molecular expressions regulating the pathogenesis of odontogenic hamartomas and often these findings are suggestive of the hamartomatous nature of these lesions. They should be properly differentiated from choristoma, teratoma, benign and malignant lesion.
Prosthodontic Management of TMJ Disorders
The temporomandibular joint is defined as the synovial joint that is formed by the articulation of the mandibular condyle at the base of the cranium in the mandibular fossa with the squamous part of the temporal bone.It is an integral component of the masticatory apparatus and hence effective prosthodontic management of the related temporomandibular disorders are essential for normal functioning of the joint.
Lasers in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Laser are a clean source of heating with a unique set of optical properties that allow a wide range of material processing method from more heating to synthesis of finished components. The major hurdles that restrict wider use of laser in routine material processing application are limitation of beam size with respect to the component size/dimension, high installation and replacement cost, additional and expensive accessories, and need for skilled manpower. However, the high productivity, precision and versatility of laser material processing can easily overcome the above limitation, if areas are identified where laser offers unmatched advantages in terms of end properties and product quality in comparison to those achieved by other conventional techniques. It is to conclude that laser is a useful tool in oral and maxillofacial surgery and in the other dental and many medical applications If used properly, with taking in consideration good understanding of laser principle and interaction between different laser parameters with biological tissue. This will enhance better operator performances with different laser treatment.
Immunology
The immune system evolved to discriminate self from nonself. The two arms of immunity work closely together, with an innate immune system being most active early in an immune response and adaptive immunity becoming progressively dominant over time. The major effectors of innate immunity are complement, granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, natural killer cells, mast cells, and basophils. The major effectors of adaptive immunity are B and T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes make antibodies; T lymphocytes function as helper, cytolytic, and regulatory (suppressor) cells. These cells are important in the normal immune response to infection and tumors, but also mediate transplant rejection and autoimmunity. Immunoglobulins (antibodies) on the B lymphocyte surface are receptors for a large variety of specific structural conformations.
Biomechanics of Intrusion
Intrusion is a common orthodontic tooth movement which is employed in the cases of deep bite where anteriors are intruded for correction, or in anterior open bite where posteriors are intruded to close the bite for correction.intrusion is tooth movement that occurs in an axial (apical) direction and whose center of rotation lies at infinity. Intrusion is considered to be a procedure safe from root resorption provided that the magnitude and direction of forces are carefully monitored. intrusion can be of three types namely, true intrusion, relative intrusion and pseudointrusion. True intrusion is achieved by moving the root apices of the anteriors closer to the bony base. Relative intrusion is achieved by keeping them where they are, while the mandible grows and the posterior teeth erupt. Apparent intrusion is achieved by extrusion of the posterior teeth.
Molar Distalization
The frequent question faced by an orthodontist is "Do we need to extract teeth or can the necessary space be created without extractions?". Molar distalization is a term that is commonly used now for referring to the procedure of increasing the length of the dental arch by the rearward movement of the buccal segment teeth. This technique is usually utilized to gain space to relieve crowding and to reduce the increased overjet. A primary advantage of this technique is the ability to gain space conservatively without the need for extraction. This book provides an overview of molar distalization techniques in orthodontics, highlighting recent advancements and their clinical applications. It explores various methods employed to move molars distally, addressing challenges, outcomes, and implications for orthodontic treatment planning.
The Role of Orthodontics in Temporomandibular Disorders
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are considered to be a set of muscle and joint disorders involving the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). There are several causes cited for the dysfunction, as well as its treatment. Is orthodontic treatment the cure? Or is it the cause? As this is a multifactorial dysfunction, treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach.
Recurrent Aphthous Ulcer (RAU)
In modern society, a number of diseases have been on the rise with changing lifestyles or environment influences including diet and psychoemotional stress. Such impact may continue to the development and prevalence of various diseases including Arteriosclerosis, Cancer, Chronic liver disease, Cirrhosis, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD), Diabetes, Hypertension, Heart diseases, Stroke, Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis, Asthma, Obesity, Depression and Vascular Dementia. In an otherwise healthy individual, there are few conditions that develop in the oral mucosa. Recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU) is the one of most common inflammatory ulcerative condition of the oral mucosa. The word "aphthous" has been derived from a Greek word "aphtha" which means ulceration. The worldwide prevalence of oral ulcer is 4% out of which 25% are aphthous ulcer, thus becoming the most oral ulcer. It usually affects the nonkeratinized or poorly keratinized surfaces of the oral mucosa such as labial and buccal mucosa, maxillary and mandibular sulcus, free gingiva, soft palate, floor of mouth and ventral surface of the tongue. They are usually painful, shallow round ulcers with an erythematous halo.
Prevalence of open and crossbite in children
Orthodontics is the oldest science among the specialties of dentistry, and was the first to be formed in law, as recorded by dental historians. More and more is known about its origins, its precursors and pioneers, and this knowledge is fundamental for a full understanding of the current stage of evolution in dentistry, especially in the treatment of alterations such as open and crossbite, discussed in this book using scientific evidence.
