Commodity, Credit, CBDC? How the growing significance of Central Bank Digital Currencies may alter the credit hierarchy of modern banking systems
Bachelor Thesis from the year 2021 in the subject Economics - Monetary theory and policy, grade: 1,0, University Witten/Herdecke, language: English, abstract: In this paper, I will dissect the prospective impact of retail central bank digital currencies with reference to the hierarchy of credit in modern monetary economies. If central banks decide to issue digital currencies in a similar manner to their issuance of cash, public money will become more widely accessible and potentially threaten the business model of commercial banking. Thus, considerations about financial stability need to be critically assessed to ensure that central bank digital currencies can become a positive addition to monetary environments. Being a literature review, this paper will thoroughly revise existing accounts on a variety of challenges and chances regarding a transformation of current structures before discussing these findings. This approach will demonstrate that central bank digital currencies provide a benefit to society and strengthen the monetary sovereignty of the central bank without jeopardizing financial stability.
Real Estate Investment Appraisal and Investment Analysis
Document from the year 2020 in the subject Economy - Real estate industry, grade: A, course: property investemnt apprisal and analysis, language: English, abstract: This textbook is offered as a basic knowledge module for Land & Real Property Valuation undergraduate program students in the Dire Dawa University. It comprises an aggregate of selected topics with the aim of enabling learners gain fundamental knowledge in areas related to investment analysis, time value of money, cash flows, real estate investment decision, real estate investment risk measurement, and analysis. The content of the book has six major units are constituted in this book in order to help students gain the required knowledge, skill and attitude domains. The first unit is designed to expose students to the nature of real property investment. It addresses the idea and characteristics of real property investment. In the second unit, the basic concepts and method of computation of the time value of money are presented by discussions of the single cash flow, series cash flow, interest rate and sinking fund. The intention of the unit is to help students develop the basic knowledge of the time value of money in investment analysis general and real property investment. The third unit deals with the conceptual and theoretical discussions of governance and the Ethiopian governance structure particularly focusing on the current government. It is structured to enable students develop the skills, knowledge and attitudes required for adopting the most appropriate manner of governing and exercising control or authority over actions of citizens in various public institutions and to apply an accepted system of regulation to moderate behaviors towards achieving better performances in the institutions over which they preside. The fourth unit of the module deals with public service delivery and change management in the public sector. In this unit, emphasis shall be given to characteristics of public servi
Who Gets What from Government
Who Gets What from Government by Benjamin I. Page investigates one of the central questions of American democracy: how public policy redistributes income and why policies take the shapes they do. Bridging economics and political science, Page assesses how taxation, spending, regulation, and law affect ordinary citizens, and what political forces--institutions, interests, and ideas--determine outcomes. Written with clarity for students, scholars, and general readers alike, the book explains technical debates in accessible language while never shying away from the complexity of fiscal policy and inequality. Drawing on summers of research at the University of Wisconsin's Institute for Research on Poverty and long engagement with colleagues in economics and political science, Page situates questions of redistribution at the intersection of efficiency and equity, markets and politics. He reviews the strongest economic arguments on both sides, from welfare economics to critiques of fiscal incidence, and develops his own account of the persistent tension between fairness and power in policy design. Supported by commentary from leading thinkers in inequality, welfare policy, and democratic theory, the book offers both a careful synthesis of existing research and a forceful argument about the political roots of inequality in the United States. For readers concerned with how governments actually shape economic life, Who Gets What from Government provides a rigorous, empirically informed, and politically attuned analysis. It remains an important contribution to debates on income distribution, public policy, and the democratic possibilities for a more equitable society. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1983.
Free Trade and Economic Integration in Latin America
Free Trade and Economic Integration in Latin America: The Evolution of a Common Market Policy offers a comprehensive analysis of Latin America's progress toward regional economic integration and the creation of a common market. The study is divided into three sections: Part I explores the early economic development of Latin America, highlighting the composition of imports, limited intra-regional trade, and initial steps toward trade liberalization. It discusses the growing focus on industrial development as a key component of integration. Part II examines the various integration proposals put forward over the years, detailing their legal foundations and key agreements, including the Montevideo Treaty which established a free-trade area between seven countries. A special focus is given to Central American experiences and proposals for payments compensation and reciprocal credit. Part III analyzes the current status of the Latin American free-trade area and the challenges it faces. This study also reflects the growing importance of Latin America's economic integration on the global stage, with increasing attention from countries such as the United States, European nations, and even the Soviet bloc. The post-1960 developments, including the entry into force of the Montevideo Treaty in 1961, are updated in the American edition, with new chapters on recent progress. This work aims to offer readers a deeper understanding of Latin America's integration efforts, which are shaping the region's economic future and may influence global trade dynamics in the years to come. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1962.
Free Trade and Economic Integration in Latin America
Free Trade and Economic Integration in Latin America: The Evolution of a Common Market Policy offers a comprehensive analysis of Latin America's progress toward regional economic integration and the creation of a common market. The study is divided into three sections: Part I explores the early economic development of Latin America, highlighting the composition of imports, limited intra-regional trade, and initial steps toward trade liberalization. It discusses the growing focus on industrial development as a key component of integration. Part II examines the various integration proposals put forward over the years, detailing their legal foundations and key agreements, including the Montevideo Treaty which established a free-trade area between seven countries. A special focus is given to Central American experiences and proposals for payments compensation and reciprocal credit. Part III analyzes the current status of the Latin American free-trade area and the challenges it faces. This study also reflects the growing importance of Latin America's economic integration on the global stage, with increasing attention from countries such as the United States, European nations, and even the Soviet bloc. The post-1960 developments, including the entry into force of the Montevideo Treaty in 1961, are updated in the American edition, with new chapters on recent progress. This work aims to offer readers a deeper understanding of Latin America's integration efforts, which are shaping the region's economic future and may influence global trade dynamics in the years to come. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1962.
Who Gets What from Government
Who Gets What from Government by Benjamin I. Page investigates one of the central questions of American democracy: how public policy redistributes income and why policies take the shapes they do. Bridging economics and political science, Page assesses how taxation, spending, regulation, and law affect ordinary citizens, and what political forces--institutions, interests, and ideas--determine outcomes. Written with clarity for students, scholars, and general readers alike, the book explains technical debates in accessible language while never shying away from the complexity of fiscal policy and inequality. Drawing on summers of research at the University of Wisconsin's Institute for Research on Poverty and long engagement with colleagues in economics and political science, Page situates questions of redistribution at the intersection of efficiency and equity, markets and politics. He reviews the strongest economic arguments on both sides, from welfare economics to critiques of fiscal incidence, and develops his own account of the persistent tension between fairness and power in policy design. Supported by commentary from leading thinkers in inequality, welfare policy, and democratic theory, the book offers both a careful synthesis of existing research and a forceful argument about the political roots of inequality in the United States. For readers concerned with how governments actually shape economic life, Who Gets What from Government provides a rigorous, empirically informed, and politically attuned analysis. It remains an important contribution to debates on income distribution, public policy, and the democratic possibilities for a more equitable society. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1983.
Money in the Dutch Republic
The Dutch Republic was an important hub in the early modern world-economy, a place where hundreds of monies were used alongside each other. Sebastian Felten explores regional, European and global circuits of exchange by analysing everyday practices in Dutch cities and villages in the period 1600-1850. He reveals how for peasants and craftsmen, stewards and churchmen, merchants and metallurgists, money was an everyday social technology that helped them to carve out a livelihood. With vivid examples of accounting and assaying practices, Felten offers a key to understanding the internal logic of early modern money. This book uses new archival evidence and an approach informed by the history of technology to show how plural currencies gave early modern users considerable agency. It explores how the move to uniform national currency limited this agency in the nineteenth century and thus helps us make sense of the new plurality of payments systems today.
Foreign Exchange
One of the great challenges that many participants in foreign exchange (FX) markets face is sifting through the often overwhelming amount of information that is available. Media outlets stream updates on international politics, economics, and other factors that move FX prices twenty-four hours a day. It is difficult to work out what is and what is not important. This book helps its reader overcome these challenges by combining the insights gained from a market practitioner who has traded FX at Goldman Sachs, PIMCO, and Barclays Investment Bank, with textbook-level modern financial macroeconomic theory. The book covers macroeconomics relating to exchange rate determination. While you could obtain this information from a disparate set of sources―textbooks, academic literature, industry research notes, conversations with other market practitioners, and theories cited in media reports―this book brings all of these sources together to translate the information into concrete FX views that are firmly rooted in the macroeconomic theory of risk premiums, interest rates, and inflation, among other topics. The book promotes time consistent thought that avoids the daily temptation to jump from that day's economic narrative to the next. Of particular interest to buy- and sell-side industry practitioners, finance and economics graduate students, academics, and others interested in FX markets, this book teaches its readers how to do this and improve their own trading and understanding of the FX markets.
Value Management Implementation in Construction
Value management has been applied to construction projects throughout the world, but in some regions, it is just gaining popularity. Therefore, it is necessary to create awareness of value management among stakeholders and understand various obstacles to its implementation. Value Management Implementation in Construction addresses various factors that can enhance the application of the discipline as well as its adoption among concerned stakeholders. This book discusses the practice of value management in various developed and developing countries by exposing the techniques and models that can be employed in value management exercises, with a view to achieving sustainable development while delivering projects to the satisfaction of clients. This book provides guidance on value management as a tool for improving the delivery of infrastructural projects for construction professionals, employers of labour, researchers and students alike with evidence from various countries around the world.
Between Empire and Globalization
This book provides a rigorously chronological journey through the economic history of modern Spain, always with an eye opened to what happens in the international economy and a focus on economic policy making and institutional change. It shows the central theme of the Spanish economy from the late 18th century to the early 21st century is the painful transformation from being a major imperial power to a small nation and later a member of the European Community and a player in a globalized economy. It looks in detail at two major issues - economic growth and convergence or divergence to the Western European pattern- and the permanent tension between the two when assessing historical experience since the industrial revolution. This book proposes new visions of the economic past of Spain and provides comparisons over time and space, which will be of interest to academics and students of economic history, European economic history and more specifically Spanish economichistory.
The Business of Relationships
Creating Your Success with ChinaThis book helps you build, and maintain, success with China. How? Through the often neglected, but vital, area of creating relationships that work and endure in China.Why would this matter so much in a professional or business setting, you may wonder? Because in China, the relationship always precedes the business and determines the latter's success, quality and durability. Only when relationships flourish, does success with China happen. Under investment in relationships and relationship shortcuts are among the primary reasons why good enterprises fail to succeed in China.The relationship skills advocated in this book, once adopted, will be a positive differentiator in your favor, for all your dealings with China, by equipping you with skills of sufficient depth, to ensure success in this relationship-centric culture. The book will encourage you to value these skills, and deploy them proudly in China, in the knowledge that relationship skills are the primary differentiator in this business culture. Through this valuable relationship knowledge, you will become, over time, your own cultural mediator, able to handle diverse business situations and challenges in a culturally adapted way, as they arise. This, in turn, will provide you with the confidence to build, and maintain, enterprise success with China.
Impunity and Capitalism
Whose fault are financial crises, and who is responsible for stopping them, or repairing the damage? Impunity and Capitalism develops a new approach to the history of capitalism and inequality by using the concept of impunity to show how financial crises stopped being crimes and became natural disasters. Trevor Jackson examines the legal regulation of capital markets in a period of unprecedented expansion in the complexity of finance ranging from the bankruptcy of Europe's richest man in 1709, to the world's first stock market crash in 1720, to the first Latin American debt crisis in 1825. He shows how, after each crisis, popular anger and improvised policy responses resulted in efforts to create a more just financial capitalism but succeeded only in changing who could act with impunity, and how. Henceforth financial crises came to seem normal and legitimate, caused by impersonal international markets, with the costs borne by domestic populations and nobody in particular at fault.
Westernization Movement and Early Thought of Modernization in China
This book examines the Westernization Movement in modern Chinese History, in the latter 19th century and the economic impact on manufacturing and enterprise evolution. It examines the rise, development, and performance of this movement on both the micro and macro-levels. This book reveals achievements in technology transfer without political changes, which set the limits for the westernization movement. It evaluates the link between the Westernization Movement and China's economic reforms after 1978, and the factors that may have constrained the development of economic thought in China. The book provides valuable insights into how Chinese economic thought transitioned, and is a valuable contribution to the debate on how the early Westernization Movement in China caused a change in consumer thought. It will be of interest to academics in economic history and those interested in the development of modern China and the emergence of manufacturing and entrepreneurship in China.
Pliny’s Roman Economy
The first comprehensive study of Pliny the Elder's economic thought--and its implications for understanding the Roman Empire's constrained innovation and economic growth The elder Pliny's Natural History (77 CE), an astonishing compilation of 20,000 "things worth knowing," was avowedly intended to be a repository of ancient Mediterranean knowledge for the use of craftsmen and farmers, but this 37-book, 400,000-word work was too expensive, unwieldy, and impractically organized to be of utilitarian value. Yet, as Richard Saller shows, the Natural History offers more insights into Roman ideas about economic growth than any other ancient source. Pliny's Roman Economy is the first comprehensive study of Pliny's economic thought and its implications for understanding the economy of the Roman Empire. As Saller reveals, Pliny sometimes anticipates modern economic theory, while at other times his ideas suggest why Rome produced very few major inventions that resulted in sustained economic growth. On one hand, Pliny believed that new knowledge came by accident or divine intervention, not by human initiative; research and development was a foreign concept. When he lists 136 great inventions, they are mostly prehistoric and don't include a single one from Rome--offering a commentary on Roman innovation and displaying a reverence for the past that contrasts with the attitudes of the eighteenth-century encyclopedists credited with contributing to the Industrial Revolution. On the other hand, Pliny shrewdly recognized that Rome's lack of competition from other states suppressed incentives for innovation. Pliny's understanding should be noted because, as Saller shows, recent efforts to use scientific evidence about the ancient climate to measure the Roman economy are flawed. By exploring Pliny's ideas about discovery, innovation, and growth, Pliny's Roman Economy makes an important new contribution to the ongoing debate about economic growth in ancient Rome.
The Economics of Fintech
This book is a collection of academic lectures given on fintech, a topic that has been written about extensively but only from a business or technological point of view. In contrast to other publications on the subject, this book shows the reader how fintech should be understood in relation to economics, financial theory, policy, and law. It provides introductory explanations on fintech-related concepts and instruments such as blockchains, crypto assets, machine learning, high-frequency trading, and AI. The collected lectures also point to surrounding issues including start-ups, monetary policy, asset management, cyber and other security, and stability of financial systems. The authors include professors, a former central bank official, current officials at Japan's Financial Services Authority, a lawyer, the former dean of the Asian Development Bank Institute, and private sector professionals at the frontline of fintech. The book is most suitable for those both within and outside of academia who are beginning to learn about fintech and wish to successfully take part in the revolution that is certain to have wide-ranging effects on our economy and society.
Multidimensional Strategic Outlook on Global Competitive Energy Economics and Finance
Multidimensional Strategic Outlook on Global Competitive Energy Economics and Finance analyses current trends in energy production and use, with a focus on technological developments that contribute to the reduction of price in energy production and renewable energy sources that provide continuity in energy production.
Key success factors through internal organisation and external cooperation. An analyses of the most innovative platforms from China and the USA
Master's Thesis from the year 2021 in the subject Economics - Innovation economics, grade: 1,1, University of applied sciences, Munich, language: English, abstract: This thesis analyses the most innovative platforms from China and the United States of America in order to provide the key success factors through internal organisation and external cooperation. The findings are concluded in a role model for digital innovation and an innovation scorecard, that helps to compare the innovation level of a company in electronic markets with its competition. In digital markets, the level of innovation as well as state-of-the art technologies are massively influencing the success of companies. Here, innovation takes place on two different levels: first, it describes the transformation of incumbent companies towards a digital platform, and second it depicts the innovative pressure within the highly competitive environment of native digital platforms such as Google or Alibaba, that must constantly and fast evolve in order to maintain their leadership position. In the native platform segment, innovation is mostly achieved with business cooperation in order to gain technological knowledge, whereas innovation relating to incumbents mostly deals with an internal reorganisation of existing structures, that is often very individual and varies from company to company.
Pakistan's Economy and Trade in the Age of Global Value Chains
This publication examines the economy and trade of Pakistan in the context of global value chains (GVCs), or cross-border production networks.The report combines innovative analytical tools with the latest available data to explore Pakistan's involvement in GVCs. It produces indicators on factors including Pakistan's rate of GVC participation, its patterns of specialization, and the price competitiveness of its exports. It is a joint publication with the Islamic Development Bank Institute.
Transition and Opportunity
This book is open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.Multinational corporations (MNCs) have long played a crucial role in the Chinese economy. This role is one that is set to continue in the post-pandemic era as China works to transit to a high-quality growth model that is more sustainable and innovation-driven. With global experience and front-line involvement in some of the most pressing economic, technological, and environmental issues of our day, leading figures in MNCs and chambers of commerce are well placed to share insights that could potentially contribute to policymaking and development strategies so that everyone can "make the most" of China's future. This collection of essay aims to share these invaluable insights with a wider audience, offering balanced and diverse perspectives from companies and advocacy groups working on a range of issues related to China's domestic development, international economic cooperation, and China-US competition. These insights are useful not only for the wider business community, but also for academics, policymakers, students, and anyone trying to deepen their understanding of this exciting period of "transition and opportunity," and make the most of China's bright future.
Transition and Opportunity
This book is open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.Multinational corporations (MNCs) have long played a crucial role in the Chinese economy. This role is one that is set to continue in the post-pandemic era as China works to transit to a high-quality growth model that is more sustainable and innovation-driven. With global experience and front-line involvement in some of the most pressing economic, technological, and environmental issues of our day, leading figures in MNCs and chambers of commerce are well placed to share insights that could potentially contribute to policymaking and development strategies so that everyone can "make the most" of China's future. This collection of essay aims to share these invaluable insights with a wider audience, offering balanced and diverse perspectives from companies and advocacy groups working on a range of issues related to China's domestic development, international economic cooperation, and China-US competition. These insights are useful not only for the wider business community, but also for academics, policymakers, students, and anyone trying to deepen their understanding of this exciting period of "transition and opportunity," and make the most of China's bright future.
The Quest for Economic Empire
German unification evoked ambivalent reactions outside its borders: it revived disquietingmemories of attempts by German big business during the two world wars to build an economic empire in Europe in conjunction with the military and the government bureaucracy. But thereare also high hopes that German finance and industry will serve as the engine of reconstruction in eastern Europe, just as it played this role in the postwar unification of western Europe.
The Economics of Digital Shopping in Central and Eastern Europe
Transformations caused by increasing virtual connectivity reach all business touchpoints, but the surge towards digital technologies is not distributed evenly across European markets, with the Central & Eastern Europe (CEE) region showing the strongest diversity of digital adoption levels. This Element outlines the characteristics of CEE digital markets, along with an additional contextual layer investigating online consumer behaviors. In-depth analysis of the similarities and differences in the region will allow the pace of ongoing digitization to be traced. The authors' objective in delivering this Element is to analyze the opportunities presented by the digital economy in CEE and to provide an actionable outlook for the e-commerce potential within the region's markets. Observations are based on in-depth analysis of dependencies between globalization of consumer behaviors and ongoing barriers to digital adoption caused by both economic and geo-political limitations.
Hold It! The Case for Hard Thinking, Honesty and Humility when Assessing Environmental Health Risks
History shows popular beliefs about environmental hazards and health risks-whether alarmist or dismissive-are often wrong. Leaded paint never protected human health. Acid mine drainage never protected us against Typhoid fever. Sulfur dioxide never prevented blindness or cleansed lungs. Banning straws won't alleviate oceanic plastic pollution. Government programs for re-powering with alternative energy won't arrest global climate change.This thought-provoking book argues that we should "Hold It" long enough to follow facts and science before accepting environmental misconceptions.
Forty Years of Renovating the Income Distribution in China
This book focuses on an attractive theoretical subject as well as a practical issue, which analyses the inner relationship of economic growth and income distribution in China. During the forty years of China's reform and opening up many influential changes occurred in the structure of the national income distribution, the mechanism of income distribution, and the policies of distributing income with the high-speed development of China. From historical and regional analysis, this book collects a good deal of data and objectively summarizes the practice and experience of renovation of income distribution in China. Based upon the summary and conclusion above, the book paraphrases and creates a conceptual mechanism, a basic theory, and a basic methodology of socialism with Chinese characteristics and discovers the internal rules of the changing relationship between high-speed economic development and income distribution in China to guide and facilitate the further improvement and innovative development of income distribution in China. Furthermore, the book enriches the political economy theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the aspect of practical experience, as well as theory.
State Practices and Zionist Images
Although the Israeli state subscribes to the principles of administrative fairness and equality for Jews and Arabs before the law, the reality looks very different. Focusing on Arab land loss inside Israel proper and the struggle over development resources, this study explores the interaction between Arab local authorities, their Jewish neighbors, and the agencies of the national government in regard to developing local and regional industrial areas. The author avoids reduction to simple models of binary domination, revealing instead a complex, multi-dimensional field of relations and ever-shifting lines of political maneuver and confrontation. He examines the prevailing concept of ethnic traditionalism and argues that the image of Arab traditionalism erects imaginary boundaries around the Arab localities, making government incursion disappear from view, while underpinning and rationalizing the exclusion of the Arab towns from development planning. Moreover, he shows how images of environmental protection mesh with and support such exclusion. The study includes a chronology of events, tables, maps, and photographs. This revised paperback edition with a new epilogue brings accounts of Arab land loss and struggles for economic development up to date. The author also deals with the challenges of life and research in Israel and examines the possibilities of sharing the land as the homeland of both Jews and Palestinians.
The Economics of Pandemics
This book offers a lively account of the humanitarian, economic, societal, and planetwide impacts of the pandemics, the COVID-19 pandemic included, which are traced back to as early as the 14th century plague pandemic. Placing the pandemics along with other globally shared resources, such as global warming, AI singularity, and high-risk physics experiments, each of the nine chapters of the book discusses the global health crises from a variety of unique standpoints, including infectious diseases, economics, governance, and public health. Based on the historical records of past pandemics and the rich data from the COVID-19 pandemic, a conceptual framework is presented for the economics of pandemics as a globally shared experience.This book aims to critically examine salient features in the global responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, including global governance, lockdowns, radical movements, and mRNA vaccines. The book will be a valuable resource to students, researchers, and policymakers who are working in the fields of environmental economics, global-scale public goods, and health economics.
Reshaping the Economic Cooperation Pattern of the Belt and Road Initiative
This book focuses on the important theme of economic cooperation along the Belt and Road. Starting from an analysis of current situation, the book defines the cooperation direction and specific tasks for extensive fields and goes on to provide a systematic analysis of the cooperation mechanism, trade, investment, infrastructure construction, energy and industry park cooperation along the Belt and Road. Using in-depth research on the situation, opportunities and challenges in pushing forward the economic cooperation along the Belt and Road, the author puts forward policy suggestions on the way forward.
The Political Economy of the Eurozone
The Eurozone is not a mere currency area. It is also a unique polity whose actors span multiple levels (supranational, national, regional, sectoral) and pursue overlapping economic and political objectives. Current thinking on the Eurozone relies on received categories that struggle to capture these constitutive features. This book addresses this analytical deficit by proposing a new approach to the political economy of the Eurozone, which captures economic and political interdependencies across different levels of decision making and sheds light on largely unexplored problems. The book explores the opportunities afforded by the structure of the Eurozone, and lays the foundations of a political economy that poses new questions and requires new answers. It provides categories that are firmly grounded in the existing configuration of the Eurozone, but are a precondition for overcoming the status quo in analysis and policy.
Introduction To Blockchain & Cryptocurrencies
Document from the year 2022 in the subject Economics - Finance, grade: A, language: English, abstract: The world gets more and more digitized every day. People buy things on the internet, trade stocks online and work in a digital world. Overly the industrial revolution 4.0 determines our work life and free time. In many places, robots steered by artificial intelligence are replacing human labour. With the ongoing technological progress, it is hard to find a single modern organization not embracing artificial intelligence because it often saves time and money and is more accurate. Today, blockchain technology has become almost an insurmountable bedrock for business process automation, product enhancement, analytic speed, and accuracy. But why has blockchain taken on such a pivotal role? How does cryptocurrency trade work? What should you know about artificial intelligence, Fintech, crypto mining, exchanges, and trading? This book explains the most important theories to understand the digitized world and its opportunities. It points out a variety of entrepreneurial options. Furthermore, it illustrates where adaptation is happening in the world and how anyone can navigate this crusade of wealth creation in a regulation-compliant manner to avoid criminalization and stereotyping. "Introduction to Blockchain & Cryptocurrencies" is intended for people who want to enter and explore this world for the first time. It is also for people starting a career in trading, mining, and financial investments, but more on the side of digital currencies. This book is for you if you are generally an entrepreneur interested in diversifying your business portfolio. If you are a policymaker and a regulator in the financial sector, this book will undoubtedly open your eyes to a few things we usually tend to take for granted. If you are a trainer interested in augmenting your training in the field of trading, mining, entrepreneurship, policy formulation, and simply appreciating globa
Charging infrastructure requirements to increase demand for electric vehicles in Germany. E-Mobility market development
Academic Paper from the year 2021 in the subject Economy - Environment economics, grade: 1,3, The FOM University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, language: English, abstract: The objective of this assignment is to research charging infrastructure requirements, that potentially increase the demand for electric vehicles. The scope of this work will be limited to the German market, except for the overview of the e-Mobility market development. To examine the objective a secondary research of current literature, statistical reports, media and regulations will be performed. First of all, the author will present theoretical foundations to better understand the subsequent chapters, following by an overview of the global e-Mobility market development. Hereafter, the components of charging infrastructure are examined and the current challenges regarding market penetration, following an in-depth research of the charging infrastructure requirements to increase the demand for electric vehicles. Finally, the author will summarize her conclusion and outlook. Climate change, new technologies and less dependence on fossil fuels are major drivers for the development of electric mobility. Electric mobility produces much less CO2, especially when operated using renewable based electricity and therefore seen as key element of the energy transition towards a CO2 neutral environment. In addition, the batteries of electric vehicles (EV) can be used as energy storage to offset fluctuations in solar and wind power. Thus, electric vehicles foster the market integration and expansion of these volatile energy sources. To support and promote research and development of electric vehicles the Federal Government has adopted a set of measures, e.g., the extension of charging infrastructure. The German Government set ambitious goals for the German charging infrastructure. In order to reach this goal, customers must be convinced that an EV is better than the conventional motor type cars. Slowly, but
Importance of strategic risk management within the energy sector. A content analysis
Academic Paper from the year 2021 in the subject Economy - Environment economics, grade: 1,3, The FOM University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, language: English, abstract: This paper provides further research to understand the importance of strategic risk management within the energy sector. Beyond traditional risk considerations of catastrophe, terrorism, and the potential for operational failure, the energy sector is like almost all sectors confronted with disruptive risks through the adoption of new and more efficient technologies in this era. Additionally, our society is facing challenges regarding climate change, which forces the development towards a renewable instead of the traditional, fossil energy environment. Through mobile applications, analytics, sensors, social media and cloud computing the entire business landscape already fundamentally changed. There are many things happening "that are beyond direct human influence and managerial control". The rapid changing business environment with new upcoming and disruptive business models are not identifiable with the traditional risk management frameworks. The reduced ability to forecast environmental conditions and potential risk events implies "that the formal strategic and investment planning frameworks based on forecasts become inadequate". Traditional enterprise-wide risk management frameworks do not necessarily provide sufficient conditions for effective risk management outcomes. There are too many aspects to be contained, which makes it impossible to reflect all the risks within a simple, formalized control system. The importance of strategic risk factors and related corporate responsiveness in increasingly changing market environments exhibit a need to a more comprehensive view of the risk management process. Formalized reporting and internal control systems clearly have improved in order to let the executive board prove that it has acted to their best knowledge and belief in case of potential scand
Delusions of Competence
This book examines the crisis at the famous insurance market, Lloyd's of London, during the late twentieth century, which nearly destroyed the 300-year-old institution. While rapid structural change resulting from system collapse is less common in insurance than in the history of other financial services, one exception was the Lloyd's crisis. Hitherto, explanations of the crisis have focused on the effects of catastrophic losses and poor governance. By drawing on contemporary accounts of the crisis, the author constructs the first comprehensive scholarly analysis of the public and political response. The book applies theoretical concepts from behavioural economics and economic psychology to argue that multiple delusions of competence were at work both within and outside the Lloyd's market. Arrogance, elitism and defence of vested interests comprised endogenous elements of the crisis. Entrenched ideas about the virtues of self-regulation and faith in insider experts also played a role. The result was a misdiagnosis by both insiders and politicians of what ailed Lloyd's and a series of reforms that failed to address the underlying causes of its disease. This book offers a salutary lesson from recent history about the importance of the transparency, accountability and effective monitoring of financial institutions. It is of interest to academics and students of economic and financial history, business, insurance, political economy and history.
Cutting the Wire
Access to land is one of the key issues for developing countries - and Brazil has one of the most inequitable land distributions in the world, with vast tracts of land held by often absentee landowners. Meanwhile thousands of peasants live in marginal lands in cities and rural areas. The Brazilian Landless Workers' Movement (MST) has proved a huge success with the disenfranchised rural and urban poor in Brazil - becoming one of the largest social movements in the world. Cutting the Wire is the first account in English of the origins, history and current challenges faced by Brazil's poor majority. The authors have traveled the vast expanse of the country to record the words and actions of hundreds of activists who have taken their lives into their own hands. Cutting the Wire is how the MST describes the act of occupying the land, the cornerstone of their movement. It is the baptism of fire for the militant, an essential part of their identity and it plays a key role in the mistica, the moment of collective ritual that kicks off all MST events. Cutting the Wire is the story of the MST told in their own words, in vivid first-hand accounts of a continuing struggle.
The Connections World
A central feature of modern Asia that trumps differences in economic and political systems is the web of close relationships running between and within business and politics; the connections world. These networks facilitate highly transactional interactions yielding significant reciprocal benefits. Although the connections world has not as yet seriously impeded Asia's economic renaissance, it comes with significant costs and fallibilities. These include the creation and entrenchment of huge market power and the attenuation of competition. They in turn hold back the growth in productivity and innovation that will be essential for further development. The connections world also breeds massive inequalities that may culminate in political instability. The authors argue that if Asia's claim to the 21st century is not to be derailed, major changes must be made to policy and behaviour so as to cut away the foundations of the connections world and promote more sustainable economic and political systems.
Lecture Notes in Water Policy
Freshwater is our planet's most precious resource -- essential for life itself. Despite this fact, many people across our planet face difficulties finding safe, clean, potable water. A U.S. State Department report contends that the world's thirst for water may become a human security crisis by 2040. The World Bank reports many developing nations face catastrophe from intensive irrigation, urbanization, and deteriorating infrastructure. Also, numerous reports contend that in many places un-treated wastewater is still released directly into the environment. This is particularly true in low-income countries, which on average treat less than 10% of their wastewater discharges.In short, we face three imminent challenges regarding freshwater: (1) demands by agriculture, cities, industry, and energy production are increasing; (2) severe pollution from various contaminants and growing withdrawals are limiting the capacity of waterways to dilute contaminants -- threatening human and aquatic life; and, (3) climate change will cause periods of frequent and severe droughts -- punctuated by acute periods of flooding.The goal of this book is to illuminate how the governance of freshwater is a political, social, economic, cultural, and ecological challenge. The management and provision of water are not merely technical problems whose resolution hinges on hydrological principle, cost, or engineering feasibility. They are products of decisions made by governments, businesses, and interest groups that exercise control over who has access to water, how they use it, and in what condition they receive it. It discusses basic knowledge about water supply and quality; the evolution of water policy in different societies; the importance of water to human and environmental health; the role of law, politics, and markets in its allocation, use, and protection; and, the importance of ethics in its equitable provision.
Pasinetti and the Classical Keynesians
Recent economic and financial crises have exposed mainstream economics to severe criticism, bringing present research and teaching styles into question. Building on a solid and vivid tradition of economic thought, this book challenges conventional thinking in the field of economics. The authors turn to the work of Luigi Pasinetti, who proposed a list of nine methodological and theoretical ideas that characterize the Classical Keynesian School. Drawing inspiration from both Keynes and Sraffa, this school has forged a long-standing and ambitious research programme often advocated as a competing paradigm to mainstream economics. Overall, the Classical Keynesian School provides a comprehensive analytical framework into which most non-mainstream schools of thought can be integrated. In this collection, a group of leading scholars critically assess the nine main ideas that, in Pasinetti's view, characterize the Classical-Keynesian approach, evaluating their relevance for both the history of economics and for present economic research.
Those Were Days
The Finance Commission has played a critical role in India's federal structure since 1952. Every five years, this constitutional body produces a report recommending what share of the Union Government's divisible tax pool should be devolved to the states, and how this aggregate should be distributed among the different states, among other recommendations on fiscal governance. In between its appointment and submission of its Report, the Finance Commission tends to spend the intervening period in the relative secrecy of internal discussions and state visits. Despite the excitement about the Commissions in the media, and among the public, leaders and bureaucrats in states, little is publicly known about the rich experiences that the members and staff of the Commission gain while visiting all the states of our large and diverse country, and their interpersonal interactions. Those Were the Days captures vignettes of such experiences of the 15th Finance Commission. It is a book not of history or economics or even secret deliberations within the Commission, but one that captures the joys of working as a team, a sense of discovery of the unity in diversity that is India and the great camaraderie that it enjoyed with leaders and civil servants in the different states.
Monetary Policy in Rwanda
Financial System Development and Monetary Policy.- Evolution of Monetary Policy Implementation in Rwanda.- Development of the Monetary Policy Framework in Rwanda Monetary Transmission Mechanism in Rwanda.- Monetary Policy Communication at the National Bank of Rwanda .- Appendices.
Smart Energy Management
This book provides a relatively whole view of data-driven decision-making methods for energy service innovation and energy system optimization. Through personalized energy services provision and energy efficiency improvement, the book can contribute to the green transformation of energy system and the sustainable development of the society. The book gives a new way to achieve smart energy management, based on various data mining and machine learning methods, including fuzzy clustering, shape-based clustering, ensemble clustering, deep learning, and reinforcement learning. The applications of these data-driven methods in improving energy efficiency and supporting energy service innovation are presented. Moreover, this book also investigates the role of blockchain in supporting peer-to-peer (P2P) electricity trading innovation, thus supporting smart energy management. The general scope of this book mainly includes load clustering, load forecasting, price-based demand response, incentive-based demand response, and energy blockchain-based electricity trading. The intended readership of the book includes researchers and engineers in related areas, graduate and undergraduate students in university, and some other general interested audience. The important features of the book are: (1) it introduces various data-driven methods for achieving different smart energy management tasks; (2) it investigates the role of data-driven methods in supporting various energy service innovation; and (3) it explores energy blockchain in P2P electricity trading, and thus supporting smart energy management.
Inclusive Development and Poverty Reduction
This book discusses poverty reduction and inclusive development in China. The relevant research reports included here combine unique perspectives and thorough analysis, and include both comparative and empirical analyses. Although China is the first country to have achieved the UN's Millennium Development Goals, it still faces enormous problems and challenges in terms of narrowing the income gap, reducing poverty and attaining sustainable development. This book not only provides valuable theoretical material to help readers understand inclusive development and poverty reduction in today's China, but also offers relevant government authorities a solid theoretical and practical basis for informed decision-making.
Fostering Asian Regional Cooperation and Open Regionalism in an Unsteady World
This report explores how cross-border and regional cooperation can strengthen green energy capabilities, develop a shared ocean-based economy, improve trade, reduce inequalities, and help build sustainable livelihoods. The report summarizes insights from a conference on regional cooperation and integration organized by the Asian Development Bank. It notes the importance of collaboration with the private sector in financing climate-resilient infrastructure, bolstering inclusive growth, and harnessing new technologies.
To Rule the Waves
From a brilliant Brookings Institution expert, an "important" (The Wall Street Journal) and "penetrating historical and political study" (Nature) of the critical role that oceans play in the daily struggle for global power, in the bestselling tradition of Robert Kaplan's The Revenge of Geography. For centuries, oceans were the chessboard on which empires battled for supremacy. But in the nuclear age, air power and missile systems dominated our worries about security, and for the United States, the economy was largely driven by domestic production, with trucking and railways that crisscrossed the continent serving as the primary modes of commercial transit. All that has changed, as nine-tenths of global commerce and the bulk of energy trade is today linked to sea-based flows. A brightly painted forty-foot steel shipping container loaded in Asia with twenty tons of goods may arrive literally anywhere else in the world; how that really happens and who actually profits from it show that the struggle for power on the seas is a critical issue today. Now, in vivid, closely observed prose, Bruce D. Jones conducts us on a fascinating voyage through the great modern ports and naval bases--from the vast container ports of Hong Kong and Shanghai to the vital naval base of the American Seventh Fleet in Hawaii to the sophisticated security arrangements in the Port of New York. Along the way, the book illustrates how global commerce works, that we are amidst a global naval arms race, and why the oceans are so crucial to America's standing going forward. As Jones reveals, the three great geopolitical struggles of our time--for military power, for economic dominance, and over our changing climate--are playing out atop, within, and below the world's oceans. The essential question, he shows, is this: who will rule the waves and set the terms of the world to come?
Sovereignty Without Power
What did independence mean during the age of empires? How did independent governments balance different interests when they made policies about trade, money and access to foreign capital? Sovereignty without Power tells the story of Liberia, one of the few African countries to maintain independence through the colonial period. Established in 1822 as a colony for freed slaves from the United States, Liberia's history illustrates how the government's efforts to exercise its economic sovereignty and engage with the global economy shaped Liberia's economic and political development over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Drawing together a wide range of archival sources, Leigh A. Gardner presents the first quantitative estimates of Liberian's economic performance and uses these to compare it to its colonized neighbors and other independent countries. Liberia's history anticipated challenges still faced by developing countries today, and offers a new perspective on the role of power and power relationships in shaping Africa's economic history.
Karl Polanyi and the Paradoxes of the Double Movement
This book offers a critical reconstruction of the double movement, the central thesis of Karl Polanyi's The Great Transformation, one of the most influential books of the 20th century.
Pioneers of Capitalism
How medieval Dutch society laid the foundations for modern capitalism The Netherlands was one of the pioneers of capitalism in the Middle Ages, giving rise to the spectacular Dutch Golden Age while ushering in an era of unprecedented, long-term economic growth. Pioneers of Capitalism examines the formal and informal institutions in the Netherlands that made this economic miracle possible, providing a groundbreaking new history of the emergence and early development of capitalism. Drawing on the latest quantitative theories in economic research, Maarten Prak and Jan Luiten van Zanden show how Dutch cities, corporations, guilds, commons, and other private and semipublic organizations provided safeguards for market transactions in the state's absence. Informal institutions developed in the Netherlands long before the state created public safeguards for economic activity. Prak and van Zanden argue that, in the Netherlands itself, capitalism emerged within a robust civil society that constrained and counterbalanced its centrifugal forces, but that an unrestrained capitalism ruled in the overseas territories. Rather than collapsing under unrestricted greed, the Dutch economy flourished, but prosperity at home came at the price of slavery and other dire consequences for people outside Europe. Pioneers of Capitalism offers a panoramic account of the early history of capitalism, revealing how a small region of medieval Europe transformed itself into a powerhouse of sustained economic growth, and changed the world in the process.
The Dynamics of Welfare Markets
This volume represents the beginning of a 'cross pollination' of different social scientific disciplines, bridging the boundaries between national and disciplinary epistemic communities in the worlds of European welfare markets. It maps the common ground and uncovers new research directions for the future study of actors, policies and institutions shaping the growth and dynamics of European welfare markets. The book defines welfare markets as politically shaped, regulated and state supported markets that provide social goods and services through the competitive activities of non-state actors. The chapters focus on what happens after states have initiated welfare markets, with equal weight given to the analysis of the agency of state actors and non-state actors in the contraction, stabilisation, and disruption of welfare markets. By focusing the analysis on two cases of welfare markets, private pensions and home-based domestic/care work, the contributions explore and compare the dynamics of different types of markets. The research will be of use to sociologists and scholars of social policy interested in the social dimension of welfare markets, political scientists and political economists, as well as diverse epistemic communities across the social sciences. Chapter 1 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Public Medical Insurance Reforms in China
This book investigates public medical insurance reform in China and studies its effects from both institutional and empirical study perspectives. It provides the reader with academic evidence for understanding the transformation of public medical insurance and its effect on the utilization of healthcare services, expenditure for medical care, individuals' financial portfolio allocation, and well-being. The main content of the book comprises two parts. First, institutional transformations of public medical insurance are considered: medical insurance reform in rural and urban China, and problems of medical insurance reform in the country. Second, it looks at the impact of public medical insurance reforms in China: evidence-based on empirical studies, including determinants of participation in medical insurance, the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme and its effects on the utilization of healthcare services, medical insurance and its effects on out-of-pocket expenditure, risky financial market participation, and well-being in China. This study provides academic evidence about these issues based on economic theories and econometric methods using many kinds of nationwide Chinese representative survey data. The book is highly recommended to readers who are interested in up-to-date and in-depth empirical studies on the mechanisms of participation in medical insurance and the impact of public medical insurance reforms on individuals and household behaviors in China. This volume will be of interest to those who are interested in the Chinese economy, social security policymakers, and scholars with an econometric analysis background.
