Tracking a Transformation
"A Brookings Institution Press, Berkeley Roundtable on the International Economy, and the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation publication This book rests on the proposition that the information techology revolution of the last ten years marks the beginning of a fundamental economic transformation. This transformation will affect every activity in which organization, information processing, or communication is important. It may well require changes in ideas about ownership, property, and control--the way in which governments regulate economies in the broadest sense of that term.The e-commerce transformation presents remarkable opportunities for businesses, governments, and other organizations to remake themselves, recreate what it is that they can do, and reconstruct their relationships with customers, citizens, and constituents. A project of the Berkeley Roundtable on the International Economy (BRIE) and the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC), this volume analyzes the way this transformation will affect market structure and pricing models in several major industries: retail financial services, air travel, music, automobiles, semiconductors, hearing instruments, food, textiles, and trucking. "
Leave No One Behind
The ambitious 15-year agenda known as the Sustainable Development Goals, adopted in 2015 by all members of the United Nations, contains a pledge that "no one will be left behind." This book aims to translate that bold global commitment into an action-oriented mindset, focused on supporting specific people in specific places who are facing specific problems.In this volume, experts from Japan, the United States, Canada, and other countries address a range of challenges faced by people across the globe, including women and girls, smallholder farmers, migrants, and those living in extreme poverty. These are many of the people whose lives are at the heart of the aspirations embedded in the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. They are the people most in need of such essentials as health care, quality education, decent work, affordable energy, and a clean environment.This book is the result of a collaboration between the Japan International Cooperation Research Institute and the Global Economy and Development program at Brookings. It offers practical ideas for transforming "leave no one behind" from a slogan into effective actions which, if implemented, will make it possible to reach the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. In addition to policymakers in the field of sustainable development, this book will be of interest to academics, activists, and leaders of international organizations and civil society groups who work every day to promote inclusive economic and social progress.
Growth, Employment, and Equity
"A Brookings Institution Press and Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) publication In the last ten to fifteen years, the Latin American and Caribbean region has undergone the most significant transformation of economic policy since World War II. Through a series of structural reforms, an increasing number of countries have moved from closed, state-dominated economies to ones that are more market oriented and open to the rest of the world. Policymakers expected that these changes, in conjunction with lower rates of inflation and increased spending in the social area, would speed up economic growth, increase productivity, and lead to the creation of more jobs and greater equality. Have those expectations been fulfilled? Analyzing the impact of the reforms in nine countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru), this study provides a detailed picture of progress to date. At the overall regional level, the book suggests, the reforms have had a surprisingly small impact: a small positive impact on investment and growth, and a small negative impact on employment and income distribution. But at the country, sectoral, and microeconomic levels, it finds evidence of strong effects, with some units doing very well and others falling behind. "
Financial Crises in Successful Emerging Economies
"A Brookings Institution Press and Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) publication Financial crises in emerging economies are very different today than they were in the past. Between 1940 and the 1970s, such traumas involved large fiscal deficits, repressed domestic financial systems, and balance of payments situations that were associated with a sharp worsening of terms of trade. In recent years, however, a ""new variety"" of crisis has evolved in Asia and Latin America. Many of the emerging economies that have experienced financial trauma have been considered very successful until the crises explode. This collection focuses on such economies. The five contributors provide policy-oriented analysis that seeks to identify crucial variables that affect the probability or intensity of crisis. Jos矇eacute; Antonio Ocampo (ECLAC) and Ricardo Ffrench-Davis explore the variables that play a part in determining whether a financial crisis is likely to occur. They analyze ""vulnerability zones"" for certain key variables--such as net liquid external liabilities, current-account deficits, and real exchange rates--and examine how and why capital surges have contributed to worsen marcoeconomic fundamentals in emerging economies. Manuel Agosin (University of Chile) draws a parallel between Korea and Taiwan, showing how the two countries had similar histories between the mid-1960s and the early 1990s, then followed different paths during the 1990s. Ricardo Ffrench-Davis (ECLAC) concentrates on Chile's experience with three ""positive"" financial shocks: in the 1970s, in 1991-94, and in 1995-97. Jaime Ros (Notre Dame University) explores contrasting situations in Mexico in 1991-94 and 1996-97, and discusses the variables that explain the marked differences between the two episodes. Ricardo Ffrench-Davis is principal regional adviser at ECLAC and co-founder of the Center for Economic Research on Latin America (CIEPLAN). He is the author or editor of fifteen books on international economics, development, strategies, foreign financial, and Latin American economies, including Reforming the Reforms: Macro, Trade, Finance (Palgrave/Macmillan, 1999). "
Toward Free Trade in the Americas
"A Brookings Institution Press and the Organization of American States publication In the past 15 years, the nations of the Western Hemisphere have staged a remarkable revolution--in the way they trade with their neighbors. First, after decades of restrictive import policies, several countries began to liberalize their trade and investment regimes. Then, beginning a decade ago, numerous bilateral and sub-regional trade agreements were achieved, to serve as vital complements to domestic reforms and to foster trade flows among member countries. At the Second Summit of the Americas in 1998, negotiations among 34 democracies were launched to establish the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). This report takes stock of the remarkable progress to date in the development of free trade in the Western Hemisphere. It examines trade flows between countries in the same regional groupings and between members of different sub-regional arrangements. The report describes the main characteristics of the trade arrangements signed between countries of the Hemisphere and explores the development of trade rules in these arrangements. Finally, the report details recent advances in the construction of the FTAA. "
Memos to the President
When policymakers are in need of economic advice, professional economists are never far away. Policymakers, journalists, and citizens all rely on experts to explain various economic developments and policy proposals. While it is fortunate that experts are close at hand, those concerned with choosing or evaluating economic policies should themselves have an understanding of how the economy works. Unfortunately, many policymakers and interested citizens currently lack such knowledge; and they need to know at the least the basics of macroeconomics to make informed decisions on their own. In this insightful book, Charles L. Schultze employs an imaginative format for explaining to busy policymakers and citizens how the economy works and what issues are likely to affect macroeconomic policy. He imagines that the next president has promised to devote one hour a week to learning about key economic principles and has asked the chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers for instruction. The book is written as a series of memos to the president on the principles and policy issues that should be understood before making macroeconomic policy judgements. A former chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers himself, Schultze clearly explains the key relationships as a background for policy decisions--relationships among domestic and foreign economic forces, and government policies and economic outcomes. The memos rely heavily on the use of real-world examples from recent economic events and policy debates. They focus principally on such policy-related issues as inflation, unemployment, long-term economic growth, and the flow of international trade and capital. The series of short, easy-to-read memos is divided into three groups: the first presents the background, explaining why it is particularly important for policymakers to distinguish between those economic forces that affect total demand in the economy and those that affect total supply; the second addresses the problem of economic stability; and the third looks at long-term economic growth.
International Institutions and the Political Economy of Integration
"Dynamic changes in international institutions have been a striking feature of international politics in the post-cold war world. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has been transformed into the Word Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank have assumed new roles in the transitional economies of Eastern Europe and the former soviet Union, and regional arrangements have proliferated. With deepening economic integration, these institutions play an increasingly important role.In this book, a part of the Integrating National Economies series, Miles Kahler examines both global and regional institutions and their importance in the world economy. Kahler explains the variation in these institutions and assesses the role they play in sustaining economic cooperation among nations. With greater tensions arising between an economy that is more integrated and a political order that remains highly fragmented, international institutions face many hurdles in supporting policy coordination and harmonization.The core global institutions--the IMF, World Bank, and GATT--have redesigned their roles in response to the new realties of economic integration. Kahler explains the evolution of these institutions, compares their strengths and weaknesses, and analyzes their efforts to deal with deeper integration. He then considers the array of regional institutions--the European Union, North American Free Trade Agreement, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation--and the tensions they must confront between national desires to maintain political autonomy and, at the same time, benefit form intensified economic exchange.International institutions confront common dilemmas of widening scope and larger memberships. Kahler concludes that no single institutional model guarantees successful international collaboration. He argues that institutional variety is inevitable and even desirable, and highlights the advantages of flexible i"
The Art of Sanctions
Nations and international organizations are increasingly using sanctions as a means to achieve their foreign policy aims. However, sanctions are ineffective if they are executed without a clear strategy responsive to the nature and changing behavior of the target. In The Art of Sanctions, Richard Nephew offers a much-needed practical framework for planning and applying sanctions that focuses not just on the initial sanctions strategy but also, crucially, on how to calibrate along the way and how to decide when sanctions have achieved maximum effectiveness. Nephew--a leader in the design and implementation of sanctions on Iran--develops guidelines for interpreting targets' responses to sanctions based on two critical factors: pain and resolve. The efficacy of sanctions lies in the application of pain against a target, but targets may have significant resolve to resist, tolerate, or overcome this pain. Understanding the interplay of pain and resolve is central to using sanctions both successfully and humanely. With attention to these two key variables, and to how they change over the course of a sanctions regime, policy makers can pinpoint when diplomatic intervention is likely to succeed or when escalation is necessary. Focusing on lessons learned from sanctions on both Iran and Iraq, Nephew provides policymakers with practical guidance on how to measure and respond to pain and resolve in the service of strong and successful sanctions regimes.
Developing Nations and the Politics of Global Integration
"Developing countries are becoming important players in the world economy. Although they were slow to liberalize trade, they are now joining the more economically advanced nations in implementing trade reforms and in taking steps to deepen global integration. The lowering of trade barriers and the growth of foreign investment have benefited the developing countries but have also created vulnerabilities, including risks of dependence and political interference. Is deeper integration in the best interest of developing countries?In this book, part of the Integrating National Economies series, Stephen Haggard examines the position of the developing countries in the international trade regime. Focusing on the nations of East and Southeast Asia and Latin American, Haggard explores the cause of economic liberalization policies in the developing nations. He argues that various international constraints, such as economic shocks and political pressures from the economically advanced nations, pushed developing countries to open up to internatioal competition and to pursue economic relations with advanced industrial states.Haggard addresses such central questions as: Will developing countries benefit from the deep integration agenda? Will they instead join closed regional blocs that fragment the international economy? Will the developing nations orient themselves toward the multilateral institutions, particularly the World Trade Organization, or will they gravitate toward regional arrangements. Haggard argues that the advanced developing countries have become strong supporters of the multilateral system and that the extent of regionalism has been over stated. He contends that a more serious threat is the lure of biliteralism and the effort of the advanced industrial states to impose standards on developing countries that are inappropriate or politically counterproductive.A volume of Brookings' Integrating National Economies Series"
Product Standards for Internationally Integrated Goods Markets
"Product standards, regulations, and conformity assessment procedures are important and necessary, but they also, at times, threaten the free flow of goods in international markets and the competitive positions of many exporters, including those in the United States. The barriers to trade that may result form product standards and regulations may be inadvertent or deliberate. The problem cuts across a wide array of industries, from motor vehicles to computers to televisions to food and beverages.This book, part of the Brookings Integrating National Economies series, is the first to blend careful economic and legal analysis of technical barriers. Alan O. Sykes illustrates how standards and regulations create trade barriers, explores the extent of the problem, and considers the possible policy responses.The effects of technical barriers are hard to measure. They are often hidden in the costs of modifying a product to meet a standard or regulation, in the costs of testing and certification procedures, and in the ways that noncompliance with a standard may affect consumer purchasing decisions. Sykes identifies why heterogeneity in standards and regulations may arise across jurisdictions and assesses the desirability of eliminating it in various settings.Sykes also presents an extensive and insightful overview of current international efforts to police technical barriers in the WTO/GATT system, in the European Union, in the U.S. federal system, and NAFTA. He shows how least-restrictive means principles and their corollaries can do much to reduce technical barriers, while stopping short of impinging on the legitimate exercise of national sovereignty.Efforts to harmonize internatioal policies and set common standards and regulations have been under way for decades. Sykes evaluates the harmonization activities of institutions such as the International Organization for Standardization, the Codex Alimentarius, and the European Commission. Th"
Transatlantic Perspectives on the Euro
"A Brookings Institution Press and the European Community Studies Association publication The European economic and monetary union has changed the structure of international monetary relations fundamentally. In this book two experts--one European, the other American--offer transatlantic perspectives on the ramifications of the monetary union and the launch of the euro. C. Randall Henning examines selected American views on Europe's monetary union, and looks at the political, economic, and institutional interests of the United States as they are affected by the creation of the euro. He examines the external monetary policymaking machinery of the union and discusses the relationship of the monetary union to international institutions, particularly the meetings of the G-7 finance ministers and central bank governors and the International Monetary Fund. Henning is generally sympathetic to European integration, supportive of the monetary union, and persuaded of the importance of international cooperation. Pier Carlo Padoan presents a European view of the role of the euro in the international system. He looks at the euro as a potential global currency and examines the transition phase between a regional currency and a global currency. Central to this is an analysis of the appropriate exchange rate policy for the euro. He also considers euro-dollar relations and the prospects for transatlantic cooperation. C. Randall Henning is a professor at The American University and a senior fellow at the Institute for International Economics. Pier Carlo Padoan is a professor at the University of Rome and the College of Europe. "
Leadership Abroad Begins at Home
"What's good for the United States may well turn out to be good for international economic policy coordination. In this post-cold war era marked by pressing domestic social concerns and fiscal deficits, Robert L. Paarlberg says that the U.S. government should take an inward-first approach to global economic policy. Unless the domestic front is secured, he believes that international initiatives cannot succeed for lack of domestic support.It's a contrary view. The outward-first approach has dominated U.S. policy in the post-war and cold war eras. Paarlberg holds that the period was exceptional in the longer history of the nation and its relations with other nations. In the future, this sort of policymaking will be increasingly difficult to sustain.The U.S. economy is not as strong as it once was in relation to other economies. The security imperatives of the cold war have largely evaporated. And Congress is certainly no longer deferential to the executive branch. Under these new circumstances, outward-first international conferences, international negotiations, and international agreements may not work as a starting point for international economic cooperation.In this highly readable book, part of the Brookings Integrating National Economies Series, Paarlberg offers an in-dept examination of the merits of an inward-first approach to economic policy leadership. He contends that this approach should not be equated with protectionism, because it refers only to policy sequence, not to content. To the extent that inward-first is unilateral, he maintains that unilateral action at home can pave the way for cooperative actions abroad. He tests his argument with more detailed studies in several different policy arenas--including international fiscal policy coordination and discipline, agricultural policy reform, and global environmental policy.Leadership Abroad Begins at Home presents an instructive survey of American political and policymaki"
The Market Power of Technology
Since the 1980s, the United States has regressed to a level of economic inequality not seen since the Gilded Age in the late nineteenth century. At the same time, technological innovation has transformed society, and a core priority of public policy has been promoting innovation. What is the relationship between economic inequality and technological change? Mordecai Kurz develops a comprehensive integrated theory of the dynamics of market power and income inequality. He shows that technological innovations are not simply sources of growth and progress: they sow the seeds of market power. In a free market economy with intellectual property rights, firms' control over technology enables them to expand, attain monopoly power, and earn exorbitant profits. Competition among innovators does not eliminate market power because technological competition is different from standard competition; it results in only one or two winners. Kurz provides a pioneering analysis grounded on quantifying technological market power and its effects on inequality, innovation, and economic growth. He outlines what causes market power to rise and fall and details its macroeconomic and distributional consequences. Kurz demonstrates that technological market power tends to rise, increasing inequality of income and wealth. Unchecked inequality threatens the foundations of democracy: public policy is the only counterbalancing force that can restrain corporate power, attain more egalitarian distribution of wealth, and make democracy compatible with capitalism. Presenting a new paradigm for understanding today's vast inequalities, this book offers detailed proposals to redress them by restricting corporate mergers and acquisitions, reforming patent law, improving the balance of power in the labor market, increasing taxation, promoting upward mobility, and stabilizing the middle class.
Milestones in Glasnost and Perestroyka
"The momentous changes in the Soviet Union brought about by glasnost and perestroyka have far-reaching implications that continue to grip the attention of the international community. This volume and its companion volume, Politics and People, feature research and analysis of the significant events in the development of the revolutionary reforms in the Soviet Union - from the beginning stage, through the period of great euphoria, to the recent troubled times."
Coping with Austerity
Concern about the pervasiveness of poverty and income inequality in Latin America goes beyond the issue of social justice. The persistence of mass poverty and inequality pits different social groups against one another and leads to a polarization that makes consistent economic policy formation difficult. National productivity may also suffer in economies with poorly educated workforces lacking adequate health care. Statistics on poverty and inequality in Latin America are rudimentary and often conflicting. Yet it is known that poverty became more widespread in the region during the last decade as it experienced economic decline. About 180 million people, or two out of every five in the area, are now living in poverty--some 50 million more than in 1980. It is also known that income and wealth are far more unequally distributed in Latin America than in most other developing regions. This book provides a much-needed assessment of how poverty, inequality, and social indicators have fared in several Latin American countries over the past decade. Experts from Latin America and the U.S. focus attention on the extent of poverty and inequality and how they have been affected by the debt crisis and adjustment of the 1980s. They explain that issues of poverty and inequality were neglected as governments in Latin America struggled to restore stability and growth to their economies. Social sector spending declined sharply, affecting both the quality and quantity of services provided. The contributors examine how poverty and inequality are--or are not--being addressed in each country. They also explore the viability of alternative approaches to combating poverty and reducing inequality. They explain that virtually no one denies that governments must take a leading role in the provision of health, education, and other social services. Yet there are sharp debates--over the compatibility of social spending with economic adjustment and stabilization; the priority of social expenditures in relation to other governmental spending; the allocation of funds among different social programs; who should, and should not, benefit; and who should pay the costs. They show that the poor and middle sectors had to pay dearly because their governments, the international community, and the families themselves were not prepared to deal with austerity. The book contains eleven chapters by contributors from universities and research institutions in the U.S. and Latin America, as well as from international financial organizations. It is the result of a project cosponsored by Inter-American Dialogue.
Trade Policies and Developing Nations
"The author considers the implications of deeper integration in the international economy for developing countries. She traces the reasons for the developing countries' reversals of earlier policies and demonstrates the importance of the open trading system for them.Anne O. Krueger is professor of economics at Stanford University"
The Digital Financial Revolution in China
This book is the product of a joint research project between economists at the National School of Development, especially the affiliated Institute of Digital Finance at Peking University and the Brookings Institution. It investigates the impact of financial technology on job creation, income distribution, and consumer welfare in China. It also examines larger systemic issues such as monetary policy, stability of the banking sector, and international trade and payments.
The Market Power of Technology
Since the 1980s, the United States has regressed to a level of economic inequality not seen since the Gilded Age in the late nineteenth century. At the same time, technological innovation has transformed society, and a core priority of public policy has been promoting innovation. What is the relationship between economic inequality and technological change? Mordecai Kurz develops a comprehensive integrated theory of the dynamics of market power and income inequality. He shows that technological innovations are not simply sources of growth and progress: they sow the seeds of market power. In a free market economy with intellectual property rights, firms' control over technology enables them to expand, attain monopoly power, and earn exorbitant profits. Competition among innovators does not eliminate market power because technological competition is different from standard competition; it results in only one or two winners. Kurz provides a pioneering analysis grounded on quantifying technological market power and its effects on inequality, innovation, and economic growth. He outlines what causes market power to rise and fall and details its macroeconomic and distributional consequences. Kurz demonstrates that technological market power tends to rise, increasing inequality of income and wealth. Unchecked inequality threatens the foundations of democracy: public policy is the only counterbalancing force that can restrain corporate power, attain more egalitarian distribution of wealth, and make democracy compatible with capitalism. Presenting a new paradigm for understanding today's vast inequalities, this book offers detailed proposals to redress them by restricting corporate mergers and acquisitions, reforming patent law, improving the balance of power in the labor market, increasing taxation, promoting upward mobility, and stabilizing the middle class.
Global Trade, Labour Rights and International Law
This book provides a set of proposals for how to best guarantee effective enforcement of labour rights under difficult circumstances. It will be essential to those in the fields of human rights law, international relations, trade and labour laws, and also of interest to practitioners, NGOs, and policy makers.
Tsinghua Pbcsf Chief Economists Forum
This book brings together fresh economic thinking for China at a turning point for the country. Decades of growth have brought new prosperity to China; economic turbulence in 2022 has led to calls for new thinking. 20 of China's top economists came together at 2022's Wudaokou Forum with innovative ideas and radical new perspectives; this book collects the best of the forum, in a volume that will be of interest to economists, China scholars and journalists.
Banking Stability and Financial Conglomerates in European Emerging Countries
This Element focuses on the specific role of financial conglomerates in managing banking and financial stability. The Element aims to estimate financial stability in CEE using the constructed aggregate financial stability index, to incorporate the financial stability of the parent company into the index, and to assess the effect of the parent company on the financial stability of commercial banks and national financial sectors.
9 Horrible Mistakes That Cost Dealers & Fabricators Crores in WPC Industry
If you are a Hungry Dealer who wants to grow their Business, earn 3-10 Lacs of Monthly Profit selling WPC Solution, then certainly this Book is the right Choice for You. You would get the Key to By Pass Competition & Become an No 1 Dealer in Your City. Getting the right customer's without any efforts & converting them with ease will be your top learning from this Book. Truly passionate about New Age Building Materials. Ankur has been working diligently on Education of WPC Solution across the Country from Last one Decade. A Marketeer By Passion, he has a Vision to Create a Breed of Digital Dealer's Across the Country. He has Immense Experience in Increasing Sales of Any Dealer Using Digital Sales Machine 2.0.
Footwear Profitable Packaging Code
The Profitable Packaging Code" is a must read for anyone interested in changing their life - and fast. It is an eye-opening book that, if you let it, will change your life, forever. Thank you Dr. Deepika and Rahul for penning such a wonderful book. - V Naushad Chairman (VKC group) The authors of this book, namely Dr. Deepika Singhal & Rahul Singhal are extremely successful Printing & Packaging strategists. Deepika has been awarded the "Women Entrepreneur of the Year" by the Government of India in 2017 and Rahul has established himself as packaging strategist, mentor and has been conducting training extensively since 2002.
Consumer Identity and Global Branding Strategies
Essay from the year 2021 in the subject Economics - Other, grade: 98, course: Bs. economics, language: English, abstract: Consumer trends have undergone through constant changes over the last few years as globalisation continues to influence consumption behaviours. A modern-day shopping mall in Shanghai, such as ALDI, offers a comparable customer experience as ALDI's store in Germany. This trend transcends in many other shopping malls globally due to globalised retail stores and product lines. Online market spaces also provide parallel browsing and e-consumption experiences globally. Shavitt and Barnes (2020) postulate that new consumption behaviours and preferences depict globalised trends and convergences, especially in the retail sector. Despite these commonalities, the concept of global consumer identity manifests unique features that have considerable impacts on consumption behaviours at regional and global scales.
Artificial Financial Intelligence in China
Chapter 1.FinTech towards Intelligent Finance.- Chapter 2.Scientific and Technological Supervision of Artificial Intelligence.- Chapter 3.Technical Path of Artificial Intelligence Compliance Efficiency .- Chapter 4.Smart Payment in China .-Chapter 5.Opportunities, Risks and Breakdowns Brought by AI to Commercial Banks.- Chapter 6.Robo-advisor and Expert Advisor.- Chapter 7.Intelligent Finance Wealth Management in China .-Chapter 8.Intelligent Finance in China's Financial Market .
Spillover and Feedback Effects in Low Carbon Development
This book studies the pathways and policies of regional coordinated low carbon development from the perspective of regional spillover-feedback effects. How do regional economies interact with carbon emission? This phenomena, also known as spillover-feedback effects, is explained in depth with reference to datasets and real examples. As China adopts zero-carbon emissions policies within the context of regional disparities, this theoretical construct is gaining utility, and in this book, climate science researchers and political scientists will find it explicated as never before.
Applied Macroeconomics
This textbook provides a comprehensive overview of macroeconomic relationships and explains the most important macroeconomic variables in an easy-to-understand manner. The reader is introduced to important macroeconomic variables such as inflation and aggregate demand in chapters that build on one another. They learn, among other things, how economic crises arise or the role and functioning of money, capital and goods markets. The aim is to provide the reader with economic knowledge that can be applied in business practice. The economics material has been deliberately selected so that business studies content is usefully supplemented. However, detailed explanations and both application-oriented and practice-related examples and exercises make it easy for non-economists to understand the complex economic topics. Well-founded knowledge presented in an immediately comprehensible way!
Challenges and Opportunities of Youth Small Micro Enterprises and SMEs. The Development in Boditi Town, Woliata Zone
Academic Paper from the year 2020 in the subject Economics - Micro-economics, grade: A, language: English, abstract: The micro and small business sector is recognized as an essential component of economic development and a crucial element in the effort to lift countries out of poverty. External and internal factors are known to affect the growth of MSEs. The most important external factors influencing growth of MSEs include access to finance, competition, limited production/market place, lack of market for the product or service; and other barriers to trade. The aim of this study was to assess challenges and opportunities of youth small micro enterprises /SMEs/development in boditi town in generally but specifically it helped to identify challenges of youth small micro enterprises /SMEs/ development in boditi town, indicate the opportunities of youth small micro enterprises /SMEs/ development in boditi town and explain who were responsible bodies to sole those challenges in small micro enterprises /SMEs/ development. In this study both qualitative and quantitative method were employed. Cross-sectional study design was employed in line with sampling method which is purposive. Based on Yamane formula totally 394 respondents participated in this study through using employed methods such as in depth interview, key informant interview, FGD to collect qualitative data in detail and survey method to collect quantitative data through employing instruments such as interview guideline, checklists, questioners etc. with audio recorder, note pads and camera. Data analyzed both qualitative and quantitative way and finding states that many challenges including skills and financial gaps and others but this limited with opportunities delivered from town administration and others stake holders. This includes. Providing youth revolving fund in form of loans and work places by municipality for youth SMEs. Also those and NGOs work in town to solve those pronouncing challenges for
A New History of Early Christianity
"Pricing the Profitable Sale: The Manager's Guide To Value Pricing presents an entirely new approach to the pricing of goods and services. For the first time the guesswork is taken away from pricing and the marketer presented with twenty-two practical pricing guidelines and rules of thumb which he or she can use over and over again to reach important pricing decisions to either maximize sales revenue and market share or profit for any product or service on the market. The book was written for managers, including marketing, product, and sales managers, or any individuals with pricing responsibilities at their firms. It should also be of much interest to professors and students in a program leading to the MBA degree where it could serve as the main texts in a course on pricing or as a supplement to as standard marketing textbook.
The Causes and Impacts of Neglected Tropical and Zoonotic Diseases
"Pricing the Profitable Sale: The Manager's Guide To Value Pricing presents an entirely new approach to the pricing of goods and services. For the first time the guesswork is taken away from pricing and the marketer presented with twenty-two practical pricing guidelines and rules of thumb which he or she can use over and over again to reach important pricing decisions to either maximize sales revenue and market share or profit for any product or service on the market. The book was written for managers, including marketing, product, and sales managers, or any individuals with pricing responsibilities at their firms. It should also be of much interest to professors and students in a program leading to the MBA degree where it could serve as the main texts in a course on pricing or as a supplement to as standard marketing textbook.
Creating Global Shipping
Shipping has been the international business par excellence in many national economies, one that preceded trends in other, more highly visible sectors of international economic activity. Nevertheless, in both business or economic history, shipping has remained relatively overlooked. That gap is filled by this exploration of the evolution of European shipping through the study of two Greek shipping firms. They provide a prime example of the regional European maritime businesses that evolved to serve Europe's international trade and, eventually, the global economy. By the end of the twentieth century, Greeks owned more ships than any other nationality. The story of the Vagliano brothers traces the transformation of Greek shipping from local shipping and trading to international shipping and ship management, while the case of Aristotle Onassis reveals how international shipping was transformed into a global business.
The Awakening Giant
An insightful account of how the Industrial Revolution transformed Britain from a largely agricultural society to the workshop of the world. Perfect for readers of Jeremy Paxman, Niall Ferguson, and Ruth Goodman. Technological advances and inventions during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries paved the way for monumental changes in the economic, social and political makeup of Britain. E. R. Chamberlin charts how the laying of new roads, railways and canals allowed inhabitants and goods to become much more mobile, how steam power, developments of the textile industry and agriculture as well as increasing demand for coal and iron transformed Britain, and he uncovers many of the remarkable inventors, from Thomas Telford to Isambard Kingdom Brunel, who made it all possible. The Awakening Giant provides a fascinating window into what it was like to live in these emerging industrial towns and ports where whole families toiled in squalid conditions for long hours and diseases spread viciously in their tenement slums. Yet, while some struggled, others prospered and Chamberlin also uncovers the lives of the emerging middle classes who moved to suburban mansions and were waited on by an army of servants. Chamberlin's gripping study provides a thorough account of the Industrial Revolution, examining not just what developments took place during this period, but also how these changes affected the lives of British people. 'fascinating ... it is lively reading.' Teaching History
Peri-Urban Conflicts and Environmental Challenges
Urban expansion and the preservation of fringe landscapes are clearly interconnected issues. This book discusses the relationship between landscape and peri-urban agriculture and the possible implications of sustainable land management for fringe land quality, proposing a framework to evaluate the latent nexus between agro-forest systems and human settlements in Southern Europe. Eco-sustainable planning integrated with multi-faceted policy actions (social, economic, cultural and political dimensions) is a relevant approach to reinforce sustainability of fringe landscapes. Permanent assessment of these factors allows for the implementation of different development scenarios. The present work definitely contributes to systemic and multi-scale approaches informing environmental policies, with the aim of achieving an integrated management of peri-urban agricultural landscapes.
Machines, Bodies and Invisible Hands
What was Adam Smith's intellectual laboratory? How did his economic theory take shape? Were his metaphors of order only residual and ornamental expressions? This book answers these questions by analyzing the formation of the concepts of market and social order in Adam Smith's work, by considering various aspects of his approach. It analyzes how metaphors and pre-analytical concepts influenced Smith's theory. In line with studies that deal with the cognitive role of metaphors in science, this book suggests that in Smith's work metaphors provided a framework, on which basis the theory subsequently developed. Therefore, as such they were part of that intellectual process which made possible the formation of structured concepts. The content and scope of the book permits a more comprehensive interpretation of Smith's thought, in which many aspects of his work are taken into consideration in order to explain a crucial problem for Smith: the nature and causes of social and economic order. The book also shows that in general, formation of theories is a complex process that includes pre-analytical views as non-residual parts of inquiry.
The Single European Currency
This book evaluates the economic and political implications of Britain's possible adoption of the Euro in a manner intended to be intelligible to laymen as well as professionals. It was begun at a time when there seemed to be an acute public need for a rational analysis of the issue and it initially explores some observations about economic behaviour drawn from a lifetime's work experience. As well as reviewing the UK Treasury's later findings on the question it assesses its important political aspects, including the recently rejected EU Constitution. Anticipating that China's rise as an economic power could prove the catalyst that induces the countries of the Euro-zone to adopt more market-oriented economic policies, the book insists that the question of Britain's membership of the Euro must continue to be monitored and attacks the apparent intransigence of Conservative Party policy on Europe. Its final pages are devoted to personal political reflections of vital relevance to Britain's long-term future.
Political Party Financing and Electoral Politics in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic
In Political Party Financing and Electoral Politics in Nigeria's Fourth Republic, Babayo Sule provides a detailed analysis of the process of political party financing in Nigeria from 1999 to the present. Sule links the party financing process with the electoral process and explores issues of democratic accountability, transparency, and corruption in Nigeria under democratic rule. Issues of excessive spending, violation of legal procedures for party financing and monitoring of parties' activities, particularly, finances are explored. The book presents an analytical discourse on elections and processes that influence an election in Nigeria's Fourth Republic in which party financing and money politics are instrumental. This book observes how political corruption gains root in the process of party financing and builds a theory linking party financing, electoral politics, and democratic accountability. This book provides practical policy implications for strengthening Nigeria's electoral process and transparency in its democracy.
Social Coordination and Public Policy
This volume explores, both in theory and in practice, what "social coordination" is and how public policies can help or hinder the processes of social coordination. In particular, these chapters examine the institutional incentives that motivate public policy decisions and their implementation to achieve specific individual and social goals. Some chapters in this volume are more theoretical, applying insights from the Austrian, Virginia, and Bloomington schools of political economy to public policy issues. Other chapters are more practical, exploring the broader implications of these theories to real-world public policy puzzles. Authored by individuals from a variety of disciplines with diverse interests in public policy, this work includes discussions of topics such as environmental policy, housing policy, and education policy, among others. A unifying theme across the chapters is that policymakers often advise one-size-fits-all solutions to complicated public policy questions but ignore the multitude of incentives faced by the "players of the game" and the subsequent development of diverse forms of social coordination. Social coordination is often left out public policy analysis but is crucial to the success of informal and formal institutional arrangements. The chapters aim to disentangle these issues of social coordination in public policy in theory and practice.
Welfare Economics and Antitrust Policy - Vol. I
This book is Volume I of a two-volume set on antitrust policy, analyzing the economic efficiency and moral desirability of various tests for antitrust legality, including those promulgated by US and EU antitrust law. The overall study consists of three parts. Part I (Chapters 1-8) introduces readers to the economic, moral, and legal concepts that play important roles in antitrust-policy analysis. Part II (Chapters 9-16) analyzes the impacts of eight types of conduct covered by antitrust policy and various possible government responses to such conduct in terms of economic efficiency, the securing of liberal moral rights, and the instantiation of various utilitarian, non-utilitarian-egalitarian, and mixed conceptions of the moral good. Part III (Chapters 17-18) provides detailed information on US antitrust law and EU competition law, and compares the extent to which--when correctly interpreted and applied--these two bodies of law could ensure economic efficiency, protectliberal moral rights, and instantiate various morally defensible conceptions of the moral good. This first volume contains Part I and the first two chapters of Part II of the overall study--the two chapters that focus on oligopolistic and predatory conduct of all kinds, respectively. The book will appeal to undergraduate and graduate students of economics and law who are interested in welfare economics, antitrust legality and the General Theory of the Second Best.
Miners, Mariners & Masons
This book is the first sustained and dispassionate study of the role of Freemasonry in everyday social and economic life: why men joined, what it did for them and their families, and how it affected the development of communities and local economies.
The Pearl of the East
This book analyzes the economic impact of the early development of railways in different Asian countries, linking the inlands with port cities and with a global network of connections. This is looked at in the context of the rise of imperialism in the last decades of the 19th century and the redistribution of spheres of influence in Asia. The book considers the increase of exports of plantation economies in the context of the global market and the importance of China, and the struggle between the great powers for the economic penetration in the Chinese empire. Its comparative approach provides an original contribution to global economic history and will be valuable reading for students and researchers of economic history, transport economics, and Asian history more broadly.
Globalisation and Energy Transition in Latin America and the Caribbean
This book explores the potential for renewable energy development and the adoption of sustainable production processes in Latin America and the Caribbean. By examining the energy transition process, the impact of environmental degradation, and the relationship between renewable energy sources and economic growth, the effects of increased globalisation and liberalisation in this part of the world are analysed. Particular attention is given to renewable energy investment, the energy-economics growth nexus, the impact of trade openness, and the mitigation of carbon emissions. This book aims to highlight econometric techniques that can be used to tackle issues relating to globalisation, the energy transition, and environmental degradation. It will be relevant to researchers and policymakers interested in energy and environmental economics.
The Economics of John Maynard Keynes
Widely recognized as one of the greatest economists in history, there has been a surge of interest in the work of John Maynard Keynes since the financial crisis of 2008 with people looking for solutions to rebalance the economy.
Doing Business in the Middle East
The book explores the existing and emerging political and legal frameworks, socio-cultural patterns, national infrastructures, regulatory environment, and how to negotiate within them in the Middle East. Includes case studies, examples of effective and ineffective practices and clear take-aways.
Alt-Finance
Powerful financial forces have supported the neoliberal project since the 1980s to advance their interests, but there are now signs that these forces have a new face and a new strategy. The majority of the British finance sector threw its support behind Britain leaving the European Union, a flagship institution of neoliberalism. Beyond this counterintuitive move, what was really happening and why? Alt-Finance examines a new authoritarian turn in financialised democracies, focusing on the City of London, revealing a dangerous alternative political project in the making. In a clash with traditional finance, the new behemoths of financial capital - hedge funds, private equity firms, and real estate funds - have started to cohere around a set of political beliefs, promoting libertarian, authoritarian, climate-denying, and Eurosceptic views. Protecting investments, suppressing social dissent, and reducing state interference are at the core of their mission for a new world order. By following the money, the authors provide indisputable evidence of these worrying developments. Through a clear analysis of the international dealings of this new authoritarian-libertarian regime, not just in Britain but in the US and Brazil, we can understand how our world is being shaped against our will by struggles between dominant groups.Powerful financial forces have supported the neoliberal project since the 1980s to advance their interests; but there are now signs that these forces have a new face and a new strategy. The majority of the British finance sector threw its support behind Britain leaving the European Union, a flagship institution of neoliberalism. Beyond this counterintuitive move, what was really happening and why? Alt-Finance examines a new authoritarian turn in financialised democracies, focusing on the City of London, revealing a dangerous alternative political project in the making. In a clash with traditional finance, the new behemoths of financial capital - hedge funds, private equity firms and real estate funds - have started to cohere around a set of political beliefs, promoting libertarian, authoritarian, climate-denying and Eurosceptic views. Protecting investments, supressing social dissent and reducing state interference are at the core of their mission for a new world order. By following the money, the authors provide indisputable evidence of these worrying developments. Through a clear analysis of the international dealings of this new authoritarian-libertarian regime, not just in Britain but in the US and Brazil, we can understand how our world is being shaped against our will by struggles between dominant groups.
The EU's Emissions Trading Scheme as a Climate Protection Instrument. How it Works and How to Improve it
Seminar paper from the year 2021 in the subject Economics - Macro-economics, general, grade: 1,0, Baden-Wuerttemberg Cooperative State University (DHBW), language: English, abstract: Simply put, emissions trading is a governmental instrument or framework to reduce pollutant emissions. While such trading has seen popularity in recent years, the broad concept has been around for quite some time. In 1968, Canadian economist John Dales argued that a government should issue a certain number of pollution rights certificates and offer them for sale, while at the same time enacting a law mandating anyone discharging a certain amount of waste in a given year to own one or more pollution rights for the whole year. He further argued that this framework would benefit by having the price determined by competition between buyers and sellers of rights rather than a person or authority.4 The fundamental idea behind emissions trading has remained the same to this day. At the end of the 1960s, the United States of America were the first to experiment with governmental trading schemes.5,6,7 During the Carter administration, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) continued to expand these pollution control mechanisms, notably using them to reduce and ultimately stop the use of leaded petrol in the 1980s.8 Emissions trading schemes continued to be popular in the US and were used by the following administrations.
Thirty Six Stratagems
The 36 Stratagems are a framework of trickery recognized in Asia for centuries. These stratagems are common in business, romance, and politics. This primer uses the stratagems to see how the China Communist Party conflicts with the USA, the Chinese people, and the world. This work focuses on asymmetrical warfare, including Lawfare, Psychological Operations, and Information Operations. This conflict driven by Communist leaders in Beijing cannot survive without collaborators and easy money. If you study military history or want to see a new perspective on the current conflict between the USA and the Communists in China, this is for you.
Outline of Sanity
G. K. Chesterton's famous thesis explores the subjects of poverty, agriculture, machinery, capital gain, and concentration of wealth from an anti-capitalist viewpoint. This fascinating volume argues the threat to smaller businesses as corporate companies become more dominant. Fiercely relevant almost 100 years after its first publication, The Outline of Sanity is G. K. Chesterton's insightful exploration of humanity's future. He criticises both the scientific management theory and Marxist Trotskyism, questioning the longevity of democracy. First published in 1926. The contents of this volume features: - Some General Ideas - The Beginning of the Quarrel - The Peril of the Hour - The Chance of Recovery - Some Aspects of Big Business - The Bluff of the Big Shops - A Misunderstanding about Method - A Case in Point - The Tyranny of Trusts - Some Aspects of the Land
