The Economics of Aquatic Sports
This volume examines the economics of aquatic sports. Covering topics ranging from youth participation, collegiate level amateurism, and professional performance issues, to the history of Olympic level swim and water polo programs, the chapters illuminate economic motivations behind the behavior and performance characteristics of this industry. Labor-related themes regarding compensation, exploitation and discrimination are examined. The volume is also especially timely, including discussions of the impacts of technological change, the hot hand effect, confirmation bias, and doping. By answering questions about these key issues in sport, this book hopes to shed light on behaviors outside of sport and provide an enhanced understanding of individual, group, and industry decision making and performance under conditions of scarcity and uncertainty. This book will be of interest to those studying sports economics, sports management, or applied microeconomic theory as well as professionals in the sports field: sports managers, agents, media experts, coaches, athletic directors and development leaders.
Public Spending and the Role of the State
Given high government spending, debt and the new challenges on the horizon, the themes of this work are more relevant than ever: the essential tool of spending by the state, its 'value for money', likely risks in the future, and the remedies to create lean, efficient and sustainable government. This book takes a holistic and international approach, covering most advanced countries, and discusses a historical overview of public expenditure, from the nineteenth century to the modern day, as well as future challenges. It sees the government's role as providing sound rules of the game and essential public goods and services. In presenting the relevant arguments, information and policy recommendations through comprehensive tables, charts and historical facts, the book addresses a broad readership, including students, professionals and interested members of the public.
The Science and Management of UncertaintyTheScience and Management of UncertaintyDealing w
This book provides a rigorous scientific framework for dealing with uncertainty in real-world situations, and provides a comprehensive study of concepts, measurements, and applications of uncertainty in ecological modeling and natural resource management.
Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development
This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Academic and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. In October 2019, Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, and Michael Kremer jointly won the 51st Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty." But what is the exact scope of their experimental method, known as randomized control trials (RCTs)? Which sorts of questions are RCTs able to address and which do they fail to answer? The first of its kind, Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development: A Critical Perspective provides answers to these questions, explaining how RCTs work, what they can achieve, why they sometimes fail, how they can be improved and why other methods are both useful and necessary. Bringing together leading specialists in the field from a range of backgrounds and disciplines (economics, econometrics, mathematics, statistics, political economy, socioeconomics, anthropology, philosophy, global health, epidemiology, and medicine), it presents a full and coherent picture of the main strengths and weaknesses of RCTs in the field of development. Looking beyond the epistemological, political, and ethical differences underlying many of the disagreements surrounding RCTs, it explores the implementation of RCTs on the ground, outside of their ideal theoretical conditions and reveals some unsuspected uses and effects, their disruptive potential, but also their political uses. The contributions uncover the implicit worldview that many RCTs draw on and disseminate, and probe the gap between the method's narrow scope and its success, while also proposing improvements and alternatives. Without disputing the contribution of RCTs to scientific knowledge, Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development warns against the potential dangers of their excessive use, arguing that the best use for RCTs is not necessarily that which immediately springs to mind. Written in plain language, this book offers experts and laypeople alike a unique opportunity to come to an informed and reasoned judgement on RCTs and what they can bring to development.
Economic Effects of Natural Disasters
Economic Effects of Natural Disasters explores how natural disasters affect sources of economic growth and development. Using theoretical econometrics and real-world data, and drawing on advances in climate change economics, the book shows scholars and researchers how to use various research methods and techniques to investigate and respond to natural disasters. No other book presents empirical frameworks for the evaluation of the quality of macroeconomic research practice with a focus on climate change and natural disasters. Because many of these subjects are so large, different regions of the world use different approaches, hence this resource presents tailored economic applications and evidence.
Remaking the Real Economy
Debunking the myths around the current economic belief systems, this book reveals how mainstream perspectives work for the benefit of the organised money establishment, while causing all manner of destructions, inequalities and frauds, all conspiring against the common good. Focused on the realities of organisational systems, Pearson offers a practical alternative to economic dogma. Written from a distinctive perspective that combines practitioner and academic expertise, this book is structured as a simple model of business strategy and identifies necessary systems change in order to achieve a truly sustainable future.
A History of Global Capitalism
The book sets out to explore the economic motivations of imperial expansion under capitalism. This undoubtedly is related to two fundamental research questions in economic sciences. First, what factors explain the divergence in living standards across countries under the capitalist economic system? Second, what ensures internal and external stability of the capitalist economic system? The book adopts a unified approach to address these questions. Using the standard growth model it shows that improvements in living standards are dependent on access to raw materials, labour, capital, technology, and perhaps most importantly 'economies of scale'. Empires ensure scale economy through guaranteed access to markets and raw materials. The stability of the system depends on growth and distribution and it is not possible to have one without the other. However, the quest for growth and imperial expansion implies that one empire invariably comes into conflict with another. This is perhaps the most unstable and potentially dangerous characteristic of the capitalist system. Using extensive historical accounts the book shows that this inherent tension can be best managed by acknowledging mutual spheres of influence within the international system along the lines of the 1815 Vienna Congress. This timely publication addresses not only students and scholars of economics, geography, political science, and history, but also general readers interested in a better understanding of economic development, international relations, and the history of global capitalism.
Interpreting Historical Sequences Using Economic Models
This Palgrave Pivot presents theoretical models that explain common historical sequences, such as wars of secession, the rise and fall of empires, and international war. The book uses a rational choice model to frame the incentives of specific groups coming together in a polity or leaving it. These incentives are then set in a theoretical framework to determine the outcome-unity or secession, peace or war-and are demonstrated through historical examples. The book provides two longer case studies looking directly at motives for and against secession: the first on the American Civil War from the point of view of the Confederacy, and the second on efforts by the UK government to stem the tide of Scottish independence. Another case study discusses peacekeeping as aimed at reducing the costs of secessionist wars. With its accessible use of economic theory and ability to bring to life real-world examples of conflict and secession, this book is ideal supplementary reading for courses in international relations, conflict studies, global economics and economic history.
Central Banks as Fiscal Players
It is well known that the balance sheets of most major central banks significantly expanded in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007-2011, but the consequences of this expansion are not well understood. This book develops a unified framework to explain how and why central bank balance sheets have expanded and what this shift means for fiscal and monetary policy. Buiter addresses a number of key issues in monetary economics and public finance, including how helicopter money works, when modern monetary theory makes sense, why the Eurosystem has a potentially fatal design flaw, why the fiscal theory of the price level is a fallacy and how to escape from the zero lower bound.
International Trade and Investment Behaviour of Firms
In the last four decades the world has been significantly impacted by globalization and rapid technological changes. This in turn had major effects on the global economy. Several developing and socialist economies that earlier followed closed door and import substitution policies started to open up their economies to world trade and investments. Some such countries, as India, managed to achieve a degree of economic prosperity over the last few years after opening up their economy. The analyses in this book show that there are significant benefits from international trade and investment to emerging economies that possess critical-level initial conditions in technology, infrastructure, and ease of doing business, and also have friendly policies. Focusing on Indian firms, the book spans the period from the pre-reform era to the post-reform era, when the market was responding to policy reforms and global market dynamics. The reforms, it argues, resulted in positive outcomes of increased outward orientation and annual growth rates. The book also comments on the economic and institutional factors that change over time, locally as well as globally, and affect the behaviour of firms and industries.
Grundlagen Der Gesundheits繹konomie
Das rationale, die Verschwendung vermeidende Handeln war schon immer eine Selbstverst瓣ndlichkeit f羹r ?rzte, Pflegekr瓣fte und andere Mitarbeiter des Gesundheitswesens. Die Notwendigkeit einer expliziten Ausbildung in ?konomie wurde diesen Berufsgruppen jedoch erst in den letzten Jahren durch die gesetzlich verordneten Sparma?nahmen bewusst. Das Buch vermittelt als eine "?konomie f羹r Nicht繹konomen" die Grundlagen der Wirtschaftswissenschaft, soweit sie f羹r das Grundverst瓣ndnis der Prozesse und Strukturen des Gesundheitswesens notwendig sind. Es soll eine Art Ablagesystem entstehen, in das der Leser eigene Vorkenntnisse und zuk羹nftige Erfahrungen an der richtigen Stelle einh瓣ngen kann. Dabei wird deutlich, dass die Gesundheits繹konomie durch effizientes Wirtschaften Freir瓣ume f羹r verantwortliches, professionelles Handeln schaffen m繹chte. Damit wird sie zu einem hilfreichen Instrument f羹r den Arzt, die Pflegekraft oder andere Mitarbeiter im Gesundheitswesen.Die 4 Auflage wurde 羹berarbeitet und aktualisiert.
China's International Projection in the XI Jinping Era
This book illustrates the current state of China's economic and trade relations from the perspective from different countries in the Xi Jinping era. The content is divided into five parts, the first of which traces the development of the Chinese economy starting with the reforms of the 1980s. The second part notes some distinctive elements of China's positioning in the global economy, while the third describes the state of relations between the United States and China under the Trump presidency. The fourth part focuses on diplomatic and economic equilibria in East Asia, Central and Southern Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America. In turn, the last part addresses relations between China and various European countries. Given its scope, the book is a must-read for economists, policymakers and professionals from around the globe, interested in a better understanding of China's economic prospects in the Xi Jinping era.
Success in the Bottom of the Pyramid Market in Africa
Discusses the relevant, unsolved practical problem of addressing the bottom of the pyramid in Africa with a scientific approachShows how business can support economic development in Africa Derives success factors and concrete recommendations for doing business in Africa's Bottom of the Pyramid
Strategic Interaction Between Islamist Terror Groups
This book applies game theory to the phenomenon of terrorism and investigates how the competition for support can influence the attack behavior of terror organizations. In addition, it examines the economics of terrorism. The so-called outbidding theory, which has become increasingly popular within the field of terrorism research, argues that terror groups vying for resources will engage in more and more violence to demonstrate their capabilities and commitment to their cause. This book challenges the outbidding concept by providing a game-theoretical analysis, which shows that a contest between two terror groups can be interpreted as a race for support. This interpretation may help explain why major attacks occur at all: not as a result of outbidding, but as a result of losing the race. In addition, the author shows that rivalry between terror groups does not necessarily lead to more attacks, but can result in less terrorism due to an increased probability of attack failure induced by the race. Lastly, the model is applied to the rivalry between al-Qaeda and Daesh, elaborated on with empirical evidence. Given its scope, the book is a must read for researches and scholars working in the fields of economics, politics, the social sciences, and military history, as well as military and political decision-makers and authorities working in the field of risk management.
The Economies of Imperial China and Western Europe
This book is a critical interpretation of a seminal and protracted debate in comparative global economic history. Since its emergence, in now classic publications in economic history between 1997-2000, debate on the divergent economic development that has marked the long-term economic growth of China and Western Europe has generated a vast collection of books and articles, conferences, networks, and new journals as well as intense interest from the media and educated public. O'Brien provides an historiographical survey and critique of Western views on the long-run economic development of the Imperial Economy of China - a field of commentary that stretches back to the Enlightenment. The book's structure and core argument is concentrated upon an elaboration of, and critical engagement with, the major themes of recent academic debate on the "Great Divergence" and it will be of enormous interest to academics and students of economic history, political economy, the economics of growth and development, state formation, statistical measurements, environmental history, and the histories of science and globalization.
The Entrepreneurial Dynamics in Italy
Chapter 1: Entrepreneurial Dynamics.- Chapter 2: Academic Entrepreneurship.- Chapter 3: Concluding Remarks.
Freedom and Capitalism in Early Modern Europe
This book hinges upon ideas and discourses variously known under labels such as "Mercantilism" and "Cameralism". Often viewed as antithesis of capitalism, inclusive institutions and good economy in the "West", this book re-assembles them and builds them into a coherent origin story of modern capitalism. It explores the field of intellectual and conceptual history, especially the history of Renaissance and Mercantilism in a longer history of capitalism. Rather than hindrances, the author argues that Mercantilist and Cameralist political economies presented essential stepping stones of modern capitalism, in Britain and beyond. This book will be of interest to academics and students in general economic history, the history of capitalism, economic development and the history of economic thought.
Rent-Seeking and Human CapitalHow the Hunt for Rents Is Changing Our Economic and Politica
Rent-Seeking and Human Capital: How the Hunt for Rents is Changing our Economic and Political Landscape explores the debates around rent seeking and contextualizes it within the capitalist economy.
Science, Technology, and Politics
This book examines how the assessment of science and technology-related policies takes place in the U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment, the role it plays in the formulation of public policies, and the prospects for improving policy making for these kinds of policies.
?konomie Ist Menschlich
Ist die Rede von Wirtschaft, denken die meisten Menschen an Gro?unternehmen. Entgegen dieser verbreiteten Vorstellung zeigen aktuelle empirische Daten jedoch, dass die meisten Betriebe sehr klein starten und auch klein bleiben. Statistisch belegbar ist auch, dass es vor allem private Haushalte sind, die Unternehmen und Verb瓣nde gr羹nden, wodurch hybride (Misch-)Systeme, wie Haushalts-Unternehmens-Komplexe, entstehen. Im Alltagsdenken und auch bei Experten in Wissenschaft und Politik sind diese empirischen Fakten oft nicht bekannt und finden deshalb auch in der 繹konomischen Bildung kaum Ber羹cksichtigung. Damit kann der "繹konomische Analphabetismus" erkl瓣rt werden, der als eine Ursache f羹r individuelle und gesellschaftliche Wohlfahrtsverluste gilt. Das Buch kl瓣rt 羹ber die Entwicklung 繹konomischer Strukturen und Funktionen auf, indem es empirische Daten zur Grundlage nimmt und die Bedeutung der Selbstorganisation und Gr羹ndung von Haushalten, Unternehmen und Verb瓣nden sowie von betrieblichen Misch- und Sonderformen im evolutorischen Prozess des Wirtschaftens herausstellt. Die evidenzbasierte Analyse wird durch eine kritische Betrachtung der schulischen Wirtschaftslehre und eine theoriegeschichtliche Reflexion der ?konomik erg瓣nzt. Im Ergebnis kann ein neues Verst瓣ndnis von ?konomie, von Produktion und Konsum, begr羹ndet und vermittelt werden.
China's Electricity Industry
This book provides a comprehensive account of the electricity industry in China, the world's largest power producer and carbon emitter. The authors describe the historical development of China's energy sector and study the structure and economics of the industry. Furthermore, the book studies the impact of China's substantial demand for coal, oil and natural gas on world energy markets and discusses future trends and reforms, such as the introduction of renewable energy sources. This book will appeal to anyone interested to broaden their knowledge on the past, present and future of Chinese electricity industry.
NATO at 70
1. NATO at 70: Achievements.- 2. The need for NATO?.- 3. Burden Sharing.- 4. NATO: An Economics, Politics and Public choice analysis.- 5. NATO and Europe: Improving Efficiency.- 6. Future Challenges.
The Brazilian Economy
The Brazilian economy has long been defined by its enormous potential. Over the past 30 years, some of this has at last been realised. Latin America's largest economy has rapidly risen in global importance while poverty at home has declined. Yet, despite periods of progress, Brazil remains prone to economic crisis. It is also beset with stubborn inefficiencies and income disparities. This book considers the structural challenges which will need to be overcome if Brazil is to break with the past and finally embark on a path of sustained, inclusive growth.This book aims to give the reader a clear knowledge of the nature of these structural challenges, why they exist and the effectiveness of attempts to overcome them. Through this, readers will gain a deep understanding of the contemporary Brazilian economy. The challenges discussed fall into three areas: those centring on competitiveness and the supply side, those arising from critical macroeconomic issues and those connected with environmental sustainability and social inclusion. This volume systematically examines each of these domains, highlighting such vital topics as export competitiveness, human capital formation, environmental policy and the role of financial market reform. Where appropriate, this book sets Brazil's experience in an international comparative context. It points out that many of the challenges faced by Brazil are shared by other emerging economies. In this sense, the policy lessons which stem from this volume have broader international relevance.This book will be vital reading for all those seeking in-depth understanding of one of the world's most important, yet troubled, economies. This readership is likely to include undergraduate and postgraduate students on development economics and Latin American area studies programmes, policymakers wanting an up-to-date and coherent analysis of Latin America's largest economy, and financial professionals.
Contract Options for Buyers and Sellers of Talent in Professional Sports
This Palgrave Pivot re-examines salary formation in Major League Baseball in light of real option theory to clarify the connection between salary and marginal revenue product for professional baseball players. Current literature has tended to treat single-year and multi-year contracts similarly, ignoring the potential option value for teams and for players. Recent work points to the observation that both high-productivity and low-productivity athletes have salaries that systematically differ from their marginal revenue product, and that free agents signing multi-year contracts are overpaid relative to free agents signing one-year contracts. This book argues that the value of signing an athlete to a contract should be determined similarly to the determination of the value of an investment project or a financial asset. This book demonstrates how to calculate the value of real options to the player and the team owner with a simple two-year contract, and offers extensions to the realoptions model for multiyear contracts or when a player is early or late in his career.
The Degrowth Alternative
Degrowth is a planned economic contraction in wealthy countries that reduces production and consumption to sustainable levels within ecological limits. This book explores the idea of degrowth as an economic alternative to offer a more sustainable and just future.
The Changing World Order
NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER * MORE THAN ONE MILLION COPIES SOLD "A provocative read...There are few tomes that coherently map such broad economic histories as well as Mr. Dalio's. Perhaps more unusually, Mr. Dalio has managed to identify metrics from that history that can be applied to understand today." --Andrew Ross Sorkin, The New York Times From legendary investor Ray Dalio, author of the #1 New York Times bestseller Principles, who has spent half a century studying global economies and markets, Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order examines history's most turbulent economic and political periods to reveal why the times ahead will likely be radically different from those we've experienced in our lifetimes--and to offer practical advice on how to navigate them well. A few years ago, Ray Dalio noticed a confluence of political and economic conditions he hadn't encountered before. They included huge debts and zero or near-zero interest rates that led to massive printing of money in the world's three major reserve currencies; big political and social conflicts within countries, especially the US, due to the largest wealth, political, and values disparities in more than 100 years; and the rising of a world power (China) to challenge the existing world power (US) and the existing world order. The last time that this confluence occurred was between 1930 and 1945. This realization sent Dalio on a search for the repeating patterns and cause/effect relationships underlying all major changes in wealth and power over the last 500 years. In this remarkable and timely addition to his Principles series, Dalio brings readers along for his study of the major empires--including the Dutch, the British, and the American--putting into perspective the "Big Cycle" that has driven the successes and failures of all the world's major countries throughout history. He reveals the timeless and universal forces behind these shifts and uses them to look into the future, offering practical principles for positioning oneself for what's ahead.
Venedig Ist ?berall
Kultureller ?bertourismus ist das neue Schlagwort f羹r von Touristen extrem stark frequentierte und damit 羹berf羹llte historische Sehensw羹rdigkeiten, Museen und St瓣dte. Ein Kulturtourismus also, der negative Auswirkungen sowohl f羹r die kulturellen Orte als auch f羹r die dort lebenden Menschen zeitigt. In Reaktion darauf wird vermehrt protestiert und Kulturtr瓣ger und B羹rgermeister ergreifen zunehmend Ma?nahmen, um den Touristenstrom zu begrenzen. Ist dies das Ende einer "Kultur f羹r alle"?In diesem Buch schl瓣gt Bruno S. Frey - renommierter und vielzitierter Kultur繹konom - im Gegenteil eine Erweiterung des Angebotes als "Neue Originale" vor: Die wichtigsten Monumente werden an einem geografisch geeigneten Ort identisch kopiert. Erg瓣nzend werden den Besuchern mithilfe digitaler Informationstechnologien (Augmented und Virtual Reality inklusive Hologramme) Geschichte und Kultur der Orte nahe gebracht. Angrenzende Hotels, Restaurants und L瓣den bieten die notwendige begleitende Infrastruktur. Auf diese Weise kann der Touristenstrom zwischen den urspr羹nglichen und den "Neuen Originalen" verteilt werden. Diese Idee wird mit seinen organisatorischen und 繹konomischen Herausforderungen skizziert und von bestehenden Disneyland-Konzepten abgegrenzt. Gerade f羹r Familien mit Kindern und allgemein kulturell interessierte Personen - also f羹r die gr繹?te Zahl der Besucher - k繹nnen diese "Neuen Originale" sehr attraktiv sein.
Das R瓣tsel Der Produktivit瓣t
Moderne Dienstleistungsgesellschaften sind wenig produktiv. Das sagen nationale und internationale Gremien immer wieder. Dabei ist die Feststellung ein R瓣tsel: Wie kann es sein, dass immer mehr in Produktionsmittel investiert wird - Stichwort Digitalisierung - und die Wirtschaft dabei immer weniger produktiv wird? Und paradoxaler noch: Warum steigt die Produktivit瓣t in der Krise an? Aus betriebs- und volkswirtschaftlicher Perspektive wird hier auf das R瓣tsel eingegangen. Dabei sollen der Begriff und die Messung der Produktivit瓣t an die Bed羹rfnisse einer Dienstleistungsgesellschaft angepasst werden.
Alternative Ideas from 10 (Almost) Forgotten Economists
How should we address today's big problems, and what we can take from icons of economics past? How would John Maynard Keynes have resolved today's debt problem, or how would Adam Smith have assessed the European carbon emission trading market? This book applies the ideas of ten renowned economists (Marx, Minsky, Keynes, Knight, Bergmann, Veblen, Sen, Myrdal, Smith, Robinson) to real world economic problems, directly or indirectly related to the causes and consequences of the 2008 financial crisis. Each chapter presents an economist, and structures the 'problem', the 'insight' (the economist's idea), the 'economist' (short bio), and two 'practices' offering real-world alternatives. This book presents a lively and original approach that will be of interest to economists and non-economists alike, discussing key elements of an economics for a postcapitalist economy and connecting policy insights to real-world problems of today.
Public Spending and the Role of the State
Given high government spending, debt and the new challenges on the horizon, the themes of this work are more relevant than ever: the essential tool of spending by the state, its 'value for money', likely risks in the future, and the remedies to create lean, efficient and sustainable government. This book takes a holistic and international approach, covering most advanced countries, and discusses a historical overview of public expenditure, from the nineteenth century to the modern day, as well as future challenges. It sees the government's role as providing sound rules of the game and essential public goods and services. In presenting the relevant arguments, information and policy recommendations through comprehensive tables, charts and historical facts, the book addresses a broad readership, including students, professionals and interested members of the public.
The European Monetary UnionTheEuropean Monetary UnionEurope at the Crossroads
The European Union is at a crossroads. This book analyzes the historical roots of the EU's monetary and financial institutions in order to better understand its struggle to maintain an economic and monetary union, as well as the ongoing problems facing the Euro. The institutions of the EU are based on the operation of free markets, a common monetary policy, and the European Central Bank. These founding policies have created many of the imbalances at the root of the ongoing European recession. Reemerging threats of populism and localism are poised to further disintegrate the European construction and may spark fierce opposition between countries. Acocella engages with these risks, suggesting detailed actions for reform within the EU and its institutions that may steer it away from further conflict, allowing it to better serve its member states and citizens.
Remaking the Real Economy
Debunking the myths around the current economic belief systems, this book reveals how mainstream perspectives work for the benefit of the organised money establishment, while causing all manner of destructions, inequalities and frauds, all conspiring against the common good. Focused on the realities of organisational systems, Pearson offers a practical alternative to economic dogma. Written from a distinctive perspective that combines practitioner and academic expertise, this book is structured as a simple model of business strategy and identifies necessary systems change in order to achieve a truly sustainable future.
The Economics of Target Balances
Target balances are the largest single item in some of the balance sheets of the Eurosystem's national central banks (NCBs), and yet very little is known about them by the general public and even by economists. This book shows that Target balances measure overdraft credits between the NCBs that resemble ordinary fiscal credit and which have grown disproportionately, exceeding one billion euros. There is, however, no parliamentary legitimation for the Target balances. The book sheds light on the economic significance of the balances, questions their limitlessness, and addresses controversial views that have been expressed regarding them. It uses the Target statistics to analyze the course of the euro crisis and the ECB's policy reactions from the time of the Lehman bankruptcy up to the outbreak of the Corona crisis. It analyses the credit risks involved for the Eurosystem and concludes with a reform proposal. This book will be of interest to non-specialist economists and policy makers.
A Brief History of Money
What do cacao beans, cowrie shells, paper cards, cigarettes and digital databases all have in common? At some time, they have been used as a form of money. Money is an essential aspect of everyday life and something that we usually take for granted until it all goes wrong. This book traces the role, growth and impact of money and finance on individuals, human civilisation and the type of economy we live in. The financial history of the world reads like a fascinating novel with innumerable twists and turns. We strive for financial stability and security, yet this often proves surprisingly ephemeral. Just as we hope we have reached a new plateau of prosperity, the financial system has a habit of throwing a wrench in the works, forcing us to change and adapt to new circumstances. This book traces the financial system from its birth as a credit system in ancient Mesopotamia, to the financial revolutions of the 20th and 21st centuries. Why did the American forces desperately try to destroy money during the American Revolution? Why do we tend to succumb to boom and busts? And if inflation is bad, why is deflation even worse? Also, the book looks at the effect money has on ourselves. Does money make us irrational? Is money really the root of all evil, or should we celebrate money for its potential to create prosperity and overcome poverty?
No Slack
The financial crisis exposed the potentially unsavory results of the interaction between low- and moderate income households and alternative and mainstream financial institutions. Many households were overleveraged or paid high costs for financial services, while others lacked access to useful financial products that can cushion against economic instability. The financial services system is not well designed to serve low- and moderate-income households, leaving them without financial slack: they did not have adequate breathing room for making the financial adjustments that would permit them to better meet their own needs. No Slack shows us why these families were the least prepared to handle the shock of the deep recession.This pivotal analysis focuses on the Detroit metropolitan area's low- and moderate-income neighborhoods, which are similar to those of other Rust Belt communities. The Detroit Area Household Financial Services study--conducted at the height of the subprime lending boom--examines these households' decisionmaking processes, behaviors, and attitudes toward a full range of financial transactions.No Slack reveals widespread problems in home mortgage lending, the common threads among people who file for bankruptcy, the reasons so many households are unbanked, and how behaviorally informed financial regulation can make the market work better. Drawing on his deep policy experience, Michael Barr advocates helping families seek financial stability in three primary ways: enhancing individuals' financial capability, using technology to promote access to financial products and services that meet their needs, and establishing strong protections for consumers.
How to Manage Informal Economy in Ethiopia? Differentiation Within the Informal Economy in Addis Ababa
Essay from the year 2019 in the subject Business economics - Economic Policy, grade: A-, Ethiopian Civil Service University (College of Urban Development and Engineering), course: Managing Informality, language: English, abstract: This paper look sin to different theoretical and empirical literature concerning the trends of informal economy, segmentation and differentiation within informal economy and ways in which informal economy is segmented, ways of measuring informal economy, and the size and significance of informal economy. A strong effort is made to get vast recent empirical evidence regarding the size and significance of informal economy and differentiation and segmentation within it in Addis Ababa. Based on this concept, the level of informality in Addis Ababa is measured and informal economy appears to be a vast sector, with low value added and limited innovation and dynamics. In fact, value added has reduced over time. For most, it offers a quality of life far below that of the formal sector.
Discovering Prices
Traditional economic theory studies idealized markets in which prices alone can guide efficient allocation, with no need for central organization. Such models build from Adam Smith's famous concept of an invisible hand, which guides markets and renders regulation or interference largely unnecessary. Yet for many markets, prices alone are not enough to guide feasible and efficient outcomes, and regulation alone is not enough, either. Consider air traffic control at major airports. While prices could encourage airlines to take off and land at less congested times, prices alone do just part of the job; an air traffic control system is still indispensable to avoid disastrous consequences. With just an air traffic controller, however, limited resources can be wasted or poorly used. What's needed in this and many other real-world cases is an auction system that can effectively reveal prices while still maintaining enough direct control to ensure that complex constraints are satisfied. In Discovering Prices, Paul Milgrom--the world's most frequently cited academic expert on auction design--describes how auctions can be used to discover prices and guide efficient resource allocations, even when resources are diverse, constraints are critical, and market-clearing prices may not even exist. Economists have long understood that externalities and market power both necessitate market organization. In this book, Milgrom introduces complex constraints as another reason for market design. Both lively and technical, Milgrom roots his new theories in real-world examples (including the ambitious U.S. incentive auction of radio frequencies, whose design he led) and provides economists with crucial new tools for dealing with the world's growing complex resource-allocation problems.
The Goal Line Technology in Football and its Innovation Specifics. What is the State of Acceptance?
Essay from the year 2016 in the subject Economics - Innovation economics, grade: 1,7, University of Manchester, language: English, abstract: This essay is about the goal-line-technology in football. Its recent introduction in official matches has started a debate about its usefulness and necessity in football. Several factors have influenced the various stakeholders resulting in different notions of the acceptance of the goal-line-technology. This essay tries to identify these factors and explains their impact on the acceptance. The 'Goal-Line-Technology' (GLT) is a recent innovation in soccer, which determines whether or not the ball has crossed the goal-line. The official approval from IFAB in 2012 and the following introduction in official matches marked a milestone in using technologies in soccer. FIFA had long tried to resist this development by referring to the potential faults of the technologies and their impact on the game. However, various debates show that the technology is not undisputed. This report tries to identify the factors that have influenced the acceptance of the GLT. Therefore, the different GLTs will be shown. After this the impact of GLT on its stakeholders will be discussed to determine the factors that have influenced the acceptance of the GLT. Additionally, regulations will be considered and the adoption process will be shown. The research for this report includes secondary data from books, journals, newspapers, etc. The theoretical concepts mentioned are formats and the adoption process.
Be a Better Builder
This method of building a house ensures that everyone involved during the process is genuinely happy with the finished product. Produced with little or no conflict, a minimum of changes, and in a cordial atmosphere. The end result becomes a testament to the general contractors prowess.
Automation of Mergers and Acquisitions
The goal of the book is end-to-end automation of M&A processes. With this book, the following tasks can be carried out: 1.Determination of the tasks to be automated: In this book, all tasks in due diligence are described. The tasks relevant for a company can be selected and then automated in a targeted manner. 2.Overview of the automation options for the M&A process: The automatability described for the tasks allow an overview of which tasks in the M&A process can already be automated in which way. 3.Determination of the automation potential of M&A processes: The methodology contained in this book and the details of the tasks and their automatability allow the determination of the digitization potential. 4.Familiarization with M&A processes: In this book all tasks in the Due Diligence phase are documented with their objectives, a description and with questions during the execution. This enables a quick familiarization with the details of the Due Diligence phase.
OECD Telecommunication and Broadcasting Review of Brazil 2020
Connectivity is the backbone of the digital transformation, and as such, policies and regulatory measures that foster access to high-quality communication services at competitive prices are key. This review provides a comprehensive examination of Brazil's communication and broadcasting sectors, highlighting areas for regulatory and policy reform that can help ensure a successful and inclusive digital transformation.
Comptes Nationaux Des Pays de l’Ocde, Volume 2020 Num矇ro 2 Tableaux D矇taill矇s
Les Comptes nationaux des pays de l'OCDE, Tableaux D矇taill矇s fournissent, en plus des principaux agr矇gats, des comptes nationaux d矇taill矇s pour les d矇penses de consommation finale des m矇nages par fonction, les comptes simplifi矇s des trois principaux secteurs: administrations publiques, soci矇t矇s et m矇nages.
National Accounts of OECD Countries, Volume 2020 Issue 2 Detailed Tables
The National Accounts of OECD Countries, Detailed Tables includes, in addition to main aggregates including GDP, final consumption expenditure of households by purpose, simplified accounts for three main sectors: general government, corporations and households.
Work-Life Balance and Women's Entrepreneurship
Chapter 1. Introduction: A Gender-Sensitive Analysis of Entrepreneurs' Work-Life Balance.- Chapter 2 . Theoretical Foundations of Women's Entrepreneurship and Work-Life Balance.- Chapter 3 . Research on Women Entrepreneurs' Work-Life Balance.- Chapter 4. Expert Study: Factors Influencing Women Entrepreneurs' Work-Life Balance.- Chapter 5. Summary, Conclusion and Outlook.
Destroying Democracy
A history of the erosion of democracy across the globe Democracy is being destroyed. This is a crisis that expresses itself in the rising authoritarianism visible in divisive and exclusionary politics, populist political parties and movements, increased distrust in fact-based information and news, and the withering accountability of state institutions. Over the last four decades, democracy has radically shifted to a market democracy in which all aspects of human, non-human and planetary life are commodified, with corporations becoming more powerful than states and their citizens. This is how neoliberal capitalism functions at a systemic level and if left unchecked, is the greatest threat to democracy and a sustainable planet. Volume six of the Democratic Marxism series focuses on how decades of neoliberal capitalism have eroded the global democratic project and how, in the process, authoritarian politics are gaining ground. Scholars and activists from the political left focus on four country cases - India, Brazil, South Africa and the United States of America - in which the COVID-19 pandemic has fuelled and highlighted the pre-existing crisis. They interrogate issues of politics, ecology, state security, media, access to information and political parties, and affirm the need to reclaim and re-build an expansive and inclusive democracy. Destroying Democracy is an invaluable resource for the general public, activists, scholars and students who are interested in understanding the threats to democracy and the rising tide of authoritarianism in the global south and the global north.
Pricing of Collateralized Over the Counter Derivatives
Academic Paper from the year 2020 in the subject Economics - Finance, grade: 10, language: English, abstract: This paper presents a new model for pricing over the counter (OTC) derivatives subject to collateralization. It allows for collateral posting adhering to bankruptcy laws. As such, the model can back out the market price of a collateralized contract. This framework is very useful for valuing outstanding derivatives. Using a unique dataset, the author found empirical evidence that credit risk alone is not overly important in determining credit-related spreads. Only accounting for both collateral arrangement and credit risk can sufficiently explain unsecured credit costs. This finding suggests that failure to properly account for collateralization may result in significant mispricing of derivatives. The author also empirically gauges the impact of collateral agreements on risk measurements. The findings indicate that there are important interactions between market and credit risk.
Evaluating Minimum Wage Laws
Seminar paper from the year 2020 in the subject Business economics - Economic Policy, grade: 1,7, SRH - Mobile University, language: English, abstract: The present paper aims at evaluating minimum wage laws. In order to reflect the topic, two countries - Germany and the United Kingdom -, which have already introduced minimum wages, are chosen as examples. Furthermore, the paper examines minimum wages from the perspective of two different economic theories on government intervention by introducing the neoclassical and the Keynesian approach. It investigates the observed actual impact and effectiveness of minimum wage legislation against the presented market theories as well as against the objectives and expectations raised by the legislation. Finally, the student paper gives a recommendation whether the introduction of minimum wages is actually worthwhile or not. The paper starts with a definition of the problem and introduces objectives as well as current relevance of the topic. Subsequently, the theoretical background is reflected. This includes the definition of the term minimum wage as well as presenting the neoclassical and the Keynesian economic theory. Chapter two finally ends with a short summary. Afterwards, the paper continues with Chapter three, which describes the minimum wage concepts of Germany and the United Kingdom. Therefore, the implementation track records explain the history, structure and the scope of the different minimum wage concepts. The critical discussion in chapter four finally evaluates the observed actual impact and effectiveness of minimum wages against the economic theories. Furthermore, it reflects the expectations and objectives which are raised by the government. The paper concludes with a summary and an outlook.
Accelerating Climate and Disaster Resilience and Low-Carbon Development Through the Covid-19 Recovery
This technical note presents an assessment framework for designing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) recovery interventions that are geared toward accelerating climate and disaster resilience and low-carbon development. The scale of the COVID-19 crisis and the associated size of the response mean that decisions governments make now will influence systems, create assets, and define development directions well into the future. ADB developed this technical note to help its developing member countries in moving forward, with the assessment framework intended to serve as a tool that decision-makers can use to select and prioritize a package of recovery interventions that will collectively achieve recovery, climate, and resilience objectives.
