The Scientific Method
The scientific method delivers prosperity, yet scientific practice has become subject to corrupting influences from within and without the scientific community. This essential reference is intended to help remedy those threats. The authors identify eight essential criteria for the practice of science and provide checklists to help avoid costly failures in scientific practice. Not only for scientists, this book is for all stakeholders of the broad enterprise of science. Science administrators, research funders, journal editors, and policymakers alike will find practical guidance on how they can encourage scientific research that produces useful discoveries. Journalists, commentators, and lawyers can turn to this text for help with assessing the validity and usefulness of scientific claims. The book provides practical guidance and makes important recommendations for reforms in science policy and science administration. The message of the book is complemented by Nobel Laureate Vernon L. Smith's foreword, and an afterword by Terence Kealey.
Analysis of Panel Data
Now in its fourth edition, this comprehensive introduction of fundamental panel data methodologies provides insights on what is most essential in panel literature. A capstone to the forty-year career of a pioneer of panel data analysis, this new edition's primary contribution will be the coverage of advancements in panel data analysis, a statistical method widely used to analyze two or higher-dimensional panel data. The topics discussed in early editions have been reorganized and streamlined to comprehensively introduce panel econometric methodologies useful for identifying causal relationships among variables, supported by interdisciplinary examples and case studies. This book, to be featured in Cambridge's Econometric Society Monographs series, has been the leader in the field since the first edition. It is essential reading for researchers, practitioners and graduate students interested in the analysis of microeconomic behavior.
Analysis of Panel Data
Now in its fourth edition, this comprehensive introduction of fundamental panel data methodologies provides insights on what is most essential in panel literature. A capstone to the forty-year career of a pioneer of panel data analysis, this new edition's primary contribution will be the coverage of advancements in panel data analysis, a statistical method widely used to analyze two or higher-dimensional panel data. The topics discussed in early editions have been reorganized and streamlined to comprehensively introduce panel econometric methodologies useful for identifying causal relationships among variables, supported by interdisciplinary examples and case studies. This book, to be featured in Cambridge's Econometric Society Monographs series, has been the leader in the field since the first edition. It is essential reading for researchers, practitioners and graduate students interested in the analysis of microeconomic behavior.
Sustainable Materials for Sensing and Remediation of Noxious Pollutants
Due to rapid urbanization and development, water get polluted by the noxious waste released from industrial, sewage and agricultural runoffs. Sustainable Materials for Sensing and Remediation of Noxious Pollutants covers two most widely used aspects in the field of wastewater i.e. sensing and rapid remediation with a possible solution of successful technology commercialization. Chapters include information on low cost materials as sensing and remediating agents for the rapid removal of noxious impurities from wastewater. It includes chapters on the sensing of noxious metals, low cost adsorbents for the removal of noxious impurities i.e. inorganic (metal ions) and organic (dyes). Additional chapters include future/upcoming scopes of work and one chapter on the general introduction of the field. The book content will be technical and focused for the audience like graduate students, academicians, researchers and industrial professionals. Sustainable Materials for Sensing and Remediation of Noxious Pollutants is single reference source for environmental scientists and engineers interested in low cost sensing and remediation strategies.
The Scientific Method
The scientific method delivers prosperity, yet scientific practice has become subject to corrupting influences from within and without the scientific community. This essential reference is intended to help remedy those threats. The authors identify eight essential criteria for the practice of science and provide checklists to help avoid costly failures in scientific practice. Not only for scientists, this book is for all stakeholders of the broad enterprise of science. Science administrators, research funders, journal editors, and policymakers alike will find practical guidance on how they can encourage scientific research that produces useful discoveries. Journalists, commentators, and lawyers can turn to this text for help with assessing the validity and usefulness of scientific claims. The book provides practical guidance and makes important recommendations for reforms in science policy and science administration. The message of the book is complemented by Nobel Laureate Vernon L. Smith's foreword, and an afterword by Terence Kealey.
The Emerging Economies Under the Dome of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is reshaping the globe at a rate far quicker than earlier revolutions. It is also having a greater influence on society and industry. We are currently witnessing extraordinary technology such as self-driving cars and 3D printing, as well as robots that can follow exact instructions. And hitherto unconnected sectors are combining to achieve unfathomable effects. It is critical to comprehend this new era of technology since it will significantly alter life during the next several years in this age of technological advancement. In particular, one of the most significant findings is that 4IR technologies must be used responsibly and to benefit people, companies and countries as a whole; as a result, the development of artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, blockchain, and robotics systems will be advanced most effectively by grouping a multidisciplinary team from areas such as computer science, education and social sciences.
Wellbeing
What produces a happy society and a happy life? Thanks to the new science of wellbeing, we can now answer this question using state-of-the-art empirical evidence. This transforms our ability to base our decisions on the outcomes that matter most, namely the wellbeing of us all including future generations. Written by two of the world's leading experts on the economics of wellbeing, this book shows how wellbeing can be measured, what causes it and how it can be improved. Its findings are profoundly relevant to all social sciences, including psychology, economics, politics, behavioural science and sociology. A field-defining text on a new science that aims to span the whole of human life, this will be an invaluable resource for undergraduate and graduate students, policy-makers and employers, who can apply its insights in their professional and private lives. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Wellbeing
What produces a happy society and a happy life? Thanks to the new science of wellbeing, we can now answer this question using state-of-the-art empirical evidence. This transforms our ability to base our decisions on the outcomes that matter most, namely the wellbeing of us all including future generations. Written by two of the world's leading experts on the economics of wellbeing, this book shows how wellbeing can be measured, what causes it and how it can be improved. Its findings are profoundly relevant to all social sciences, including psychology, economics, politics, behavioural science and sociology. A field-defining text on a new science that aims to span the whole of human life, this will be an invaluable resource for undergraduate and graduate students, policy-makers and employers, who can apply its insights in their professional and private lives. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Islamic Economics and COVID-19
The book investigates the general theory of pandemic episodes and their adverse long-term effects on human and environmental wellbeing. It includes an in-depth study of COVID-19 but also looks to the future to contemplate potential pandemics to come.
Harnessing Sovereign Wealth Funds in Emerging Economies Toward Sustainable Development
Modelling Trends and Cycles in Economic Time Series
Modelling trends and cycles in economic time series has a long history, with the use of linear trends and moving averages forming the basic tool kit of economists until the 1970s. Several developments in econometrics then led to an overhaul of the techniques used to extract trends and cycles from time series. In this second edition, Terence Mills expands on the research in the area of trends and cycles over the last (almost) two decades, to highlight to students and researchers the variety of techniques and the considerations that underpin their choice for modelling trends and cycles.
Applied Welfare Economics
Applied Welfare Economics: Cost-Benefit Analysis for Project and Policy Evaluation presents a consistent framework for applied welfare economics and is grounded in a comprehensive theory of cost-benefit analysis, specifically focused on offering a practical approach to policy and project evaluation. After opening with a theoretical discussion of the concept of social welfare, a critical analysis of the traditional doctrine of welfare economics embodied in the Two Fundamental Theorems, and a presentation of social cost-benefit analysis, the book introduces readers to an applied framework. This includes the empirical estimation of shadow prices of goods, the social cost of labour and capital, and the assessment of risk. The book also examines real-life experiences with cost-benefit analysis, including ex-post evaluation of major projects, economic rates of return in different sectors, and a case study on privatisation. These chapters draw on first-hand research gained by the author team from years of advisory work for the European Commission and other international and national institutions. This second edition presents updated data, more international examples, and more coverage of topics such as very long run discounting effects and climate change as an intergenerational effect. It also includes more practical examples and end-of-chapter questions to aid student's learning. Applied Welfare Economics is a valuable textbook for upper-level courses on welfare economics, cost-benefit analysis, public policy analysis and related areas.
A Healthcare Economic Policy for Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients Monitoring in Ukraine
Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2021 in the subject Economy - Health Economics, grade: N/A, language: English, abstract: This research explores the cost, life expectancy and quality of life impact of a national quarterly monitoring program on type 2 diabetes for non-insulin-dependent patients. In Ukraine, many people suffer from diabetes and its complications. In this research we focus only on type 2 diabetes, as the most common type of diabetes. Among those we focus only on non-insulin-dependent patients, as these are the patients that would benefit the most from the improved monitoring. Diabetes leads to lower life expectancy, lower quality of life of an individual, and higher healthcare costs both for people and the healthcare system. This burden increases even more if diabetes is not managed. The research analyses the potential impact of a nationwide point of care based non-insulin-dependent diabetics monitoring program. The research method used in the study is the combined cost-effectiveness analysis and budget impact analysis from the payer perspective. This is a special type of the summative evaluation research used to assess the impact of a healthcare program. With the research method, the author answers the question whether the proposed diabetes monitoring strategy is more cost-effective than the standard of care. The author also answers the question what the impact of a nation-wide diabetes monitoring program on the annual healthcare budget of the payer would be. He also analyses the average cost associated with diabetes during the lifetime of an average patient from the payer perspective; the impact on the quality of life of such a patient, and on her (his) life expectancy. All this provides important information to assess the impact of an alternative healthcare economic policy for diabetes. Two formal decision scientific models were developed. They model the situation of diabetics with quarterly point of care based HbA1c monitoring progra
Financial Markets and Economic Performance
Explores the interplay between financial markets and macroeconomic outcomes with a conceptual framework Emphasizes the interrelationships between four markets: goods, credit (both bank and bond market channels), equity capital, and foreign exchange Provides insight on how to anticipate market change and future price paths
The History and Politics of Public Radio
This book presents an absorbing study of how educational radio, which originated to broadcast weather forecasts to farmers, has become what the Pew Center calls the most trusted source of news for American liberals and a regular in the rogue's gallery of election-year conservative targets.The Nielsen Company reported in late 2019 that 272 million Americans listen to "traditional radio" each week, a number exceeding those who watch television, use a smartphone, or access the Internet. Yet almost from the start, radio has also been flayed as a noise box of inanity, a transmitter of low-brow entertainment, an instrument of cultural degradation promoting vapid popular music, and a medium whose ultimate purpose is to convince listeners to purchase the goods and services incessantly hawked by the advertisers who underwrite the programs and allegedly dictate content. At the same time, an alternative conception of radio existed as a vehicle for education and for cultural and intellectual(and even political) enlightenment. Most proponents of this perspective disdained advertising revenue and sought subsidies from foundations, wealthy patrons, or varying levels of government.The long, winding road of educational radio led eventually to the creation of National Public Radio (NPR), a fixture on the left of the dial that can be seen as either the consummation or corruption of the educational radio movement. Prized by many liberals, especially affluent whites, and disparaged by many conservatives, NPR has become a potent symbol of the political polarization and cultural chasm that now characterizes the American conversation.
The Behavioral Economics of Digital Customer-Firm Interactions
The use of digital technologies have given rise to new forms of customer-firm interactions (e.g., the use of digital assistants in customer service). The shift towards digitization of customer-firm interactions enables a wide and easily scalable new set of offerings to consumers. From a consumer perspective, the increased use of digital technologies constantly shape individual decisions and attitudes towards firms. This dissertation examines the extent to which customers benefit from these technological advances by taking on a behavioral economics perspective. The main focus of the dissertation lies on two aspects which are highly relevant for firms: (i) customer satisfaction, and (ii) the quality of customers' economic decisions. The dissertation employs a wide set of methods (theoretical modelling, analysis of experimental data, analysis of observational data) and consists of three articles. Article 1 is conceptual in nature and lays the theoretical foundation by providing theoretical insights on customer-related decision processes from a behavioral economics perspective. Article 2 looks at how the availability and presentation of information influences customer satisfaction. The focus of Article 3 lies on technology's impact on economic decision making with a particular interest on automated investment advice from a robo-advisor, and the role of social design elements.
Economics of the SDGs
This is the first book that employs economics to develop and apply an analytical framework for assessing progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The authors explore the historical context for the underlying sustainability concept, develop an economics-based analytical framework for assessing progress towards the SDGs, and discuss the implications for sustainability policy and future research. Economics is concerned with analysing the trade-offs in allocating scarce means to achieve various ends. Thus, economic methods are ideally suited to assessing how progress towards one or more SDGs may come at the expense of achieving other goals. Such interactions are inevitable in meeting the 2030 Agenda over the next decade, given that the SDGs include different economic, social, and environmental elements. Although it may be possible to make progress across all 17 goals by 2030, it is more likely that improvement toward all goals will be mixed.For example, we may have reduced poverty or hunger over recent years, but the way in which this progress has been achieved - e.g. through economic expansion and industrial growth - may have come at the cost in achieving some environmental or social goals. On the other hand, progress in reducing poverty is likely to go hand-in-hand with other important goals, such as eliminating hunger, improving clean water and sanitation, and ensuring good health and well-being. Assessing these interactions is essential for guiding policy, so that countries and the international community can begin implementing the right set of environmental, social and economic policies to achieve more sustainable and inclusive global development.
Household Demand for Consumer Goods in Developing Countries
This book analyses the household demand for consumer goods using a diverse database, consisting of 45 developed and developing countries. The analysis presented in this book highlights valuable policy insights for planning government budgetary allocations and implementing policies towards an enhanced standard of living for people.
Practical Responses to Real Problems
This publication presents eight case studies of recent ADB projects that highlight innovative interventions and effective approaches to reduce poverty. The case studies include projects in Bangladesh, the Cook Islands, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, and the People's Republic of China. Together they focus on four themes: ensuring equality and inclusion, caring for the environment, securing food for all, and sustaining prosperity through access to finance. The publication builds on the first volume of poverty reduction case studies published in 2019.
Economics of Distributed Storage Systems
Increasing the shares of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and Distributed Energy Resources (DER) is one of the most important levers in many countries to cope with the environmental, political, and economic challenges of future energy supply. The underlying research question of this thesis is whether Distributed Storage Systems (DSS) at the end consumer level can economically foster the integration of intermittent and non-dispatchable resources by providing demand-side flexibility.
Our Long Walk to Economic Freedom
Our Long Walk to Economic Freedom is an entertaining and engaging guide to global economic history told for the first time from an African perspective. In thirty-five short chapters Johan Fourie tells the story of 100,000 years of human history spanning humankind's migration out of Africa to the Covid-19 pandemic. His unique account reveals just how much we can learn by asking unexpected questions such as 'How could a movie embarrass Stalin?', 'Why do the Japanese play rugby?' and 'What do an Indonesian volcano, Frankenstein and Shaka Zulu have in common?'. The book sheds new light on urgent debates about the roots and reasons for prosperity, the march of opportunity versus the crushing boot of exploitation, and why it is the builders of society - rather than the burglars -who ultimately win out.
Management of Pharmaceutical Household Waste Limiting Environmental Impacts of Unused or Expired Medicine
Pharmaceutical household waste from expired or unused medicine does not only offer zero therapeutic benefit, but also contributes to environmental pollution when disposed of via improper routes. Medicines discarded in sinks and flushed down toilets enter sewage waters and, if not filtered out, leak into aquatic systems.
Our Long Walk to Economic Freedom
Our Long Walk to Economic Freedom is an entertaining and engaging guide to global economic history told for the first time from an African perspective. In thirty-five short chapters Johan Fourie tells the story of 100,000 years of human history spanning humankind's migration out of Africa to the Covid-19 pandemic. His unique account reveals just how much we can learn by asking unexpected questions such as 'How could a movie embarrass Stalin?', 'Why do the Japanese play rugby?' and 'What do an Indonesian volcano, Frankenstein and Shaka Zulu have in common?'. The book sheds new light on urgent debates about the roots and reasons for prosperity, the march of opportunity versus the crushing boot of exploitation, and why it is the builders of society - rather than the burglars -who ultimately win out.
The role of German universities in a system of joint knowledge generation and innovation. A social network analysis of publications and patents with a focus on the spatial dimension
There is broad consensus that universities play a key role as knowledge platform in regional economic development. This book exactly picks up this line of thought and explores the role of the German universities in a system of joint knowledge generation and innovation. The overall aim of this book is to provide new insight into the German universities' behavioural patterns regarding their knowledge generation, innovation and collaboration function.
Summary
The must-read summary of Stephen Leeb and Donna Leeb's book: "Defying the Market: Profiting in the Turbulent Post-Technology Market Boom". This complete summary of the ideas from Stephen Leeb and Donna Leeb's book "Defying the Market" shows how technology is experiencing a slowing down of pace and progress. In their book, the authors explain how this slowdown, combined with other factors, will lead to inflation once again becoming a major factor in the global economy. For this reason, any investment strategy formulated for the next 10 to 15 years should be tailored so as to benefit from the effects of this inflation. By reading this summary, you will learn the four key elements that will lead to a successful investment portfolio for the upcoming decade. Added-value of this summary: - Save time- Understand key concepts- Expand your investment knowledge To learn more, read "Defying the Market" and discover how you can take advantage of the technological slowdown and upcoming inflation to make profitable investments.
Pursued Economy
In Pursued Economy: Understanding and Overcoming the Challenging New Realities for Advanced Economies, celebrated economist and thought leader Richard C. Koo dives deep into the failure of traditional economic solutions to address the economic and social problems of post-Great Recession and post-pandemic economies. Starting with the original concepts of balance sheet recessions and global competition for capital, the author explains why the Great Recession lasted for so long and why well-intentioned policies that worked so well in the past are no longer working today. Readers will discover that advanced economies moved from what the author calls the "golden era" to the "pursued era" of economic development long ago, but the policy debate in these countries continues to be informed by golden era assumptions that are no longer relevant but are still taught in universities. That mismatch has led to an over-reliance on monetary policy and an under-reliance on fiscal policy that are distorting economies and worsening inequality in a profoundly transformed world. With many real-world examples from the author's extensive involvement in the policy debate on economic, banking and trade issues in several countries, including the U.S., the book describes the correct policy mix in the pursued era as distinct from that in the golden era. It also explains the challenges central banks face in fighting inflation after a decade of over-reliance on monetary policy that flooded the world's economies with unprecedented liquidity. Instead of simply assuming the existence of "trend growth rates", this book tackles the issue of economic growth head-on so as to elucidate the symmetry between the drivers of growth and the drivers of recession. It also argues that the fundamental disconnect between free trade and free capital movements must be addressed in order to maximize the gains from globalization while minimizing its costs. Written in simple language and with a great sense of urgency, Pursued Economy should be of interest to anyone who is concerned about the global economy, financial stability and geopolitics.
Financial markets and public information
The last decades have seen dramatic changes in trading technology and the way that financial markets operate. As trading technology advances, news providers have kept pace and deliver news to market participants around the world within fractions of a second using electronic systems. Currently, most news is still interpreted by humans but news providers have started to offer newswire products with machine learning systems that specifically cater to algorithmic traders. In practice, newswire messagesmake up a major part of the public information set available to investors. This book studies how newswire messages impact modern electronic equity markets.
The Identification of Critical Road Infrastructures - The Case of Baden-Wuerttemberg
Today's globalised society highly depends on reliable infrastructure systems like transportation and telecommunication. This doctoral dissertation presents a methodology to identify critical road infrastructures. Critical road sections are those whose failure would entail large costs to society. The dissertation also accounts for aspects like multiple road disruptions and probabilities of failure. Baden-Wuerttemberg in Germany serves as a case study area.
Fiscal Policy and Institutional Renovation in Support of Innovative Country Building
This book analyses the status quo and possible optimization of China's fiscal and taxation policies. By drawing comparisons with other countries, as well as a practical investigation into the lessons drawn from elsewhere, the author shows how a nation should make growing and optimized financial investments in science and technology.
Role and dynamics of 'Late-comers' in the global technology competition
Faster developing cycles and economic developments created many emerging economies in the 20th century. For sustainable economic growth, however, the construction and constant preservation of a profound knowledge base and technological pool is crucial. Brazil, China, India and Russia, experienced constant high economic growth rates and begun to evolve to solid economies which are challenging the established players. This book consists of a profound empirical analysis of these emerging economies.
Oil and Gas in Trinidad and Tobago
Oil and Gas in Trinidad and Tobago presents a historical economic review of the energy sector of Trinidad and Tobago, followed by a detailed evaluation of policies associated with resource abundance and the effects on the economy from various perspectives, including industrialization, labor productivity, education, export diversification, and competitiveness. This book utilizes a wide range of statistical data and methodologies to both economically and statistically analyze these issues at hand. The content of this book will be useful not only for policymakers but also for researchers and students interested in the field.
Us and Azerbaijani Oil in the Nineteenth Century
The nineteenth century was an exciting and dynamic era of rapid progress in industry and technology. One of the most vigorous of the new industries was petroleum. It first transformed the way people lit their houses, displacing whale oil and other substitutes, and then revolutionized the entire field of energy and helped create the modern world. During the nineteenth century, oil was overwhelmingly dominated by the United States and the Russian Empire, together responsible for 97% of the world's production; and over the course of the century, nearly all the Russian Empire's oil came from the territory that is now the independent state of Azerbaijan. Many people don't know that the world's first industrial oil well was drilled in Azerbaijan in 1846, thirteen years before Drake's celebrated well in Pennsylvania. This book covers oil in the United States and Azerbaijan, in all its dynamism, from its earliest beginnings to the turn of the twentieth century. It treats both business and technology, from the early wildcatters to Standard Oil and the Nobel Brothers (yes, that remarkable family created more than a famous prize!). The book echoes into the present day; for good or ill, oil still moves the world.
Productivity
This book develops the theory of productivity measurement using the empirical index number approach. The theory uses multiplicative indices and additive indicators as measurement tools, instead of relying on the usual neo-classical assumptions, such as the existence of a production function characterized by constant returns to scale, optimizing behavior of the economic agents, and perfect foresight. The theory can be applied to all the common levels of aggregation (micro, meso, and macro), and half of the book is devoted to accounting for the links existing between the various levels. Basic insights from National Accounts are thereby used. The final chapter is devoted to the decomposition of productivity change into the contributions of efficiency change, technological change, scale effects, and input or output mix effects. Applications on real-life data demonstrate the empirical feasibility of the theory. The book is directed to a variety of overlapping audiences: statisticians involved in measuring productivity change; economists interested in growth accounting; researchers relating macro-economic productivity change to its industrial sources; enterprise micro-data researchers; and business analysts interested in performance measurement.
Inclusive Growth in India
The research papers included in this book make a comprehensive analysis on the thematic issues focused within the larger framework of inclusive growth. The recommendations made through this book are expected to influence policy of inclusive growth and development of the marginalized segments in the Indian context. This book is organized into 47 Chapters, every chapter is addressing the overall theme precisely and fulfills the core issues highlighted. This book is expected to fulfill the teaching
Tonga Livelihoods in Rural Zimbabwe
Based on extensive original fieldwork, this book examines the complex and diverse livelihoods of Zimbabwe's Tonga people as they have developed over time, including in the wake of the country's post-2000 political and economic crises.
US Health Policy and Market Reforms
Health care has been a prominent topic in the US national political conversation for decades, with no end in sight. The status quo, even before the COVID-19 pandemic exposed flaws in the nation's public health system, has been too dysfunctional for the issue to fall far down the list of voter priorities. Among other things, a large segment of the US population remains uninsured, and the relentless annual increase in medical care costs in excess of income growth is placing increasing financial strain on households and governments. While these problems have fueled a strong desire for change, there is a divide over how to proceed, which has made reaching consensus elusive. Most Americans are familiar with the views advanced by one side of the debate. Medicare for All, which would have the federal government run a public insurance plan for the entire country, is the paradigmatic reform advanced by those who favor full governmental control. It and similar reforms have been discussed widely in recent years in high-profile political campaigns. The alternative-more reliance on market forces-is less well-known or understood, partly because there is less consensus among those who favor it on what it would entail. This volume attempts to describe in some detail one version of such a plan. It also explains the major features of current US health policy and the relevant history of how we arrived at this point, because the proposed reforms are best understood in relation to the incumbent system. In general terms, the recommended changes would inject more discipline and consumer choice into what already exists rather than replace it with something entirely new. The focus of the recommendations is not on better readiness for the next pandemic or public health crisis. That certainly should be a priority for Congress. However, even if such improvements get approved, the nation's underlying system of insurance and care providers will remain mired in dysfunction. The focus of this volume is on reforming that system to better deliver services that patients need regardless of whether a pandemic is creating global turmoil.
US Health Policy and Market Reforms
Health care has been a prominent topic in the US national political conversation for decades, with no end in sight. The status quo, even before the COVID-19 pandemic exposed flaws in the nation's public health system, has been too dysfunctional for the issue to fall far down the list of voter priorities. Among other things, a large segment of the US population remains uninsured, and the relentless annual increase in medical care costs in excess of income growth is placing increasing financial strain on households and governments. While these problems have fueled a strong desire for change, there is a divide over how to proceed, which has made reaching consensus elusive. Most Americans are familiar with the views advanced by one side of the debate. Medicare for All, which would have the federal government run a public insurance plan for the entire country, is the paradigmatic reform advanced by those who favor full governmental control. It and similar reforms have been discussed widely in recent years in high-profile political campaigns. The alternative-more reliance on market forces-is less well-known or understood, partly because there is less consensus among those who favor it on what it would entail. This volume attempts to describe in some detail one version of such a plan. It also explains the major features of current US health policy and the relevant history of how we arrived at this point, because the proposed reforms are best understood in relation to the incumbent system. In general terms, the recommended changes would inject more discipline and consumer choice into what already exists rather than replace it with something entirely new. The focus of the recommendations is not on better readiness for the next pandemic or public health crisis. That certainly should be a priority for Congress. However, even if such improvements get approved, the nation's underlying system of insurance and care providers will remain mired in dysfunction. The focus of this volume is on reforming that system to better deliver services that patients need regardless of whether a pandemic is creating global turmoil.
Human Development and the Path to Freedom
How has human development evolved during the last 150 years of globalization and economic growth? How has human development been distributed across countries? How do developing countries compare to developed countries? Do social systems matter for wellbeing? Are there differences in the performance of developing regions over time? Employing a capabilities approach, Human Development and the Path to Freedom addresses these key questions in the context of modern economic growth and globalization from c.1870 to the present. Leandro Prados de la Escosura shows that health, access to knowledge, standards of living, and civil and political freedom can substitute for GDP per head as more accurate measures of our wellbeing.
Probability and Statistics for Economists
A comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to the mathematics that all economics students need to know Probability theory is the quantitative language used to handle uncertainty and is the foundation of modern statistics. Probability and Statistics for Economists provides graduate and PhD students with an essential introduction to mathematical probability and statistical theory, which are the basis of the methods used in econometrics. This incisive textbook teaches fundamental concepts, emphasizes modern, real-world applications, and gives students an intuitive understanding of the mathematics that every economist needs to know.Covers probability and statistics with mathematical rigor while emphasizing intuitive explanations that are accessible to economics students of all backgroundsDiscusses random variables, parametric and multivariate distributions, sampling, the law of large numbers, central limit theory, maximum likelihood estimation, numerical optimization, hypothesis testing, and moreFeatures hundreds of exercises that enable students to learn by doingIncludes an in-depth appendix summarizing important mathematical results as well as a wealth of real-world examplesCan serve as a core textbook for a first-semester PhD course in econometrics and as a companion book to Bruce E. Hansen's EconometricsAlso an invaluable reference for researchers and practitioners
The Informal Sector and the Environment
This edited volume demonstrates that the informal sector is a major source of environmental pollution and a major reason behind the environmental degradation accompanying the expansion of economic activity in developing countries.
Effects of Agricultural Protectionism
Seminar paper from the year 2022 in the subject Economy - Environment economics, grade: 1,0, University of applied sciences, Cologne, language: English, abstract: This thesis focuses on protectionism in the agribusiness sector of the European Union, its motivations and its positive and negative effects and its global correlations. As we are living in a globalized world, economical decisions lead to complex effects all over the world. Often there are trade-offs. People suffering from malnutrition and hunger remains a big challenge. Worldwide the percentage of people living in absolute poverty has decreased continuously. Still action is required, especially regarding an increasing unequal distribution of resources and growth in the world due to globalization and trade. Disadvantages and effects caused by global trade, trade agreements and its negative effects caused by an unequal distribution of resources and growth in the world. Mainly caused by different circumstances and soil factors (different climate, soil, drought) the agribusiness sector is affected by. Basic conditions differ from country to country, this in turn means different basic possibilities for farmers and production of nutrition. As there is manifested a "Right of food", the agribusiness sector plays a key role as it is the basis for ensuring the nutrition of the world population. Trade agreements developed over years with different intentions, today this brings huge disadvantages to still developing countries which should not lose sight of.
Sustainable Work in Europe
Sustainable Work in Europe brings together a strong core of Swedish workinglife research, with additional contributions from across Europe, and discussionof current issues such as digitalisation, climate change and the Covid pandemic.It bridges gaps between social science and medicine, and adds emphasis onage and gender. The book links workplace practice, theory and policy, and isintended to provide the basis for ongoing debate and dialogue.
Alligators in the Arctic and How to Avoid Them
Climate change is a matter of extreme urgency. Integrating science and economics, this book demonstrates the need for measures to put a strict lid on cumulative carbon emissions and shows how to implement them. Using the carbon budget framework, it reveals the shortcomings of current policies and the debates around them, such as the popular enthusiasm for individual solutions and the fruitless search for 'optimal' regulation by economists and other specialists. On the political front, it explains why business opposition to the policies we need goes well beyond the fossil fuel industry, requiring a more radical rebalancing of power. This wide-ranging study goes against the most prevalent approaches in mainstream economics, which argue that we can tackle climate change while causing minimal disruption to the global economy. The author argues that this view is not only impossible, but also dangerously complacent.
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Human Development and the Path to Freedom
How has human development evolved during the last 150 years of globalization and economic growth? How has human development been distributed across countries? How do developing countries compare to developed countries? Do social systems matter for wellbeing? Are there differences in the performance of developing regions over time? Employing a capabilities approach, Human Development and the Path to Freedom addresses these key questions in the context of modern economic growth and globalization from c.1870 to the present. Leandro Prados de la Escosura shows that health, access to knowledge, standards of living, and civil and political freedom can substitute for GDP per head as more accurate measures of our wellbeing.
Stewardship Economy 1
Stewardship Economy questions one of the foundations of market-based economies, the system of property rights, and proposes an alternative - stewardship. The steward of any part of land and other natural resources has a duty to care for that resource and pays a fee to government equal to its market rent. The revenue from these fees will, in time, replace all conventional taxes and provide a universal income.
